Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311[2]

7/29/2019 Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311[2]

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,2 0 1 1 Toh ok u Paci f i c Ocean

ar t q u a es an su n am

Summary of early observations from field

Great Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

, ,Director, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center

Caltrans May 13, 1011


2/73

SCJ, JAEE & CUEE in v i t esu n am eam

US Team

Japan ese Fie ld Team

ruc ura ocus:

Stephen Mahin (Berkeley) Team Leader

Gregory Deierlein (Stanford),

KazuhikoKasai,CUEE(TokyoTech)

KimiroMeguro

(IIS,

Tokyo)

Co

leader

SaburohMidorikawa,CUEE(TokyoTech)

Gilberto Mosqueda (Buffalo)

Lifeline/Fire Focus: Charles

Scawthorn (PEER, Wasada

AnilC.Wijeyewickrema(CUEE,TokyoTech)

ShoichiKishiki(CUEE,TokyoTech)

TroyMorgan(CUEE,TokyoTech)

Geotech Focus:

Youssef Hashash (UIUC)

Steven Kramer (Washington)

MasatoMotosaka(TohokuUniversity)

AkenoriShibata(emeritus,Tohoku

University)

Kyle Rollins (BYU)

Tsunami Focus:

Philip Liu (Cornell)

apanese

rgan za ons CenterforUrbanEarthquakeEngineering

ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan

Ja anSociet ofCivilEn ineers

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster

PortsandAirportsResearchInstitute


3/73

Th e East er n Japan Ear t h q u ak esas er

Magnitude (M ): 9.0

Depth: 32 kmRupture zone: 500x200 km

: . g

Tsunami: >35 m

Dama e to homes:Shaking:> 250,000

Tsunami : 120,000

,Refugees: 151,000

Economic Loss: > 309 B


Cost of Recovery: >$615 B


4/73

Th e East e r n Japan Ear t h qu ak e:Special Ground Motion Characteristics

Comparison of Slip Fault Size


From S. Midorikawa


5/73

Th e East e r n Japan Ear t h qu ak e:Special Ground Motion Characteristics


From S. Midorikawa


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Northridge 1994 (M6.7)Sylmar-EW (0.60 )

Kobe 1995 (M6.9)Takatori-NS (0.62 )

Imperial Valley 1940 (M7.0)El Centro-NS (0.35 )g g g

Taiwan 1999 (M7.6)TCU068-EW (0.51 )

Northern Japan (M8.2)Hachinohe Harbor-NS (0.24 )g g

Chile 2010 (M8.8) /s)

500

Concepcion San Pedro-NS (0.65 )

A

cc.(

cm/

-500

0g

Off-Pacific Japan 2011 (M9.1)Sendai Harbor-NS (0.64 )g

0 40 80 120 160 200 240


MidorikawaLab.


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StrongMotionIntensity


s r u on s r u on

afterNIED


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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster Kawashima


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Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterKawashima


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Numerous Aftershocks:

umu a ng epea e amage

Sendai

Tokyo


From: JMA


12/73

Improve understanding of hazard

pose y su uc on zone even s

New NGA-Subduction project


Courtesy: J. Stewartin eve opment y PEER


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ey ssu es en e

Tsunami and its effectsNuclear Power Plants & Lifeline Issues

AeroAshaiCorporation

Liquefaction and settlement

GEER

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterEffect of shaking on structures

Disruption of business andsocial systems

Motosaka


14/73

W I DE SPREAD damage due to soilliquefaction and permanent settlement

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterUrayasu,

Near

Tokyo GEER


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W I DE SPREAD damage due to soilliquefaction and permanent settlement

Urayasu,

NearTokyo

GEER

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster GEERGEER


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LateralSpreadsan umps

GEER

Disp.from20cmto3m Mappedinfield

arscanne

ayen

Courtesy:J.Stewart

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterGEER2011(Stewart)

GEER


17/73

Levees:MiyagiandIbarakiPrefectures Over210kmofleveesinMiyagi,mostexperiencedlittleornodamage;

Total:1,190

distress

sites,

23

with

major

damage

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterGEER: Cortesey - J.Stewart


18/73

CommonProbableFailureModes

andlocal

settlement

Most

levees

were

dry

at

time

of

earthquake


NaruseRiver,landsidelevee

lookingupstream GEER: J. Stewart


19/73

EffectofLevee Mitigatedin2004Mitigation:NaruseRiver Following

2003

earthquake,

completedmix

inplacegroundimprovement

Distressedin2011 Adjacent

areas

experienced


stress n2011

GEER: J. Stewart


20/73

Landslides and permanent

sp acemen o so on g ways

landslides on NEXCO-East expressways

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterNEXCO


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o e emen an an s es

htt ://www.thr.mlit. o. http://www.thr.mlit.go.jp

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disasterhttp://www.thr.mlit.go.jphttp://www.thr.mlit.go.jp


22/73

Relatively limited damage to structures

.


DowntownSendai


23/73

Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)



24/73

Older buildings vulnerable (Sendai shown)

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAdjacent undamaged buildings


25/73

Non-Structural Damage - Sendai



26/73

Tsunami EffectsArahama

OncoastnearSendai,

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAeroAshaiCorporation


27/73

Tsu n am i at t ack s t o sou t h Sen da i

c t y



28/73

Arahama: 4storySchoolBuilding,VerticalEvacuationFacility

Innundationinto2nd floor



29/73

RikuzenTakata buildingsthatsurvived

~11m



30/73

KesennumaPortTown Tsunamidamagetobuildings



31/73



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PEER Tsu n am i En g in eer in g Research :

Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis

with ground motion hazard estimates

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster32

Pro baba l i st i c Wave He igh t and Veloci t y Est im a tes


33/73

PEER Tsu n am i En g in eer in g Research :

Probabalistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis

with ground motion hazard estimates

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake Disaster33


34/73

76 Highway Bridges Damaged

Conventional BridgesNear SendaiOutside of TsunamiZone

Elastomeric Bearin Steel Bearings

In Tsunami Zone

SendaiConventional Bridges


near To yoEast Nippon Expressway Corporation


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oca on o amage r ges

Route 45SENDAI


SENDAI

C ti l b id t d b


36/73

Conventional bridges supported by

Linogawa Bridge, Route 45


C ti l b id t d b


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Conventional bridges supported by

Hi ashi Matsu ama Brid e, Route 45


D i b id d b l


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Damage in bridges supported by steel


enno r ge, oute

D i b id t d b t l


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Damage in bridges supported by steel

Tenno Brid e Route 45

Pull-out ofAnchor Bolts

Pedestrian bridge


a n r ge


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Sendai: Elastomeric Bearings Ruptured

a wo ear y oca ons


East Sendai Road,-East, bridge under construction


41/73


NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road

a wo ear y oca ons



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a wo ear y oca ons


NEXCO-East, East Sendai Road


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ear ng amage

bent in doublein a com lex

manner


Lifelines:


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Lifelines:Railway Transportation Systems Disrupted

March26,2011March11damage

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterAfter Takahashi, JSCE

March19,2011March11damage

bridges damaged

Shinkansen Viaducts (1970s vintage)


45/73

Shinkansen Viaducts (1970 s vintage)

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,

JSCE

h k l d d


46/73

Shinkansen Railway Viaducts and Repair

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,JSCE

Shi k R il M7 4 Af h k


47/73

Shinkansen Railway M7.4 Aftershock

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterApril7,2011Ref:Takahashi,JSCE

Shi k R il P i l R t fit


48/73

Shinkansen Railway Previously Retrofit

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRef:Takahashi,JSCE


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Unretrofitted

Shinkansen columnssuffered extensivedamage

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterCourtesey: K. Kawashima

Tsun am i Dam age: Shin Kitakami River Bridge


50/73

Missingspanswashedseveral

.

Debrisdamisthoughtto

havecontributedtofailure


Ref:Prof.Kawashima,TokyoTech


51/73

sunam amage

-


Rikuzen Takada Typical coastal bridge damage


52/73

RikuzenTakada Typicalcoastalbridgedamage

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRoute45,

Rikuzen

Koizumi

(3

span

bridge,

washed

away)

Four dampers atDamage of Dampers


53/73

the right abutmentDamage of Dampers

Retrofit by Strong

Failed elastomeric bearings

Two dampers

Caltrans: Briefing on the 2011 Eastern Japan Earthquake DisasterRight abutment

Most Probable Failure Mechanism of


54/73

Most Probable Failure Mechanism of

r ges ue o sunam

Tsunami hydro pressure

Failure ofdownstream

bearing due touplift force


Courtesey: K. Kawashima


55/73

at Takekoma at Rikuzen-Takada



56/73

amage o ra way e s


Takekoma


57/73

Kawashima


58/73



59/73

Bri whi h w r n r r w r r r fi

based on the ductility design method sufferedalmost no damage.

Elastomeric bearings including lead rubber bearings

and hi h dam in rubber bearin s which wereintroduced since 1990s mitigated damage ofbearings. However several elastomeric bearings

rupture at two ocat ons o ast en aExpressway. Reason of the damage has to be


.


60/73

Brid es suffered dama e from tsunami. Dama elikely developed from uplifting force that rotateddeck toward upstream side.

Japanese conjecture if failure of bearings due to

uplifting force can be prevented, damage oftsunami can be mitigated.

Th r mm n in llin n in

prevention device for tsunami. Restrainers likethose used for unseating prevention may be


effective if set in the vertical direction.


61/73

r ges n o yo

in general


Steel Bridge Shaking Damage


62/73


76 Highway Bridges Damaged

Steel Bridge Shaking Damage


63/73



64/73

Li e ines: E ectric Power - NPP Groundshakinghadlittleeffect

Tsunamiaffectedsome

substations,but

had

major

8majorfossilstationsdown

FukushimaNPPcrisisScawthorn

generationlost

3moreNPPsclosedforretrofit

(morepending)

Mandatedreductionsin


brownouts AeroAshai,Corporation


65/73

re o ow ng ar qua es

345 Total


Non-structural damage contributed


66/73

g

o g n commerc a proper es


Courtesy: Carlos Cabrera, RMS


67/73

us ness n errup on Direct BI Contin ent BI

Clean room in the Renesas Electronics Microcontroller

Source: ww w.nyt imes.com

General Motors automobile assembly facility

Manufacturing Facility; Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Prefecture

Two weeks to complete initial damage assessments andbegin repairs; partial operation targeted for June 2011

More than 2,000 external contractors have been hired to

,

Facility shut down for a week in March due to partsshortages

On April 22nd, Toyota announced that its manufacturingplants in North America were operating at 30% of capacity


. . because of the parts supply situation.


In tsunami areas, light industrial facilities


68/73

, g

sustained heavy physical damage and BI

I sh in om ak i Ofu n at o

R ikuzen taka ta


,

In tsunami areas, heavy industrialfacilities sustained light physical damage


69/73

facilities sustained light physical damage

but heavy business interruption

I sh i n o m a k i Pu l p an d Pa p er Of u n at o Cem e nt

Nippon Paper Ishinomaki Pulp and Paper Mill Taiheiyo Cement Corporation - Ofunato City

One of its two kilns sustained damage, raw materials and-


,debris impair its operations, and the plant had noelectricity as of April 18



70/73

onc u ng emar s Buildin s, brid es and other facilities enerall

performed well under strong ground shaking

Nonstructural components (and contents) Existing (deficient) structures Critical transportation links (Shinkansen bridges) Correlation of ground shaking characteristics to structural

damage requires more study

Tsunami inundation was major source ofdamage and over 90% of deaths. Inundation de ths > 1 to 2 meters:

Timber and light frame buildings totally destroyed Engineered RC and steel buildings generally survived

Inundated bridges often failed


u s an a us ness n errup on consequences


71/73

onc u ng emar s Permanent movement of round caused wide

spread and extensive damage

Tilting and settlement of structures Substantial damage to utilities Soil improvements seemed to work as intended

Critical lifeline systems had extensive damage

On-going NPP issues

Other utilities (water, gas, etc.) Lar e im act on industr and ualit of life

Substantial business interruption consequences Nonstructural components, equipment, contents



72/73

or ore n orma on PEER, GEER & EERI websites

http://peer.berkeley.edu

CUEE, AIJ, JSCE, ERI and manyother websites in Ja an seereport for links)



73/73

ore n orma on


http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/40http://committees.jsce.or.jp/report/node/42

Mahin Caltrans JapanEQ 051311[2]

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