Mahatma Gandhi

StructureVocabulary

Quick Facts

Satyagraha

Biography:

•Early life and Background

•Time in London

•Gandhi in South Africa

•Role in World War I

StructureIndian Independence:

• Champaran and Kheda

• Non-cooperation

• Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

• Partition of India

Assasination

Sources

VocabularyEnglishEnglish

Faith

Barrister

Landlady

To run foul of

Circumstanses

Poll - tax

GermanGerman

Glaube / Vertrauen

Anwalt (Zivilrecht)

Wirtin

Jmd. anfahren

Umstände

Die Kopfsteuer

VocabularyEnglishEnglish

Average

Vow

Litigants

Appeal

Fee

Home-spun

GermanGerman

Mittelwert, Havarie

Schwur, Gelöbnis

Prozessführende Patei / Personen

Anziehungskraft

Dues, Payment

Selbst gesponnen

Quick FactsName: Mohandas Karamchand GandhiMohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Date of Birth: 22ndnd October 1869 October 1869

Place of Birth: Porbandar, Guajarat, British Porbandar, Guajarat, British IndiaIndia

Date of Death: 3030thth January 1948 January 1948

Place of Death: New Dehli, India (Assassination)New Dehli, India (Assassination)

Mahatma GandhiPolitical and ideological leader of India

during the Indian independence movement

Is called Bapu in India (Bapu = “Father”)

Offically honored in India as “Father of Nation”

2 Oct. (Birthday of Gandhi) is the “International Day of Non-Violence”

ValuesTruth (Satya)

Non-Violence (Ahisma)

Vegetarianism

Self-Discipline (Brahmacharya)

Simplicty

Faith

Non-Possession (Aparigraha)

Equality (Savra Dharma Samanata)

SatyagrahaSatyagraha (Sanskrit: सतयागह satyāgraha),

loosely translated as "Soul Force,"[1] "truth force," or is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance

Youth and Background

Karamchand Gandhi

His FatherName: Karamchand Gandhi

Lived 1822 – 1885 (63 years)

Hindu

High official serving the state

Putlibai Gandhi

His MotherName: Putlibai Gandhi

Lived 1839 – 1891 (52 years)

Brought up very devout and under Jain (Hindu) traditions

Highly influcenced Mohondas to have compassions for:

sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different creeds

Youth and BackgroundAlso did some Indian classic stories

influence Gandhi.

Youth and BackgroundMohondas father(1822–1885), named

Karamchand Gandhi, was a Hindu and a high official.

Putlibai G. , his mother, was also a Hindu. She grew up very devout and under Jain traditions. This influenced the young boy and woke his compassion for: sentient beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among individuals of different creeds.

Gandhi and his wife Kasturba

Marriage / RelationshipMay 1883 Mohondas was married to

Kasturbai Makhanji

Mohondas was 13

Kasturbai was 14

Arranged child marriage

Marriage / RelationshipTheir first child was born when Gandhi was

15 but only survived a few days

They had four other kids:

Harilal (born 1888)

Manilal (born 1892)

Ramdas (born in 1897)

Devdas (born in 1900)

Academic CareerAverage student

Problems with entry Test for College

Unhappy: family wanted him to become barrister

Academic Career4 Sept. 1888 goes to study in London

Made vow to be vegetarian, not to drink alcohol etc.

Still experimented with English customs:

took dance lessons

Time in LondonCould not eat food “at home” => always

hungry

Found vegetarian resturant

Joined the vegetarian society

Got elected to executive comittee

Time in LondonSome vegetarians made him join the

Theosophical Society

It studys Buddhist and Hindu literature

Gandhi became interested in religion

Reads Hindu and Christians scriptures

Time in LondonPassed his final exam 10 June 1891

Went to India 12 June 1891

His mother died while he was in London

Back in IndiaHis plan to work in Bombay failed

Returned to Rajkot as he didn't get the job as high scool teacher

Also had to quit making drafts of petitions for litigants when crashed into a British officer with a car

April 1893: Accepts to work in South Africa (British Empire)

Gandhi in South Africa

Gandhi in South AfricaThrown off a train

Gets beaten by driver

Kicked out from several hotels

Ordered to remove his turban

=> Exeperienced racsim

=> Starts to think about the place he has in society

Gandhi in South AfricaExtends stay-over

Wants to support Indian's trying to get the right to vote

Helps to found Natal Indian Congress

Forms a unified Indian political force

Gandhi in South AfricaGets attacked by whites after landing in

Durban

Principles: Does not want revenge

Gandhi in South Africa1906: Transvaal government wants to count

Indian population

=> Mass protest in Johannesbourg 11. September

Gandhi in South AfricaGandhi tells the Indian to be non-violent and

resist punishments

His mates follow his request

=>7 year “fight”: Many get jailed (Monhondas included) or even executed

Gandhi in South AfricaGovernment was succsessful repressing

Indian

Public was shocked of violence used against peaceful Indians

=> South African General had to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi

Satyagraha got delveloped

Zulu War1906 British introduce new poll – tax

Zulus kill two British officers

British declare war against Zulus

Zulu WarGandhi wants to help

Government refuses to have Indian army officers but allow Indian stretcher-bearer corps

Corps: 23 members, lead by Gandhi

Zulu WarMohondas wanted Britians to see that

Indians are “useful”, Indians get training in warfare

Describes Zulu war as Man-hunt

Even English think same

Back in IndiaBack 1915 Mahatma was introduced to

Indian issues, politics and people

Spoke at the Indian National Congress

Role in World War IRecruits Indians for war

Will not hurt / kill anybody

Says that it is important to know how to use weapons

Champaran and Kheda

Champaran and KhedaFirst big succsess (1918) Champaran and

Kheda Satyagraha

Bad situation: dirty, unhygenic, alcoholism

British want to increase tax

Opens ashram

Champaran and KhedaHas confidence of villagers

Starts clean-up, bulding schools

Gets arrested because of causing unrest

=> Big protest

Freed he negotiates contract which gives farmers more rights

Champaran and KhedaGets famous

=> Names like Bapu (= Father) and Mahatma (= Great Soul) develop

Non-cooperationGandhis weapons: non-cooperation, non-

violence, peaceful resistance

Violence from British side => Indian react with violence

Gandhi critises both sides

Holds speech: No violence can be justified

Non-cooperation=> Gandhi's objective: complete individual, => Gandhi's objective: complete individual,

spiritual, political independence of India spiritual, political independence of India (Swaraj)(Swaraj)

1921 Gandhi becomes Leader of National Indian Congress

=> Reorganises, for national mass appeal

=> Membership for little fee

Non-cooperationSwadeshi policy: Boycott of forgein made

goods, especially British

Khadi: Should wear home-spun cloth

Also boycott British educational institutes, jobs, law-courts, titles and honors

Non-cooperationCampain has great sucsess

Called of because of violence

3th time big campaign gets called off by Gandhi

15.000 Supporters jailed

Arrested 10 March 1922 => 6 years jail because of sedition, released February 1924 (illness)

Non-cooperationNational Congress splinters in 2 sections:

Make laws <=> use British laws

Hindu and Muslim cooperation reduces

Gandhi couldn't restore old state

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)Stays out of active politics in 1920s

1928 returns to the fore

British govornement: New constitution commission with out Indian

=>Boycott of commission by Indian partys

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)Congress (Dec 1928): Dominion status or

non-cooperation with complete Independence

Ultimatum: 1 year, Mahatma refers to views of Subhas Chandra Bose, Jawaharlal Nehru

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)British don't respond

=> 31 Dec 1929 India declares it's Independence

26 January 1930: Indian Independence Day

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)Satyagraha, cause: Tax on salt in March

Salt March( 12 Mar – 6 April):

388 km Ahmedabad to Dandi (coast)

Wants to make salt himself

Thousands join

One of most succsessful campaign

Britains jail over 60.000 people

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)Lord Edward Irwin negoiates with Gandhi

=> Gandhi – Irwin Pact

Britain: Frees all political prisoners

India: Stops civil disobedience

Mahatma invited to Round Table Congress London

Disappointment: no discussion of power transfer

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)Sucsessor of Irwin: New campaign subduing

nationalist movement

=> Gandhi gets imprisoned and isolated from followers (no use)

Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)1932: Role in granting rights to vote to the

class of untouchable ends in 3 assassination attempt (1934)

=> Leaves congress party

Salt Satyagraha(Salt March)Returns to politics 1936

Wants focus on independence independence

Accepts socialism as goal

Conflict with Subhas Bose (president 1938): Contra Democracy, Non-violence

Bose resigned. Cause: Mass-resignment because of abandoment of Gandhis priciples

Partiton of IndiaGandhi and Indian National Congress

wanted independent India

Muslim League wanted to divide India

Compromise: provisional government with Indian and Muslim League

Partition of IndiaPlebiscite (=Volksabstimmung) about

partiton

Riots => Gandhi goes and stops them

Gandhi makes strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians

Assasination30 January 1948: Shot by Nathuram Godse

His last words maybe: “Oh God”

Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte executed on 15 November 1949

AssasinationAshes were sent all over India, even to the

Nil

Raj Ghat, Delhi memorial of his cremation

Gandhi nursing

Gandhi having tea with Lord Mountbatten

Young Gandhi

Sourceshttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_9UxHwUfG2qQ/TGiyUAVcAOI/AAAAAAAAA0k/QUcHJbggIXI/s1600/mahatmagandhi.jpg

http://www.kurzbiografie.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/mahatmagandhi.jpg

http://www.slideshare.net/parthav_funny/mahatma-gandhi-presentation-961337

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi

dict.leo.org

translate.google.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha

en.wikipedia.org

maps.google.com

Sourceshttp://de.academic.ru/pictures/dewiki/80/Putlibai_Gandhi.jpg

http://www.mkgandhi.org/gphotgallery/1869-1914/images/d.jpg

https://geniusmothers.com/genius-mothers-of/governors-politicians/Putlibai-Gandhi/

Gandhi