HUNGARIAN GENETICS (This work is a draft; it shall be completed and reviewed after my sabbatical)

FOREWORD FOR EUROPEAN INDO-EUROPEANS If you are an Indo-European speaker you should know that: Your Y Chromosome pool is essentially made of R1a+I+R1b that in most cases is over 70% of your Y chromosome pie. None of the three above Palaeolithic Y chromosomes can be associated to the Indo-Europeans (even if somebody is trying hard to

associate R1a1a to the Indo-Germans! See further on: nonsense!). The rest of your pie is made of other non Indo-European components (E.g.: E3b (African) in Southern Europe, and N (Arctic) in

Northern Europe). No genetic feature has so far indisputably been associated to the Indo-Europeans. If ever an Indo-European gene shall be indisputably associated to the Indo-Europeans, it shall only affect maybe the 0,0.. % of your

pie. Thus, in genetics, the term Indo-European is pure nonsense. The category Indo-European can only be associated to a language, not to a genome. If you are a scientist and not and Indo-

Germanist, you should replace the term Indo-European with Indo-European speaker. In this case you can be associated to a lot of populations: Hong Kong and Macau Chinese, Bantu and Bushmen, Amerindians, Indian Brahmins, Russians in fact, most of them are Indo-European speakers

or you can replace Indo-European with White Race, but it is not very politically correct and in this case you would again be associated to the Hungarians (with the exception of Obrusnszki Borbla, who declares to be Mongoloid), to the Finns, the Khanty Mansi, the Ainu, the Yukaghirs but, some of you dont like this, do you? these peoples were all matriarchal, peace loving, egalitarian, non stratified societies (they had no castes) in other words, inferior peoples for the Indo-Germanists!

If you are unhappy with the term Hungarian, you can read it Old European, but do not forget that the Hungarians are the only cultural fossil remains of Old Europe.

When this work was ready to be published, another Indo-Germanist, aware of the untenability of the equation R1a1a=Indo-European, has published a new equation: R1b=Celtic.

This equation is based on speculations around a map (left, Eupedia), which is also founded on speculations: in fact, this map is probably wrong! The map says that R1b1b split in the Middle East into R1b1b1, which spread to Asia, and R1b1b2, which spread to Europe and which would be the marker of the Celtic east>west migration from the Middle East to Europe. The truth is different: R1b1b split in Europe: R1b1b1 originated from west Europe and was brought, together with R1b1b2 (now R1b1a2-M269), in a west>east migration, to Arsia and Pazyrykia. See the map on the right

(www.familytreedna.com>R1b1b1), where red samples are R1b1b1 cluster A, green ones R1b1b1 cluster B1, and blue ones R1b1b1 cluster B2. Bashkortostan (RU, the Magna Hungaria of monk Julian) is the only region where isolated pocket of R1b1b1 (55% in Abzelilovsky, at the border with Kazakhstan) and R1b1b2 (R1b1b2-a1b4/R1b-U152, old R1b1c10, at 9% in Bashkortostan, right map) coexist at significant rates. Guess who brought R1b to central Asia! If there is enough R1a1a there, it could have been brought to central Asia by the same people that brought there also R1a1a: the Hungarians. (In the Tarim Basin there are both R1b1b1 and R1b1b2, at disputed rates). In fact, R1a and R1b appear to have migrated with the same carrier, to the same places, at the same times. Both the above maps need support of more data in order to be final, but the following statements help to better understand the situation. The highest rate of R1b is in the Basque territory, where in some areas it peaks up until 90%. According to the Indo-Germanist map, the Celts, who spoke an Indo-European language, arrived in Spain in around 2000 B.C.. After that time the R1b Celtic Indo-European speakers would have replaced their language with Euskara! The Basque language, is an isolate language, without any connection with any Indo-European language! Unbelievable! Even the Romans were unable to make they change their language. Furthermore: We do not observe any particular link between Basques and Celtic populations beyond that provided by the Paleolithic ancestry common to European populations, nor we find evidence supporting Basques as the focus of major population expansions. (The place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome diversity landscape, Santos Alonso et al.). Furthermore, in Euskara, mother and father are still ama and aita, as it was in most European pre-Indo-European languages (Honfoglals page 142). In Irish, notwithstanding the Celtic Indo-Europeanization, athair and aite have survived. Furthermore, Gimbutas found evidence of the Basques being a matriarchal society in antiquity: matriarchal Indo-Europeans? Or the only Indo-European society that ever converted to matriarchalism? Furthermore, Celtic archaeology does not appear in Spain before 1000 B.C. according to mainstream scholars (not before 500 B.C. according to me, when the Celts emerged from the Celto-Pannonici). There is little evidence of incineration in Spain and it is not in the Basque territory (it is in Catalonia) and not 4000 years old. Did the Celts learnt to incinerate (independently from the Indians) from the Europeans, who never incinerated? and why they never incinerated in the Basque territory? Furthermore, the area of Europe where the Celts had settled for more than 2 millennia (blue line) and where Urnfields cemeteries have been found is the area with the smallest R1b rate in Western Europe. Instead, the highest rate of R1b (green line) is in the area in which the last remaining Celts, pushed by later migrations, found a refugium (the western part of the British isles), and in the Basque Country, where the Celts never settled. R1b was already there where it is now, before the Celts arrived. Why the Indo-European R1b is missing in Indo-European Asia (Persia, Pakistan, India)!? Eventually, this theory shall collapse soon, as all the other Indo-European theories of origin did, without I need waste more time on it! NOTE: Genetics is still far from being accurate, due to: the small number of tests performed on a 7 billion human population (+ 14 billion dead). the criteria used for the choice of samples to be researched, sometimes influenced by politics and chauvinism.

the bad habit of researching a sample from a town and linking the result to the nation, or, even worse, to its linguistic majority. the manipulation that are made with conflicting lists and maps, often created by software that flattens peaks and pockets. the fancy interpretations of data that are not acknowledged by history, archaeology, cultural anthropology, and common sense,

notwithstanding an unheeded paper of Csand Blint that stresses the necessity of intensive collaboration between experts of genetics, historians and archaeologists in the research of the ethnogenesis of populations).

The images of archaeological artefacts that appear on this page are a small part of the thousands that are published on the page Magyar Art.

I. MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF R1a1a IN EURASIA WARNING! You can find in the Net a number of different maps made to support that R1a1a is speaking Russian (they are usually limited to the distribution of R1a1a in Europe!). A very detailed map that shows the distribution of R1a1a in Europe, with the resolution of a county area, is the following one. This map (familytreedna.com) is very political borders dependent!

The Underhill map (below) is the only one that I have found that shows the distribution of R1a1a in the entire Eurasian area, and which, to my knowledge, is congruent with more detailed maps of local regions, except maybe in some unclear or disputed situations, in particular in Europe (e.g.: the Underhill map does not show the peak of R1a1a that is instead stressed in the above map in the Tanas area, the western terminal of the Hungarian Silk Road. The Underhill map shows peaks of R1a1a in Moscow, and New Delhi; on the Kivisild one (right), the Indian peak is in Arsia. Some local peaks and pockets of R1a1a are not detectable from the Underhill map: I have listed them in the table Local Peaks.

Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a

Underhill, Kivisild, et al., European Journal of Human Genetics (2009), 16. (R1a1a is also known as R-M17 (formerly Eu19) and R-M198).

The research of Underhill, thanks to the use of the subclades R1a1a6-M434 (typical of South Asia) and R1a1a7-M458 (with a significant frequency in Europe), has come to some new unexpected (for the Indo-Germanists!) results:

The coalescent time estimates of R1a1a correlate with the timing of the recession of the Last Glacial Maximum [26,500 - 19,000 B.P.] and predate the upper bound of the age estimate of the Indo-European language tree. R1a1a predates whichever linguistic, archaeological, cultural, and historical undisputed evidence of the arrival of Indo-Europeans in Europe! R1a1a cannot be associated to the migrations of the Indo-Europeans, because R1a1a was already in Europe when they arrived, whichever urheimat theory you choose. The highest diversity of R1a1a is in Southern Pakistan (right map, chronology of the spread).

In Europe, Poland has the highest R1a1a7-M458 diversity, corresponding to approximately an 11 KYA coalescent time. Among the R1a1a*(xM458) chromosomes the highest diversity is observed among populations of the Indus Valley yielding coalescent times above 14 KYA (thousands of years ago), whereas the R1a1a* diversity declines toward Europe where its maximum diversity and coalescent times of 11.2 KYA are observed. The supposed migrations hypothesised by the Underhill research all occurred in late Palaeolithic-early Holocene. R1a1a likely originated from India and from there it spread to Europe: the Indians were right! See also: X. Referencies > India, 62., Indian genetics and the Aryan debate. The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system.

Swarkar Sharma et al. Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages, Kivisild at al. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs, Malyarchuk B. at al..

MtDNA haplogroups R1a, U4, U5, HV3 and HV4, which have been inferred to have pre-Neolithic spread in East Europe, occur at marginally low frequencies in India. The Siberian R1a1a is not Indian.

R1a does not distinguish Indo-Iranian, Finno-Ugric, Dravidian or Turkic speakers from each other. R1a1a7-M458 frequency [in Europe] peaks among Slavic and Finno-Ugric peoples because the R1a1a Finno-Ugric Chudes were obliged to learn Slavic languages!

The inevitably large error margins of our coalescent time estimates do not allow us to exclude the association of the coalescent time of R1a1a with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK), that ourished ca. 7.5-6.5 KYA BP in the Middle Danube (Hungary) and was spread further along the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula river valleys and beyond the Carpathian Basin migratory and early agricultural zones [Pannonia].

Unfortunately, the 11,000 samples from across Eurasia, which have been used in the research, may suffice (notwithstanding the many caveat in the research) for estimating the age and direction of the spread of M17, but do not suffice to trace the relatively smaller migrations of the Hungarians. Nevertheless, if Hungary is a R1a1a7-M458 region, it would confirm the European origin of the Hungarians. In this case, the Hungarians should have left traces of M458 in Central Asia: if not in Arsia (because most came back home), in Pazyrykia (where most stayed), or at least in Siberian and Tarim basin ancient DNA. Furthemore, if in Hungary R1a1a6-M434 is found at a rate higher than in its neighbours, it would confirm the Hungarian migrations to Central Asia and back to Hungary. Further investigation is needed. As the Hungarians stayed for 2-3000 years out of Europe, they could have even developed a marker specific of their migrations. CREDITS AND DISCREDITS The above map is more accurate, but astonishingly similar to the map that I published in 2007, on Honfoglals, page 166. See my map. In order to draw that map, I used the pies, related to a limited number of countries, published by J. Douglas McDonald (World haplogroups) on www.scs.uiuc.edu. See the McDonalds maps. There is an area termed Indo-European in my map: McDonald thought that he had found there the urheimat, linked to the Y chromosome H maybe, or to R1a?! Another miserably failed attempt to locate the urheimat! Out of dozens! The Indo-Europeans are a DNA free population! I showed on that map the areas in which each Y haplogroup was the main component. That map was not not new; it was futuristic! Mainstream geneticists have needed 3 more years of researches to publish a map similar to mine! Nevertheless, both Varga Csaba and Obrusnszky Borbla commented my book with the same mantra: Naddeo did not say anything new that the Hungarians had not known already since ages!.

Two things only are infinite: the universe and human ignorance and I'm not sure about the universe. Paraphrase of a sentence of Albert Einstein.

II. MAP OF THE PAZYRYKIAS HUNGARIAN MtDNA

Ancient MtDNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people, Christine Keyser at al.

(See X. References > 37.)

The above map replies to the following question of the geneticists that made the above research on populations of Khakassia (Minusinsk Basin, Pazyrykia): where are today samples with the same MtDNA that we found in Pazyrykia? Their answer was the above map. By the similarity of its pattern to the pattern of the Y-R1a1a spread map, this map confirms my hypothesised migrations of Hungarians from Pazyrykia to the Ob-Ugrian area, to Yukaghiria, and, through the Amur Valley, to Sakhalin and Japan (the Ainu migration). These migrations are not clearly detected by the R1a1a spread. What should be further investigated is why the Hungarian MtDNA and no Y R1a1a reached Sakhalin, and why little Hungarian MtDNA reached the Tarim Basin from Pazyrykia. The little presence of this MtDNA in Arsia and on the Hungarian way back home could point to the fact that women were those who had more to loose from an Islamic conquest of the Tarim Basin: they would have lost all the remaining privileges that they still had in a community that had been matriarchal for several millennia: all of them left! It would explain why the Madjars still take wives from out of their community: they could not find Hungarian women in central Asia. Several other hypotheses are possible, but waiting for more data is wiser. Other discrepancies between the MtDNA spread and the R1a1a spread are along the Lvov-Kiev-Moscow line, (high R1a1a and low MtDNA), and in Italy and Greece (Low R1a1a and high MtDNA). The separation of the western Finnics from those of the Volga-Kama region is more evident in the MtDNA map. In general, it could be said that this map confirms the presence of Hungarians also in areas where R1a1a has disappeared or is detected at low frequencies: Greece, Padania (IT), Germany, Sweden, Finland, Yukaghiria, Ainuland. Furthermore, all the northern regions of Eurasia, where a Finno-Ugric language is spoken, are covered by the Pazyrykias MtDNA. No Pazyrykias MtDNA has been found in Indo-Asia (Persia, Pakistan, India): it cannot be Indo-European. The black cross on the map indicates a MtDNA different from the rest of it, but whose spread also confirms a link between Hungary and Southern Siberia. MtDNA Haplogroup U Barbujani and Bertorelle estimate the age of haplogroup U5 as about 52,000 years ago, but it could be as old as 60,500 years, being the oldest subclade of haplogroup U (Wikipedia). Others estimate that U came from Africa where it was already present 70.000 B.P.. The Kostienki (RU) human, 30,000 years old, had U2 (also found in Arsia, Pazyrykia, and Khanty Mansi); the Cheddar man (U.K.), 9150 years old, had U5a; the Loschbour (Luxemburg) men, 8000 years old, had U5a and was very dolichocephalic: the skulls of all these guys had some Neanderthalian features. (See X. Referencies > General > 4. The Neanderthals are with us!). The today spread of U5, similar to the one of H, is approximately the same as the Neanderthal spread and its peaks are centred on Hungary, Finland, the Volga-Kama region, Belgium and the Caspian Sea. It reaches the Baikal lake, at the eastern borders of Pazyrykia. Was haplogroup U already in Europe in 50.000 B.C.? The case of U MtDNA could be similar to the one of the Ginger gene that would have made the Neanderthal red haired. (See Honfoglals page 247). The ginger gene is supposed to be as old as 50.000 years, thus predating the Cro Magnons in Europe, as long as a 50.000 years old Cro Magnon is not discovered.

Global MtDNA

III. MtDNA N1a: A MARKER OF THE HUNGARIAN MIGRATIONS Mitochondrial haplogroup N1a phylogeography, with implication to the origin of European farmers, Malliya Gounder et alii.

MtDNA sequences of subcluster N1a1a1 related to the farmer DEB3 and FLO1 lineages are widely distributed, accounting for nearly half (82 out of 166) of the total N1a data. Lineages from this subcluster were observed in populations of central/eastern Europe [East Pannonia], Volga-Ural region [Sarmatia or Volga-Kama?], central Asia [Arsia], South Siberia [Pazyrykia], [and Khanty Mansi, and Tarim basin (see Sampula) and Magyars (See X. Referencies)], Egypt, Yemen, Iran, Turkey, and eastern/southern India). The cumulative frequency of N1a1a1 reaches a maximum in eastern Europe and central Asia, and decreases in the direction of central and northern Europe. The same occurs in the southern direction, towards Anatolia and the Caucasus:

N1a1a1 (The layer with the red circles and names of countries should be moved several hundred km westward!) N1a1a2 Unfortunately, the big circles labelled Russian Federation do not help us much: if somebody draws a map of the distribution in Russia (Volga-Kama/Volga Ural region? Khanty Mansi? Yukaghirs? Sakhalin? Pazyrykia?) of the above clades, we might get acquainted with the details of the Hungarian migrations. "A trtneti genetika s az eredetkrds(ek)", Csand Blint (10 2008): About 85-90 % of the [Magyar] MtDNA [including N1a1] belonged to main European Haplogroups. Dienekes Blog: MtDNA N1a was a genuine signature of the Central European Neolithic. Leading Magyars of the St. Stephen's Hungary, came back home [from Arsia] with the same N1a they had left Europe with. The subclade N1a1a1a is restricted to Kazakhstan, Altai and Buryat Republic (Pazyrykia and Arsia), and the European part of Russian Federation. These areas were centres of expansion. Furthermore, a subcluster of N1a1a2 was observed in Denmark, Poland, Scotland, Norway, Switzerland, France, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, and Volga-Ural region. The coalescence age of N1a1a2 (between 3,400 - 4,000 years) and its spread in Europe and to the Volga Ural regions, makes of the subcluster N1a1a2 the perfect candidate marker of the Hungarian diaspora to Magna Pannonia (1500-500 B.C.). Its coalescent age would not allow any earlier hypothesis of its migrations. However, it should also be checked if the N1a found in the Saint Stephen Magyars belonged to this subcluster, or it should be found in Pazyrykia and/or Arsia. The pattern of the spread of N1a could be very similar to the one of the Pazyrykias MtDNA, but Asia should be investigated more accurately in order to confirm it. N1a has been found in the Han dynasty time Sampula cemetery, Tarim basin. The N1a Haplogroup is the best marker of the Hungarian migrations because it peaks in territories were the spoken languages were the Uralo-Altaic languages, because it is at very low rates in west Indo-Europe (Greece, Italy, France and UK), and because it is absent in Indo-Asia (Pakistan, Iran, and India).

IV. LOCAL PEAKS AND POCKETS OF R1a1a IN EURASIA The local peaks and pockets of R1a1a, (most are undetectable from the Underhill map) are listed in the following table, which is a selection of lines from this Wikipedia table.

(Cyan sentences are my comments and additions)

Population with archaeology congruent to: Pannonico, Sarmato-Avar, Magyar archaeology. Cultural kinship:

Kinship Continent Country Population Sample R1a1 R1a1* R1a1a Source

HUNGARY

Europe Hungary Where? 53 NA 0.00% 56.6% Battaglia et al. (2008)

Europe Hungary Where? 36 22.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)

Europe Hungary Where? 45 NA NA 60.0% Semino et al. (2000)

Europe Hungary Where? 215 NA 1.40% 24.2% Vlgyi et al. (2008)

Europe Romania Where? 45 20.0% NA NA Rosser et al. (2000)

Europe Romania Dniester-Carpathian - NA NA 20.4% Varzari (2006) You can get whichever result you need, if you chose the right sample!

INDO-EUROPEAN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Europe Scotland Orkney islands (Gaelia) 121 NA NA 7.0% Capelli et al. (2003)

Europe Scotland Orkney islands (Gaelia) 26 NA NA 27.0% Wells et al. (2001)

It should be quite improbable to get so different results from a population of only 20,000 people!)

Europe Italy Sicily 236 NA NA 5.5% Di Gaetano et al. (2008)

Europe Greece Nea Nikomedeia 57 NA 0.00% 21.1% King et al. (2008)

Greece Sesklo/Dimini 57 NA 0.00% 10.5% King et al. (2008)

Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Plateau 41 NA 0.00% 29.3% Martinez et al. (2007)

Europe Greece Crete, Lasithi Prefecture 23 NA 0.00% 17.4% Martinez et al. (2007)

Europe Greece Macedonian Greeks 57 NA 1.80% 10.5% Battaglia et al. (2008)

Europe Greece Macedonia 79 NA 0.00% 13.92% Underhill et al. (2009)

Europe Republic of Macedonia Macedonian 20 NA NA 35.0% Semino et al. (2000)

Europe Russia Komi-Permians 42 23.8% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)

Europe Russia Perm 37 43.2% NA NA Malaspina et al. (2003)

Europe Russia Tver 38 NA 0.00% 57.9% Mirabal et al. (2009)

The red-haired FINNO-UGRICS OF PERM are proud to be of Finno-Ugric descent (We were here before them [the Russians!]!). The red-haired FINNO-UGRICS OF TVER also are proud, but they complain that they are often not shown in the maps of Finno-Ugric language speakers.

CAUCASUS Caucasus Georgia Abkhazians 12 NA NA 33.0% Nasidze et al. (2004) Caucasus Karachays

Cherkes, RU

Karachays 69 NA 0.00% 27.54% Underhill et al. (2009)

Caucasus Cherkessians 126 NA 0.00% 12.70% Underhill et al. (2009) Caucasus Dagestan RU Kumyks 76 NA 0.00% 13.16% Underhill et al. (2009) Caucasus Nogays 87 NA 0.00% 12.64% Underhill et al. (2009) Caucasus

Kabardino Balkaria, RU

Balkarians 38 NA 0.00% 13.2% Battaglia et al. (2008)

Caucasus Balkars 136 NA 0.00% 25.74% Underhill et al. (2009) Caucasus Kabardians 141 NA 0.71% 13.48% Underhill et al. (2009) Caucasus Abazia RU Abazas 89 NA 0.00% 19.10% Underhill et al. (2009)

Caucasus Avars 42 NA 0.00% 2.38% Underhill et al. (2009) The CAUCASIAN AVARS disputed that the Central European Avars were real Avars (and vice versa). Some Cerkessians are still red-haired. Several Caucasian cultures are equestrian cultures.

WESTERN SILK ROAD

Middle East Lebanon Lebanese 31 NA NA 9.7% Semino et al. (2000)

Middle East Syria Syrian 20 NA NA 10.0% Semino et al. (2000)

Middle East Iran Isfahan 50 NA NA 18.0% Nasidze et al. (2004)

V. THE HUNGARIAN SPREAD ACCORDING TO GENETIC RESEARCH

The following map resumes the data gathered by the above researches in a single map of the spread of R1a1a, of the Pazyrykias MtDNA, and of the spread of cultural, archaeological, linguistic, artistic, religious, and anthropologic markers of the Hungarians.

Central Asia Tajikistan Tajiks/Khojand 22 NA NA 64.0% Wells et al. (2001)

KHOJAND, FERGHANA, where the Hungarians bred the heavenly horses, was the third heart of the Silk Road after Bukhara and Samarkand. Obrusnszki Borbla, were this people your Huns, who sold the horses to the Emperor, who left 64% of R1a1a there? Isfahan: see the line of Istens on a mosque: line 165 of The Mother Isten abstract, and the Istens on Iranian tribal carpets.

CHINA, SILK ROAD

Centr/East Asia

China

Dongxiang (Mongolian descent) Gansu 49 NA 0?% 28.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)

Centr/East Asia

China

Salar (Central Asian Turkish descent?) border Qinghai/Gansu 52 NA 0?% 17.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)

Centr/East Asia

China

Bonan, Mongolian descent border Qinghai/Gansu 47 NA 0?% 26.0% Wei Wang et al. (2003)

Is it not astonishing that the only 3 listed pockets of R1a1a in China are located at the borders of Gansu with the Tibetan plain? Could their inhabitants be mongolized descendents of those 150 (Hungarian) Yueh Chih families that the Chinese Chronicles reported having fled the Hsiung Nu by flying to Tibet? or rather, are they the descendents of the Little Yueh Chih, who had remained exactly in the area were R1a1a has been found now?

INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT

South Asia Pakistan Kalash 44 NA NA 18.0% Qamar et al. (2002)

South Asia Pakistan Pakistan Kashmiri 12 NA NA 58.0% Qamar et al. (2002)

South Asia Nepal/India Chitwan, Nepal Hindus (proxy for Indian ancestry) 26 NA 0.00% 69.2% Fornarino et al. (2009

The Nepalese Burkha and Sherpa are said to be Pashtun from Afghanistan or even Hungarians: this genetic research makes that hypothesis more probable. Burkha and Sherpa are worldwide appreciated for their moral and physical features. Who better than a people that had lived at an elevation of 1000 metres for over a millennium and that was used to cross the Pamir passes (4/5000 metres high) carrying heavy rolls of silk, could fit the job profile of a Sherpa? South Asia India Dravidian Upper Caste 59 NA NA 28.8% Sengupta et al. (2005) South Asia India Indo-European Lower Caste 50 NA NA 26.0% Sengupta et al. (2005)

South Asia India Bihar (Paswan) 27 NA 0.00% 40.74% Sharma et al. (2009)

Bihar is supposed to have been reached by Heftalites (Timo Stickler), who left their Hungarian Mother Istens and other Hungarian artefacts in the region. Bihar was also the name of the today Oradea county in rdely.

South Asia India Bihar (Brahmins) 38 NA 0.00% 60.53% Sharma et al. (2009)

South Asia India Gujarat (Brahmins) 64 NA 0.00% 32.81% Sharma et al. (2009) South Asia India Bombay, Konkanastha (Brahmins) 43 NA NA 41.9% Kivisild et al. (2003) South Asia India Himachal Pradesh (Brahmins) 30 NA 0.00% 47.37% Sharma et al. (2009) South Asia India West Bengal (Brahmins) 30 NA 0.00% 72.22% Sharma et al. (2009)

South Asia India Uttar Pradesh (Brahmins) 31 NA 0.00% 67.74% Sharma et al. (2009)

South Asia India Maharashtra (Brahmins) 32 NA 0.00% 43.33% Sharma et al. (2009)

South Asia India Madhya Pradesh (Brahmins) 42 NA 0.00% 38.1% Sharma et al. (2009)

See Brahmins.

South Asia India Madhya Pradesh (Saharia) 57 NA 22.8% 28.07% Sharma et al. (2009)

KAMCHATKA

Siberia Russia Kamchatka, Itelmen 18 NA NA 22.2% Lell et al. (2006)

In Kamchatka, there is the easternmost and most isolate pocket of R1a1a. The Ainu did arrive there, before mixing with the Jomon. Their main business was sea trade and fishing; they arrived there from the Kuril islands, which are still part of Ainuland.

MONGOLIA Mongolia 24 NA NA 4.0% Wells et al. (2001)

Mongolia Soldiers mainly from Khalkh (East Mongolia) 402 NA 0.00% 2.5% Weale et al. (2001)

Many of the peoples of the Ordos region, were identified as belonging to the Xiongnu cultures. Ordos was occupied predominantly by peoples showing Mongoloid features, known from their skeletal remains and artefacts. [Zhang et al. "Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China", p. 176-225.]. Borbla, if the Huns came from Ordos, they were Mongols! If there were Caucasoids in Ordos, they were slaves of the Xiongnu they were the Hungarians who made the bronze artefacts of the Xiongnu and the Sarmatian jewellery of the Huns.

THE HUNGARIAN GENETICS The Hungarian Y Chromosome pie (right, Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2009 Mar;3(2):e27-8.) is a European pie (R1a+I+R1b=72.8%) that shows the central and west Asian admixture of Sarmatians and Avars (G+J+H=19.3%). The 19.3 frequency of the west Asian admixture is higher than in countries bordering Hungary and Transylvania, and it includes the admixture of the agriculturists that brought farming technologies to Europe from the Middle East. G is recognized to be the Sarmatian marker in Europe. Its Britannic cluster is at high rates in Szkelyfld and in Britannia, where it was brought by the 5,500 Sarmatians (not Daco-Romans!) that Marcus Aurelius relocated in Britannia. (See Erdely Dacia). It is wide spread in north Caucasus, on the route the Sarmatians took to come back to Europe. J could rather be Avar. It is wide spread south of Caucasus, on the route the Avars took to come back to Europe. The J Y-chromosomal lineage is more frequent in Szeklers (J1-M267=10.3%, Semino et al., 2000a, 2004; Di Giacomo et al., 2004. J2e1-M102=7.2%) than in Hungarians: in fact the Sarmatians and the Avars settled mainly in Transylvania; instead, the Magyars, who had mainly come from the Tarim Basin (where the rate of these 2 haplogroups is lower) rather settled in Hungary (See Erdely Dacia). H is typical of India and of the Roma; it is at a frequency of 2-4% in Arsia, where it reaches 20% in the Kalash population, who live close to the urheimat of the Roma. The isolated peak of R1b in Arsia, together with R1a1a, is the evidence that these haplogroups were brought there from the Balkans, the only other place where these haplogroups still coexist. I Hg is found at low rates in Arsia and in pockets in Ferghana and Pakistan, Joseph Skulj). Underhill has found 1.5% I Hg in Central Asia, but he has not specified where exactly. E1b in Arsia points to a migration of Pannonici to Arsia (1000 B.C.) from east Pannonia (the region between the Tisza and the Dniester valleys), where these haplogroups are still at low rates today. This hypothesis would explain the lower rates of I, and E1b in today Hungary if compared to bordering countries: the Pannonici had not yet received that admixture and the Honfoglals peoples did not bring it back home. Furthermore, the most ancient Turul has not been found in today Hungary, but in west Ukraine (beginning of first millennium B.C., Odessa Museum); the deer stones migrated (at that same time) to Pazyrykia from Moldova (See Sacred Symbols), and the hit and run technique was a Cimmerian innovation that spread from east Pannonia up until Japan (See Pre-Indo-European Rites). Semino found out that the Hungarians who live west of the Danube are more akin to the Finns than those who live east of the Danube: west Hungarians had not migrated to Central Asia and they have retained a higher kinship with the Finns. The rarity of I, R1b, and E1b in Pazyrykia points to a migration (2000 B.C.) to Southern Siberia that could have originated from even further east: from west Ukraine or rather from south west Urals, regions that had already been colonized by Pannonici at that time (Syntashta, Abashevo, Andronovo cultures). Actually, the spread of E1b1b1a1b to Europe came quite late: Cruciani's latest study suggests that E1b1b1a1b (E-V13, formerly E3b1a) actually arrived in the Balkans [Albania] from Western Asia during the Palaeolithic, and then spread throughout Europe much later (circa 5300 years ago, 3300 B.C.). Bird (2007) proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire. I hypothesise that most of the eastward spread of E1b1b1a1b (from the Albanian peak toward the Dnieper river) could be connected to the migrations of the Aromin Vlachs to Romania in the Middle Age. E1b1b1a1b is at only 4.2% in Hungary (much less than in Countries bordering Hungary, Eupedia), because the Pannonici that migrated to central Asia had not yet received that admixture, and the peoples of the Honfoglals therefore did not brought it back. In Britannia, some very small but high rate pockets of E1b1b1a1b have also been found and have been associated to Roman soldiers from the Balkans (Bird, 2007): as the Sarmatians did not carry E1b1b1a1b, those pockets could be pockets of early Vlachs that had started migrating to Dacia and that were among the Sarmatians that had been sent to Britannia by Marcus Aurelius (See Erdely Dacia). At that time, the Sarmatians:Vlachs ratio in Szkelyfld was much higher than the today Hungarians:Romanian Vlachs ratio. MtDNA gives further evidence of the migrations of the Hungarians from Central Europe to Central Asia and back to Europe (See above II. and III.).

The high rate of I Hg in Hungarians (25%, all I1, not congruent with the below maps!) confirms their ancient European ancestry. If the Magyars had originated from Central Asia or if they were Huns, the Hungarians could have never had such a high rate of I Hg!

Haplogroup I1 distribution Haplogroup I2 distribution Turkish genetic pie

The above genetic pie of Turkey is in the research Excavating Y-DNA strata in Anatolia, Hum. Genet. (2004), Cinnioglu et al.: Current Anatolian genetic pool has received 13% - 30% genetic inflow from Central Asian Turkic speakers. The Anatolian Turks are overwhelmingly indigenous (William Z. Ripley and Carleton S. Coon). They are 64% Caucasoid (Wikipedia). The R1a, R1b and I Y-DNA of the Turks is due to natural geographical diffusion from Europe, as it clearly appears from the maps of this paragraph. Therefore, the Anatolian Turks could be connected to the Pannonici, but not to the Magyars: this connection is shown by archaeology. If 13% - 30% is the Turkish speakers contribution to the pie of the people living in Anatolia, then, the north east Asian Haplogroups N, Q, C, O (=7.26%) could make from 24 to 55% of the invading Turkish speakers pie, and it would confirm the North East Asian origin of the Turkic speakers and their admixture from the Mongolic Rouran. The Gktrks were descendents of the Ashina clan. The centre of the Ashina power was the Orkhon valley. The Orkhon valley was the border between Mongolia and Pazyrykia and genetics says that the Orkhon Valley is still inhabited by people that received a relevant Hungarian and Mongolic admixture. It is very possible that the Orkhon Valley was the place where the Turks learned agriculture, learned the 300 Hungarian words, and they also learned the Rovasiras. A tribe of the Gktrks, the Uyghurs, migrated southward and threatened the Chinese Empire. Later on, they invaded the Tarim basin. The hypothesis that some Turks had Hungarian ancestors would also explain why the genetic contribution of the Turkic Uyghurs did not affect the 2000 years genetic continuity of the Tarim basin, at least as far as MtDNA is concerned. (See X. > Arsia > 45.). The Turks could have not influenced the Sarmatian and Avar genetics, because, when the Turks appeared in east Asia, the Sarmatians and the Avars were already in Europe. The Magyars, who lived in central Asia at the time the Turks were there, have no east Asian genes in their pie: intermingling between Turks and Magyars is improbable. Furthermore, the 300 common words in Turkish and Hungarian (mainly related to agriculture) could well have been taught by the Magyars to the Turks, not viceversa, because the Turkish speakers, at the time of the meeting, were still nomads, and the Pazyryki and Arsi were agriculturalists since millennia. Furthermore, the Turkic Uyghurs invaded the Tarim Basin in 840 A.D., when the Arsi were already preparing their luggage. In any case, 300 hundred words is the same quantity of words that the Longobards left in Italy, but nobody has ever hypothesised that the Italians are Germanics! The Hungarians were not Turkish speakers and the only possible link between Hungarians and Turkish speakers may be found in Orkhon! (but Turkey could have been inhabited by Hungarian Pannonici, as archaeology confirms!). The I, R1b and R1a1a admixture in Anatolia clearly arrived there due to natural spread and cannot be connected to the Magyars or the Turks, but to the Pannonici.

R1b E1b1b1a1b (E-V13) I

N Y-DNA (left, Rootsi; right, annals of Human genetics 2004) and Tat C (almost absent in Mongolia and China) are very frequent in northern Eurasia including Finland and the Khanty-Mansi area. Therefore, they have been considered signatures of the Uralic speakers. However, they are missing in Hungary. How is it possible, since the Hungarians, according to the HAS, came from the Khanty Mansi area, i.e. from Yugra?

As simple as this: the Hungarians did not come from Yugra! The absence of N Y-DNA and of Tat C in Hungary (Rosser 2000) confirms my theory because, in my theory, the ancestors of the Hungarians never dwelled north of the 51st parallel, which is the approximate southern limit of the presence of N Y-DNA and of Tat C. (See also the Note G below: The Finns > N1c1c. N1c was formerly N3). The absence of N Y-DNA and of Tat C in Hungary demolishes the linguistic theory of origin of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, because, if the Magyars had come from the Khanty-Mansi area (Yugra), they would have had a much, much higher rate of N and of Tat C! I know that for the linguists it is blasphemous to maintain that not the Khanty-Mansi, (who speak today the closest language to Hungarian) came back to Hungary, but the Arsi (who now speak Chinese or Turkic) did! The linguists are pseudo scientists, who believe that linguistics is the mother of all sciences and that archaeology, anthropology, genetics, and history should be bent to fit their linguistic fantasies.

The linguists are pseudo-scientists that are unable to understand and accept a concept as simple as this: the Hungarians shall soon speak Chinese (left: Chinese military parade, Tien'anmen, CN), as all the Europeans will. (It will be after a bloody atomic war declared to China by another Indo-European Bush, in the last attempt to maintain global supremacy. Yesterday the U.S. debt, which is in Chinese hands, has been downgraded by S&P: the process has started). When it shall happen, the Hungarians shall replace their language within a couple of generations, but their archaeology shall forever remain Hungarian, their genome shall remain Hungarian for centuries, and their culture shall slowly start changing. Nevertheless, they shall never worship the Buddha, but rather His Mother, that they shall again name Nagyboldogasszony, as they named Nagyboldogasszony the Mother of Christ, as they called Nagyboldogasszony their ancestral Mother Goddess the Mother Isten. You understand now why 4 years ago I published the following sentence on the The Ugaritic Abjad page of this website: If you quote my work, please do not label me as a linguist. I consider that title an offence. N Y-DNA and Tat C are not the signature of the Uralic speakers, but they are the markers of the Arctic people! The Hungarians of Yugra are not those who speak a Ugric language, or those who carry N and Tat C: the Hungarians of Yugra are those who carry R1a1a (whichever language they speak!) and who worshipped a

Mother Isten idol as tall as a human, entirely made of gold, still at the time the Russians showed up in Yugra, in the 17th century. When I say Hungarian, I refer to a population that kept its genetic and cultural identity along 10 millennia, regardless of the language they spoke or shall speak! Language connections are irrelevant. Not the Khanty-Mansi migrated to Hungary, but the Altaic Pazyryki did migrate to the Khanty-Mansi area: All the U7 sequences found in Khanty and Mansi are identical, and the same sequence is found in Uighur of Central Asia. This suggests a recent founder effect of U7 haplogroup in Khanty and Mansi with a probable Central Asian origin. Similarly, the Southeast Asian-derived Y chromosome N2 lineage, allegedly specific for Uralic speakers (!!), is also found among Altaic speakers. (Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers, Forensic Biology, University of Helsinki) (See: X. References > Pazyryki and Khanty Mansi). The Pazyryki moved to Yugra after they were attacked by the Huns in about 200 B.C. (see the abstract The Hsiung Nu/Huns) and they brought there the Hungarian language, the Mother Isten, R1a1a, and the European Pazyrykias MtDNA, and they intermingled with local populations, and they never came back home, to Hungary. In fact, the little archaeology of the Khanty-Mansi is congruent with the Siberian archaeology of the Pazyryki:

J.D.Kimball, .. (history.novosibdom.ru) (+Pleiades) Magna Hungaria: Ust-Polui, Turbino, Seyma Rostovka Turkish Ainu Furthermore, there is no archaeology in west Asia, in the middle Age, that can support the presence there of an advanced community that could have arrived in Europe and could have become, on arrival, the strongest military power of Europe, unless you hypothesise that the hunter gatherer Yugrans learnt all they had to learn overnight, on arrival in Hungary. In fact, the Magyars were not hunter gatherers, as somebody does define the Yugrans! Yugra: the linguistic theory of origin of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is woodoo science! The Hungarian pie does not show any Chinese or Mongolic (Hunnish) admixture. Mongolic genetic traces in Hungary? Of course, yes! But not coming from the Huns. Rather from the Magyars! In fact, the Arsi and the Chinese peacefully shared the Tarim Basin for as long as one millennium (Han to Tang dynasties). They shared the cemeteries (Astana), they shared religious rites (in the Buddhist caves), and they shared the same enemy: the Hsiung Nu/Huns. Even being both endogamic cultures, it is very possible that some intermingling between Chinese and Arsi did happen in such a long time. This intermingling is confirmed by genetic researches on the Magyars: when the Magyars arrived in Europe, there was still the evidence of some East Asian admixture. In fact, the 5% East Asian MtDNA (B and M, "A trtneti genetika s az eredetkrds(ek)" Csand Blint, 10 2008) found in Honfoglals Magyar women, is not necessarily Mongolic, but it can rather be of autochthonous Chinese of the Tarim basin: B and M (widespread in Han populations) have been found in the DNA of ancient and modern people of the Tarim Basin, in cemeteries where West Eurasian and east Asians were buried. Additional East Asian genetic traces in Hungary may have also derived from the Cumanians and the Mongols of Genghis Khan, but not from the Huns! (See The Huns). Mongolic traces: low rate of GM genetic markers on immunoglobulins (Hideo Matsumoto, who also found it in the Ainu). blue spot, which, being dominant, could have been at very low rates on arrival in Europe. phenotypes with infrequent Mongolic features. other traces.

The Hungarians were not Mongols, not Hsiung Nu, not Huns! CONCLUSION: the genetic impact on Hungary of the peoples of the Honfoglals (Sarmatians, Avars, and Magyars) was small because they found in Hungary other Hungarians (see X. > Hungarians > 20.). The genetics of the Magyars helped to keep the local rate of R1a1a and R1b high, to increase the rate of G and J, and to decrease the rate of E1b, I, and N in pre-Honfoglals Hungarians of Carpathia that had received the admixture of E1b, I, and N in the 2 millennia the Honfoglals people were not in Europe. The Hungarians were not Mongols, not Yugrans, not Turks, not Finns (The Finns were Hungarians!). They were Pannonici, who migrated to central Asia (Arsi), who came back home as Sarmatians, Avars and Magyars, who mixed with the Szekely and Pannonici that had remained in the Carpathian Basin, and thus they made the modern Hungarian identity. NOTES (See the letters on the Map at the beginning of V., from West to East) Wherever I found Hungarian cultural markers (Honfoglals) and archaeological markers (The Magyar art), there R1a1a and/or Pazyrykias MtDNA has been found by genetics! A. GAELIA

In this area, people descending from Palaeolithic inhabitants could still live, who had survived in Scotland and western Ireland thanks to the North Atlantic Drift, and who had been trapped there, after England and the Channel had been covered with ice. In 3000 B.C., Gaelia homed an advanced culture that erected some of the largest and most ancient Kurgans and megaliths, far before the Indo-European Kurgans appear in Europe. Spiraliform motifs were already there.

In the Orkney islands R1a1a is still at a peak of 27%. It could be Norse in the islands, but not all over Scotland and the Belfast area. The Norse did not migrate only to the Orchad islands, why should they have left their R1a1a only in islands that were inhabited by a civilized people since the Neolithic? (Skara Brae).

B. SICILY The frequency of R1a1a is 5.5%, Di Gaetano et al., 2008: Siculi? Lombards? Alans from Tunis? In Italy, a higher frequency is only found in Friuli, where Cividale is. Cividale was the first capital city of the Avar Longobards. If 5.5% is the average for all of Sicily, how high can the frequency of R1a1a be in the pockets and in the refugia where the Siculo-Avar-Szkely-Lombards live now? E.g: in San Fratello. Bettino Craxi (not an Italian surname!), Italian prime Minister, was a Siculo-Lombard. His father was from San Fratello. He is not loved by many Italians, but the other prime Ministers after De Gasperi were not better. He defended, the dignity of Italy as a sovereign state, against an intrusion of R. Reagan, in Sigonella, with Carabinieri ready to fire onto American Marines. (See Archaeology of Sicily on Szkely Varese). There are pockets of R1a1a also in Calabria (Wapedia); some Avar/Lombards settled there too. A small town in Calabria holds the name of Longobardi. The walls of the presbytery of the S. Francesco church of Longobardi are decorated with yellow Delivering Mother Istens, on a red background, right. They claim that King Liutprand was there and a popular name in town is Lipranno, a distortion of Liutprand.

C. URHEIMAT The only undisputed European Urheimat of the Germanics (Sweden) was introduced to the Bronze Age by Hungarian adventurers (Metropolitan Museum of Art) in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C.: the Metropolitan explains this peak of R1a1a. The swords, razors and other artefacts found in Sweden are congruent with Pannonico archaeology.

D. AMBER ROAD TERMINAL There is Sarmatian archaeology in the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, and Pannonico and Sarmatian archaeology in Pribaltika. Note that, in Aran (Tuva, Siberia), amber has been found in graves C14 dated 620 B.C.: Herodotus was right! In the fifth century B.C., Herodotus mentioned transit trade occurring in Central Asia along a route that stretched from the Urals in the west to the Altai and the Minusinsk Basin [Pazyrykia] in the east (Hemphill and Mallory 2004).

E. GREECE MACEDONIA AND THESSALY See References > 64.: Greece. R1a1a is not where the Greeks settled! There is a peak of R1a1a in correspondence of what was the Macedonia of Alexander the Great. In Honfoglals I had hypothesised that Alexander was not Greek but Hungarian! Demosthenes said it quite clearly in his Philippics: " , " (Would a Macedonian [non Greek] rule the Greeks!?) The Underhill map strengthens my hypothesis with genetic evidence, after I have already proved, with archaeology, that Macedonia was a culturally Hungarian region:

Macedonia, Early Iron Age, Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum.

All the above artefacts are congruent with Bronze Age Pannonico archaeology (See the book The gold of the world G. CH. Chourmouziadis, and my images abstracts). The archaeology of ancient Macedonia is not Indo-European, and it can be seen in the Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum. In Kavala, Macedonia, the Hungarian spiral bronze bracelets were in use until the 6th century B.C.. At that time, north of Athens, the conical hat was also still in use (bronze figurines). In Dendra and Maraton, Bronze Age Horse burials have been found (right, 1550 B.C.). Hungarian Gold Idols

have been found in Sesklo and in Aravissos Yannitsa (left, 4 millennium B.C.) Nea Nikomedeia: R1a1a=21.1%; Sesklo/Dimini, R1a1a=10.5%. All over Greece, the Pazyrykias MtDNA has been found. MYCENAE The Peloponnese, where Mycenae and Sparta were located, is almost R1a1a free. The Greek Mycenaeans and Spartans were the most Indo-European Indo-Europeans: they lived in a state of permanent war. Imagine that the Spartans, when there was no war against foreigners, declared war against the ilotes (their slaves) or celebrated the kripteia, which was another ceremony for murdering their ilotes. (Jorge Cano Cuenca, Carlos III University, Madrid, Spain. Read his Sparta, the warring city). In other words, the slaves were human targets for the Spartan war games. Why the Indo-Germanists do not tell you these things? If you are an Indo-Germanist, if you read the article of Jorge, you shall be ashamed of being termed Indo-European, and you shall ask for a Hungarian passport next day!

The only genetic research I have found on Myceneans regards MtDNA (Circle B Grave, late 17th century B.C., Abigail S. Bouwmana, Keri A. Brown, N. W. Prag A. John and Terence A. Brown): [The Mycenaean] U5a1a lineage within haplogroup U5 arose in Europe approximately 30,000 years ago, [23,000 years before the Indo-Europeans start speaking their language!] and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe. In the context of its rather ancient origin, the modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1 suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe. (The other 3 samples carried Hg H2 and Uk). This research is hard to find, nobody comments it! That MtDNA was not Indo-European, but Pre-Indo-European! In fact, in Greece, including Peloponnese, also the Hungarian Pazyrykias MtDNA has been found! It was the MtDNA of Bronze Age Hungarians (Pannonici). I long for seeing a research looking for Y-DNA in Mycenae. Nevertheless, I would not be surprised if no R1a1a is found: the Indo-Europeans used to kill the men (or to use them as human targets for their war games!), but they did enslave the women for their Bunga Bunga. Before Indo-Europeanization, the Helladics buried their Horses, in Mycenae too, as they did in Dendra and Maraton. The Scythians and the Amazons were allied of Troy against Mycenae; the Scythians were allied of Athens against Sparta: Scythian mounted archers protected the walled corridor between Athens and Piraeus. Here is some of the archaeology of the Hungarians of Mycenae, before their Indo-Europeanization: exactly the same things that you can find in Carpathia even at an earlier time, including the Pleiades (Athens Archaeological Museum: you must go there to see them, as these artefacts are not published or commented in books!):

The earliest inhabitants of Mycenae, were not (not!) Indo-Europeans. The genetic legacy of the Hungarian female slaves (Pazyrykias MtDNA) of the Myceneans survives in Greece. R1a1a has only survived in pockets, in Greece, because the Hungarians that had been enslaved there were used as human targets for the war games of the Myceneans and of the Spartans. BLONDS IN GREECE Wilhelm Sieglin has found out that 170 out of the 362 (47%) ancient gods or prominent Greeks, described in ancient Greek literature, were blond or red haired, with gray, blue or light green eyes: this is why democracy was born in Greece! No Indo-European society

has ever been democratic before modern time! (Wilhelm Sieglin, che si preso la pena di andare a scovare tutti i passi delle fonti greche dove si parli del colore degli occhi e dei capelli, ha potuto dimostrare che dei 121 personaggi della storia greca di cui gli autori ci descrivono i caratteri fisici, 109 sono biondi, e solo 13 bruni. Lo stesso Sieglin ha raccolto le descrizioni dei personaggi della mitologia: delle divinit, 60 hanno capelli biondi, e solo 35 capelli scuri (di cui 29 numi del mare o degli inferi); degli eroi delle saghe, 140 sono biondi e 18 han capelli neri; dei personaggi poetici, 41 biondi e 8 neri). The higher prolificacy of the testosteronic Indo-Europeans and the African admixture in Greece have made the blonds disappear from the country.

F. CRETE (Lasithi Plateau, R1a1a=29.3%: Lasithi Prefecture, R1a1a=17.4%). Left: Etruscan amphora ; attic black-figures, 540530 BC: Poseidon fighting the Giant Polybotes during the Gigantomachy, Louvre. That succumbing Giant with his Mother Isten on his shield (right, complete with head and offspring), was a Pannonico pre-Indo-European God, who belonged to a community of Gods, in which two Goddesses Gaia and Rhea took all decisions. How many were the Titans? 6. And the Giants? 6. And the sisters of the Titans? 6. 6, the sacred number of the Hungarians. Was what I named 6 Ray Sun (right, Mycenae) the sacred representation of the divine sixes? In the Cretan tradition, the Titans were portrayed as agrarian [not pastoralist!] Gods,

who lived in the vicinity of Knossos in Crete, where they ruled over mankind during the Golden Age. The Golden Age of Old Europe. Lasithi could be the refugium where the descendents of the matriarchal pre-Indo-European Gods still survive. The mythical wars between the new and the ancient Gods (Asir versus Vanir, in Nordia; Greek Gods vs. Titans and Giants, in Greece) represented the mythic, epic conquest war of the nomadic, pastoralist, war faring newcomers.

G. THE FINNS The Finns were Hungarian adventurers that started the Amber Road in very ancient time, and who brought the Bronze Age to Scandinavia (Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, USA, website, Scandinavia timeline) in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C.. They were pushed further northward first by the Slavs and later on by the Germans (Deutschritterorden). They intermingled with the Saami. If you leave the relevant Saami admixture out of the Finnish genetic pie, you find out that, before the admixture, the Finns were Europeans and akin to the Hungarians. N1c1c: the Finns are Mongols, the Hungarians are not Finno-Ugric! Right, distribution of N1c, formerly N3a. The subclade N1c1c, very frequent in Finland, has been first connected to the Uralic languages, then used in order to prove that the Finns are Mongols, and finally, as it has not been found in Budapest, to prove that the Hungarians are not Finno-Ugrics! N1c1c has even been used to prove that the Slavic Slovenians did not arrive 1500 years ago, but they were indigenous to the lands they still now inhabit! Y-Chromosome frequencies and the implications on the Theories relating to the Origin and settlement of Finno-Ugric, Proto-Hungarian and Slavic populations, Hindu Institute of Learning, Toronto, Canada, by Joseph Skulj (clearly of Slavic Slovenian origins!). Unbelievable! Some people decide what they want to prove, first, and, later on, they start ruminating. Furthermore, as N1c1c has not been found in Budapest, but it has been found only in rsg (Guglielmino 2000), the rsg inhabitants would be the only Uralics in Hungary! N1c1c has nothing to do with the Finns, nothing to do with the Uralic languages, nothing to do with the Mongols. The geneticists say that N1 originated in Southern China (Sichuan, 14.000 B.C.) and N1c1c originated from south of the Baikal lake (6000 B.C.), from where it spread to the Arctic shores. N1c1c is the marker of the migrations of the Arctic populations. When the Uralics of Eurasia were pushed northward, they intermingled with the N1c1c peoples, whose languages were Uralicized. Finnicized in Europe and Ugricized in Asia. (Right: Uralic languages). The N1c1c Saami, were in Nordia since at least 5.000 B.C. and they had migrated there from the central shores of the Arctic Sea (Noel D. Broadbent, Smithsonian Institution). The russification policies made of the Saami language a forbidden language; Saami children were picked up from Saami families and were given back at the age of 15, after they had been Russified. (Note that slavery was abolished and in Indo-Russia, as in Indo-USA, in the second half of the 19th century!). The Soviet Empire finally relocated the Saami in collective farms here and there in the south. I could bet that Stalin relocated them where russification was more needed: Pribaltika, Tatarstan, Volga-Kama. Stalin was diabolic: he did not oblige the Tatars, the Baltics, or the Finno-Ugrics, to learn Russian, but he mixed all these peoples together so that they freely decide to learn Russian as a lingua franca, so to be able to understand each other! Furthermore, Stalin obtained the result that, today, there are no minorities in Russia, but only mixed populations, who all speak Russian now and therefore they are Russian in Russian statistics. The Europeans are so busy blaming Hitler, that they have forgotten what Stalin did! The Saami are said to be about 100.000 in Nordia. In Russia, the Saami speakers left are only 1600 (BBC), but there are millions of genetic Saami in the territory of the former Communist Empire: N1c1c in Northern Russia: 41.3%; in Central Russia: 17%. These Saami have no right on the territory they live in now: it has never been their homeland. The recent Saami migrations were not voluntary migrations, but forced migrations, like the migrations of the Volga Germans (that Czarina Catherine had imported to implement Russian agriculture) and of the Russian Hebrews: Stalin relocated the Germans in Kazakhstan and the Hebrews in an autonomous Okrug of east Siberia. Beside Norway, Sweden, and Finland, N1c1c is at high frequencies, only in the areas where other ethnic minorities dwelled in the former Soviet Empire. In antiquity, maybe some Saami migrated southward looking for 12 hours daylight, maybe some of them preferred joining the Finno-Ugrics so that together with them they could better defend themselves from the hordes of Slavics but most of them were spread all over the empire and now they speak Russian only thanks to the Soviet relocations and to the russification policies. Why there is no N1c1c in Budapest? Because, when the Hungarians migrated to Central Asia, Stalin was not yet born and because the Tarim Basin did not ever belong to the Soviet empire, and because, at the time the Hungarians left Pannonia, N1c1c had not reached central Europe yet: this is why the Hungarians only have 0,6% N1c1c. Around Hungary, in Slavic Czekia, N1c1c is at 1.6%, in Slavic Ukraine at 6%, and in Slavic Serbia at 0-6.2%. In Romania N1c1c is 0%, because the Romanians came from Albania, where it is 0%:

N1c1c has never migrated as far as to Albania. In Pribaltika it is 20-40%. The low rates of N1c1c and of Tat C in Hungary are also evidence of very little Slavic admixture in the Hungarians, as the low rates of E1b is evidence of little Aromin admixture. The Hungarians never lived close to the Arctic peoples, this is why they have only 0,6 % N1c1c. For the same reason, Tat C, which has also been mistakenly considered a Uralic marker, is at high rates in Finland (above 50%) and along the Arctic Sea, but it is almost absent in Hungary. The Finns are the last remnants of a migration of Pannonici that brought the Bronze Age to Nordia, that started the Amber Road, that were pushed northward by Germans and Slavs, that spread a Uralic language to Nordia, and that intermingled with an overwhelming N1c1c and Tat C local population, which was there since 5000 B.C.. Instead, the Saami MtDNA received a central European admixture (U5b1b, V, H1) that is absent in Siberian Arctic populations (The western and eastern roots of the Saami, the story of genetic "outliers" told by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes, Kristiina Tambets et al.). In Nordia, the Finns are not those who speak a Finnic language or those who carry N1c1c or Tat C, or those who speak a Finnic language, but those who carry a Central European DNA made of a mix of R1a1a, I, and R1b. Other referencies: A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe, Siiri Rootsi et al. Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe, Miroslava Derenko et al. Dual Origins of Finns Revealed by Y Chromosome Haplotype Variation, Derenko M. et al. Honfoglals page 232, about the methods of the Slavic conquest of Russia. The following images reconstruct the final migration of the Hungarians from the amber road terminal to Finland:

II c. A.D. The Balts,

Gimbutas. Crown of double

spirals.

Sarmatian Aorsi, Lithuania,

Horse burial.

800 A.D., Madona, Latvia Spiral bracelets, rattles, comb with dotted circles,

3 circles pins.

X century A.D., Eura, Finland.

Spiral bracelets in a grave.

Schosseinyi, Gunevsky, Kaliningrad, RU (East Prussia).

Bronze. Dotted circles The Pannonici that had remained in Prussia - the amber road terminal - in the 11th-12th century, still decorated their animals with dotted circles, as they had done along several millennia and as the Avars of Cividale did when they arrived in Italy with the Longobards! Later on, the custom of decorating horses with geometric designs shall move to Lithuania, right.

The double spiral of Gimbutas is the same that the Hungarians wore on their neck since the Calcholitic (History Museum Budapest and Romanian figurines), and that, in the Bronze Age, they had on their forehead (left, Pannonia; right, Southern Sweden). I have hundreds of images of Hungarian sacred symbols unearthed in the area from Kaliningrad to Finland, in the Oka valley, in the Volga-Kama region (Hermitage, History Museum of Moscow, books) and images of jewellery of Rus (Hermitage and books) that prove the Hungarian cultural continuity in Northern Europe, from the Bronze Age to the

beginning of the Russification of Russia, at the end of the Middle Age. For cultural markers, see Holmgard and the origin of democracy on Honfoglals. Note that the archaeology of the Finnics had not evolved since the Bronze Age, as it usually happens in isolated cultures. Only starting from the 6th century, the last variations of the Hungarian Sacred Symbols started reappearing among the Finnics of Russia:

The above objects prove that the Bronze Age Hungarian cultural DNA had survived in Finnic populations until the Middle Age. Similar artefacts were not brought back by Avars and Magyars, whose sacred symbols had evolved into new shapes.

The above objects show similarity with Sarmatian and maybe Cumanian objects (necklace), and in any case depict Sacred Symbols that the Hungarians worshipped along several millennia. Note the similarity of the first image above (Pleiades) with the logo of the MTA restaurant in Budapest (left. See the last line of the Sacred Symbols abstract and read my comments!) and with the Decebalus shield.

The objects of the above 2 lines (Middle Age, 900 A.D.- 1300 A.D.) show a clear influence of the Avar and Hungarian religious art in Rus. The rattle, the bracelet, and the Cross of Istens could have been made by Magyars. Hundreds of bracelets similar to the above one have been found in Transylvania, dated to the Honfoglals time. The rhomboidal image of the last Cross of Hearts belongs to a Hungarian artefact, but identical deteriorated objects have been found in Kiev and Ladoga. Sources of the images of the four above lines: History Museums of Kiev and Moscow, Hermitage, Lithuanus. Locations: Pribaktika (including Novgorod) and western European part of Russia.

H. MESOPOTAMIA

This isolate pocket of R1a1a is associated to an isolate pocket of Balkanic I2a1 (right) and of R1b (25%) and to a pocket of light eyes! Samarrans? Urartians? Kimmers? Medes? Parthians? Zazas? Kurds? Sabirs? An Avar Silk Road logistic base? Avars who had found a refugium in Armenia, before it was taken by the Sassanids? In this area, the population that is genetically (MtDNA) the nearest one to the Derenburg farmers (from a single grave, Germany, LBK, 55004500 B.C., left) lives today. Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities, W. Haack. Haack comes to the conclusion that the Derenburg farmers had came from this area: I would not be so sure about the direction of the migration:

A migration of light eyed peoples is more likely to be expected to go from Europe to the Near East. It is more likely that a migration originated a far away pocket (in the Near East) than such a wide

spread (in Europe). If R1b and I could have arrived in this area due to natural spread; a pocket of R1a1a would have been

too far from its area of natural spread. In fact, it could have been brought here by the historical migration of the Cimmers from west Ukraine to this area.

In favour of Haacks hypothesis: The two most beautiful Sumerian statuettes depict a blue eyed man and a red-haired woman

(Mesopotamia, E. Ascalone): maybe also the farmers that came to Europe were red haired and blue eyed? Nevertheless, the light eyes of this pocket could even come from a recent admixture: they could come from a tribe of blondish, light eyed people that now dwell in Iraq: the Alani!.

The 6th millennium B.C. is the time in which atalhyk was abandoned and the atalhykians moved their culture to Carpathia, (see Magyar Art > The Mother Isten Abstract > line 002).

Maybe there were two or more migrations, in both directions, at different times. Similarity of burial positions of couples in love (face to face) in atalhyk, Derenburg (DE, Karol Schauer), and Niya (Tarim basin):

Etruscans couples also were buried face to face. An Indo-European man would have not allowed his wife in his grave: women belonged to an inferior specie! Note that in atalhyk, it is the woman that hosts the husband in her grave (only his plastered skull): a matrilocal society, even after death!

I. ARSIA A Chinese research (Analysis of genomic admixture in Uyghur and its implication in Mapping Strategy, Shuhua Xu et al.) has found that UIG was formed by two-way admixture, with 60% European ancestry and 40% East Asian ancestry. Chinese statistics report a presence of Mongols in the Tarim basin as low as 2.58%: almost no Huns! The Tarim Basin appears from the Underhill map to be a negative peak of the frequency of R1a1a. The truth is that this map pictures todays situation, after recent immigration of non Uyghurs to the Basin has made the non Uyghur population boost to around 50% of the total. If you go back to 1949, when the Chinese took control of Xinjiang, you find out that non Uyghurs were little more than 5%. (Official Chinese Statistic sources). It means that the percentage of Uyghurs in 1949 was almost double than today. If you could clean the genetic pie of the Tarim Basin from the Orkhon Turko-Mongolic-Uyghur admixture, you would find out that R1a1a was even higher than 50%, in 840 A.D.. If you could cut out from the Tarim Basin pie the data of the Northern area of the Basin (the area of Kucho, the capital of the Chinese protectorate, and the Turpan depression (Turpan was several times raided by the Hsiung Nu, Rouran, Turkics, Mongols - as it was at reach of nomadic peoples), you would find out that at the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the basins population could have been predominantly R1a1a. In the Tarim basin, the west:east matrilineal admixture ratio is the same as in extant and Iron Age populations: the MtDNA admixture of the Uyghurs appears to have been very low.

The genetic pie of the Uyghurs (right, UG, McDonald, confirmed by several researches) shows that R1a1a (yellow) is still the main component of the Uyghur pie and that R1b (red) is the second component. Furthermore, 50% of the R1b appears to be the European R1b1a2-M269. In the Tarim basin, there is a significant rate of E1b1b (up to 6.5% in Urumqi, "Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times" Yali Xue et al.. Is it Balkanic E1b1b1a1b?. Low rates of I have been found in Arsia, with peaks in Fergana and Pakistan. R1a1a, R1b, I, and E1b1b show isolated peaks in Arsia: somebody must have brought them from Europe to the Tarim Basin! (Part of the R1a1a could be autochthonous). The McDonald pies do confirm the high values of R1a1a (yellow) also in Altai (AL), Kirgizistan (KG), Uzbekistan (UZ), Selkup (SL), and Tatarstan (KT, Volga Kama merging). The Iranians show low R1a1a levels, but males of eastern parts of Iran (Arsia) carry up to 35% R1a1a, which is also found in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Teheran and Isfahan (Nasidze et al., 2004). The low rate of South Asian L in Uyghurs makes the origin of the Tarim basin R1a1a from India or Pakistan quite improbable. (X. References > 46.). The Indo-Germanists, led by Victor Mair, insist maintaining that the mummies of the Tarim Basin spoke an Indo-European language, because millennia after their death, in the Tarim Basin, in 2 monasteries, the Buddhist priests spoke the Gandhara/Hungarian pidgin Tocharian language! The Indo-Germanists tell you that father in Tocharian was pakar, but they hide that it was also apaka (apuka in Hungarian from apa, father in Basque and in all agglutinative languages of the world)! See Honfoglals, pages 139-150. THE MADJARS The yurts of the Madjars of Torgay (KZ) are protected by Crosses of Istens, Lines of Istens, Birth Symbols, Heart Mother Istens, and tulips! Could they not be Hungarians? All over East Kazakhstan the yurts are decorated like the above one: the Kazakhs that have lost their Hungarian DNA still keep a Hungarian cultural DNA.

atalhyk Zutu-Garla,Pannonia Madjar Birth Symbol Tarim Basin, A. Stein Silk Road carpet Szkely Nat. Mus.

Please note the astonishing similarity of the atalhyk and the Szkely Birth Symbol; time distance: 8 millennia, no change! It is another clue in favour of the theory that the Szkely did not migrate as their Sacred Symbols are still the same as the Pannonico ones. The Madjar Birth Symbol is instead very similar to the Tarim Basin and Silk Road symbols.

The same line of Heart Istens that decorates the Madjar yurt (above) is the logo of the Academy of Sciences of Kirgizstan (below).

Tarim Basin Talas Valley, KZ, Benk Mihai Madjars, Kazakhstan Caucasian Avars

All the above images, predominantly cyan and magenta, show the same Isten (right) around the central symbol (which, in Central Asia, is a Cross of Istens). The Cross of Istens of the Madjars is asymmetric as the Tarim basin one (below) and the Magyar Crosses shall be.

The above images are from the Tarim basin (except a Kazakh tubeteika that is decorated with the Kirgiz tamga), but they could well be Madjar! The white and orange Cross of Istens is asymmetric (See why in the The Mother Isten abstract, line 146).

The hat of the Madjar man is no longer pointed, but it is still decorated with a tulip, the same tulip that was on the forehead of Copper/Bronze Age idols, on the Magyar crowns, from Korea to Margit-sziget to London (Elizabeth II), on the head of the above Uyghur dancer, on the head of the lion of the Nagyszentmikls treasure (right), and. Left: emblem of Nagytoke, HU, that also decorates the sceptre of the Hungarian regalia, and. Astonishingly, the most Hungarian marker still kept by the Madjars is the double design, the most typically Hungarian marker: the above lady, who wears a pointed hat, has a design on her headdress and gil that can be read either as a Birth Symbol (2nd image in the central box, black design, with Her symbolic rhomboidal uterus) or as a couple of Heart Istens (3rd image).

Source of the images of Madjars: HonLevel, July 2007 Archaeology is more accurate than genetics (A Y-chromosomal comparison of the Madjars and the Magyars, A. Z. Biro): genetics can say that the Madjars are more akin to the Hungarians than to their neighbours; archaeology says that they were Hungarians. None of the above designs and Sacred Symbols has ever been used by the Huns. The geneticists of the above research have also reconstructed in a map (right) a possible route back home of the Madjars. If you do not consider the step 3 (which has been added to please the linguists of the MTA), that map perfectly reconstructs the migrations of the Sarmatians (Steps 1-2- -4-5-6). Instead, the very high rate of G Y-DNA suggests a migration of Sarmatian Madjars along steps 1-2-4-2: they could have left west Tien Shan and have settled in Northern Caucasus (as the Sarmatians did; there they would have acquired an overwhelming G admixture, otherwise inexplicable) and they could have come back to 2, where they are now, after centuries spent in Caucasus. A large region of North Caucasus was actually named Alania in the Middle Age. There lived also the Jas that somebody links to the Jasigs and the Ossetins. 18.000 Caucasus Alan knights were enrolled by Kublai Khan as his personal guard in China. The Madjars could be descendents of a very few defectors of that army: it would explain the so high rate of G of the Madjars (founder effect) and their exogamy (Knights did not move with women!). THE KALASH The Kalash are among the several populations that have been convinced by Indo-Germanists to be descendents from soldiers of Alexander the Great! I have already stressed in Honfoglals, pages 128 and 130, the congruence of their culture with the old Hungarian culture, and in Magyar Art their massive use of ancient Hungarian Sacred Symbols still today. The possible genetic Greek admixture in Central Asia has been investigated and some possible Greek links with the Pashtun have been found (E3b1, which could be Pannonico!), but links with the Kalash are unclear (Investigation of the Greek ancestry of northern Pakistani ethnic groups using Y chromosomal DNA variation, Q. Ayub et al.; Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan Sadaf Firasat et al.). 18-30% of the Y-DNA of the Kalash is still made of R1a1a, absolutely not Greek!. 20% is made of H, typical of India and of the Roma, whose urheimat is in the same region; 23% of L3a, which is autochthonous in south west Asia, a small percentage is made of J. A

sizeable percentage of Kalash are blond or red haired, as the rest of the Arsi are, as Alexander was, as the invading Indo-Europeans were not (except Roman prostitutes, who used blond wigs as a status symbol).

J. INDIA The frequency of R1a1a in the Brahmin Hinduist priestly social caste is usually higher than in other castes of the same region. R1a has a very high frequency in modern Brahmins, irrespective of linguistic and geographic affiliations, suggesting that it was the founder haplogroup for the population. (Sharma et al., 2009). In antiquity, Brahmins were preferably to be blonds. The only blonds available in Asia, in ancient time, were the Hungarians. I have doubts that the Kushans and the Heftalites alone could have been able to spread so much R1a1a to India: they were not as testosteronic as the Indo-Europeans were. Nor the Indo-Europeans could have done it: wherever they arrived they spread only their language not their genes: they were always small bands of warriors: they could become lites and be able to impose their language, but they could never replace a genome of any population. See also Genetics and the Aryan debate (References X. > 62.) where more evidence is given to the fact that the present genetic picture of India is as old as the Pleistocene and that The supposed Aryan invasion of India 3,0004,000 years before present [and I add the Hungarian migrations] therefore did not make a major splash in the Indian gene pool. The Indo-Europeans, if they did not arrive with space ships, could only have arrived in India from North West (after the desertification of the Steppes where they lived, east of the Caspian Sea). On their way, they destroyed the Indus Valley civilization (beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C.) and they pushed its inhabitants eastward. The area where R1a1a is at its peak in India has the shape of an arrow head pointing to the East, the same shape that a cattle takes when you frighten it, shooting and heading to the centre of it. That cattle were the Indus Valley inhabitants, frightened by the fires of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. My opinion is that most of the Indian R1a1a comes from the Indus Valley civilization. In my maps, the Indus Valley and the BMAC (BactriaMargiana Archaeological Complex) are part of Agglutinia, a large Eurasiatic area where the archaeology of the 3rd millennium B.C. was congruent with Central European archaeology. The R1a1a of India did not belong to the Indo-Europeans, but to the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, who were there since millennia, and who were enslaved by the Indo-Europeans. Some scholars are eventually hypothesising that the Indus valley people spoke an agglutinative language. Some others hypothesise that they were Elamites, who were fleeing from the Semitic invaders of Mesopotamia. The Elamites are supposed to have spoken an agglutinative language as the Sumers did. The Elamites were termed Scythians by scholars between the two world wars. The most of the Southern Pakistan and Central India R1a1a could belong to the legacy of the ancient Indus Valley civilization, where R1a1a could have arrived in very ancient time. This hypothesis is supported by Passarino G., Semino O., et alii: The distribution of Eu19 Y-chromosomes (turned out to be 49a,f Ht11 or its derivatives) suggests that the Eu19/49a,f Ht11 emerged in Ukraine, probably in a Palaeolithic population, and thereafter spread toward Europe, Asia, and India at different waves over a few thousand years. (The 49a,f haplotype 11 is a new marker of the EU19 lineage that traces migrations from northern regions of the Black Sea). (Eu19=R-M17=R1a1a). Therefore, only in the Northern part of Pakistan and in the North Western part of India (Kashmir) additional R1a1a came from the Kushans, Heftalites and Arsi: Indian Kashmir (Punjab): R1a1a=20, 36, 41, 47, 63, 67%. Pakistan Kashmiri: 58%. Kalash: 30%. BIHAR (Bihar, Paswan, R1a1a=40.74%; Bihar, Brahmins, R1a1a=60.53% (Sharma et al. 2009); Chitwan, Nepal, R1a1a=69%). Bihar is a town and a state, south of Nepal, in India, along the Ganges river. The Buddha spent his early time in Bihar and the Hungarian Heftalites are supposed to have arrived there (Timo Stickler). Bihar [today Oradea] is also one of the oldest counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, formed before the twelfth century. If you look in dating sites for images of people of Bihar and Patna (the capital of the Bihar state), you feel that some of those people do not look like Mongols (or Huna, as Eva Aradi calls them!) and not even like Indians: I feel I have seen that girl while shopping in Vci utca! (www.datanta.in, for young single Hungarians!). Her eyes are also typical of the most beautiful Ukrainian girls. Bihar archaeology:

Magyar Crown, 6

Bihar jewelry, 6 Uttar Pradesh, Tokyo M. Bihar, Metropolitan M. Magyar Mother Isten

Note the similarity of the 6 petal rosette of Bihar and those on an Arpadian crown. The Magyar Mother Istens preferably held Their hands down. The different postures of the arms could correspond to different delivering postures at different times. I did not expect such a high frequency of R1a1a in Central India: I shall look for more images in the future! These ones were in my collection not because I was looking for them: they were looking for me!

THE MAGARS Gyula Laszlo tested the language of the Indian Magars and decreed that the Magars were not Hungarians because they did not speak Hungarian! He did not test their DNA, nor he was a linguist. Can the Magars not descend from Hungarians because they speak another language now? Funny Country, a Country that allows linguists, artists, philosophers, indologists, anthropologists, mongolists, astronomers, musicians, doctors, nurses and, worst of all, engineers to write the history of the Country, while the historians and the archaeologists sleep, or write fairy tales! Right, Magar curved dagger, the Magar tamga: it shows the Hungarian 3 lines on the hilt (as all the Hungarian swords along 5 millennia did, see Xiung Nu Huns), the undulating vegetal motif, and a cross with the typical 4 Hungarian dots, which reminds one of a Mother Isten (it is maybe a cross of daggers) very Hungarian! According to some Daco-Romans, the Magar dagger had belonged to Decebalus and the Magars stole it! Between Bihar and Katmandu there is a high frequency of R1a1a (Chitwan, Nepal, R1a1a=69%) and even traces of the Pazyrykias MtDNA. An isolated pocket of European R1b1a2-M269 is also present in Nepal. Language expert Madhav Pokhrel says that there is 16% similarity between Magar Language and Magyar Language. The original religion of Magar people are Shamanism and Tengriism possibly brought from Siberia They bury their dead [in a subcontinent that cremates] and they have their own belief system regarding life after death (Hitchcock, 1966:25-34). Magars constitute the largest number of Gurkha soldiers outside Nepal The Magars provided Nepal with a dynasty of kings. (Wikipedia). MADHIA PRADESH

Sanchi, Madhia Pradesh: a Hungarian Kapu (Torana in India, Tori in Japan) and its details: two Mother Istens, guarded by two Turuls on top of a three lined Torana, decorated with spirals and animals, 1st century A.D. or later.

Gandaberunda in Mysore emblem and in Keladi Mughal Turul, British M. Triratna (See above line) Tibetan triratna

I have not yet looked for Hungarian artefacts in the Indian archaeology: the above ones were looking for me! THE GARO The Garo are one of the few remaining matrilineal societies in the world, supposed to have arrived in Assam from Tibet through the Brahmaputra. R1a1a is at 4%. See Honfoglals page 189: every Garu village still has its own Hungarian Kapu!

K. PAZYRYKIA AND SOUTH SIBERIA (SAKA, INDO-IRANIANS, KHANTY MANSI) In order to reconstruct the ancient Y DNA of Pazyrykia, one could do the same analysis I did for Arsia, but it would be more difficult and less reliable. However, there is enough R1a1a and Pazyrykias MtDNA and it cannot have been brought there by Indo-Europeans or Mongols! Russian and Central Asian scholars working on the contemporary but very different Andronovo and Bactrian Margiana archaeological complexes of the 2nd millennium b.c. have identified both as Indo-Iranian, and particular sites so identified, are being used for nationalist purposes. There is, however, no compelling archaeological evidence that they had a common [Indo-European] ancestor or that either is Indo-Iranian. (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Harvard University). A genetic research on the Scytho-Sarmatians (Saka for the Russians, Indo-Iranians for the Indo-Germanists) of Pokrovka (KZ, 6th c. B.C.-3rd c. A.D.) has found that:

Several warriors were females, a marker of matriarchalism that reminds one of Tomiris and of the Amazons.

There is complete absence of any genetic marker of the Indo-Iranians: most markers are European.

The people buried in Pokrovka had wide cultural and trade links. (Mamas of Pokrovka Sarmatians preliminary results of mtDNA study, Joachim Burger, Mainz University (DE). I have not found the promised results on papas). In Pokrovka, there is no evidence of incineration, but evidence of burial rites similar to those of Pazyrykia and the Tarim basin. In Filippovka, not far from Pokrovka, a very rich Hungarian archaeology has been excavated (Ufa Museum, RU, right). Pokrovka was a matriarchal community of non Indo-European traders along the Silk Road. Herodotus tells us of a trade route in the 5th c. B.C. from Southern Urals to the Minusinsk basin (Pazyrykia): Pokrovka and Filippovka are located in southern Urals. The Southern Ural-Minusinsk route continued to Linzi (see next N. Linzi). N1a, U2, U3, U7 MtDNA are the markers of the West-East migrations to Pazyrykia. (See X. References > 38.). The Pazyrykias MtDNA has also been found in: Sakhalin (Ainu), Khanty Mansi area, Yukagiria, Volga-Kama, in Central Europe centred in Hungary, and along the Silk Road branch that the Hungarians used to travel from the Tarim basin to Hungary. (See X. References > 37.). The first migrations of Europeans to Siberia may have started in the Palaeolithic, followed by other more recent waves. (X. References > 41). KHANTY MANSI (YUGRA) What appears to be proved, by the spread of R1a1a and of Pazyrykias MtDNA, is the fact that the Pazyryki, after they were attacked by the Hsiung Nu, migrated northward and became the Yugran Khanty Mansi, as I had written in Honfoglals. The spread of the Pazyrykias MtDNA not only overlaps the R1a1a spread, but also gives evidence of the migrations of Pazyryki from Altai to Yugra, Yukaghiria and Ainuland. 63.3% of the mtDNA detected in the Mansi falls into western Eurasian lineages (Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis, Olga A. Derbeneva). The genetic history of the Khanty Mansi appears to be the one of a population that had come from North Eastern Europe and received a Central Asian, South Siberian and Arctic admixture. (Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers, Russian Academy of Sciences). All the U7 sequences found in Khanty and Mansi are identical, and the same sequence is found in Uighur of Central Asia (Arsia). This suggests a recent founder effect of U7 haplogroup in Khanty and Mansi with a probable Central Asian origin (X. References > 41).

L. YUNNAN A Chinese genetic research, which aimed at disputing the European descent of the Linzis (See Note N.), gives evidence that the today Linzis are akin to the Yunnan people. Of course they are akin: both were Hungarians. Kunming, the capital of the Yunnan province, was quoted in a list of cities along the Silk Road, by Ptolomaeus. Carl Mair has described frescos of people of Central Asian or Greek (Greek!?) ethnicity in Yunnan. Yunnan is the Chinese province with the highest R1a1a frequency in China proper: 5%. (If 5% is the average for all of Yunnan, how high can R1a1a be in the pockets and in the refugia where the Chinese Hungarians could still live now?). A special case is the one of the matriarchal Mosuo of Yunnan (See Honfoglals, pages 188-211): their practice of the visiting marriage (the same practice of the Amazons!) has made that R1a1a has been completely replaced by the Y chromosomes of the male visitors! The only useful DNA is therefore MtDNA. The Mosuo are the only recognized matriarchal society still surviving.

In Yunnan and East of Yunnan, along the Yang Tse Kiang, where other Hungarian related minorities live, the Mother Isten and the other Hungarian Sacred Symbols are still frequent designs in folk art.

At the entrance of the Mosuo Cultural Museum, Lugu Lake, CN, a chart shows the 33 Mosuo symbols: at least 8 of them correspond to Hungarian Sacred Symbols.

Above: Middle Yang Tze Kiang minorities cultures, XX century folk art, Mingei Museum, S. Diego, CA, USA: Mother Isten, Cross of Istens, lines of Istens, Pleiades Left: other Mother Istens similar to the above one, from Old Europe to 20th century Hungary. Below: typical Bronze Age Pannonia designs in South China, Mingei Museum.

- You may notice that, as it happened in Szkelyfld and in Chudia, the Hungarian symbols that are still in use in the Yang Tze Kiang

valley are the same that were in use at Bronze and Iron Age, when the Hungarians arrive