Magnoliaceae of Indian Region - Reprint

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Diversity and Conservation of Plants and Traditional Knowledge 59 - 79. 2012.Edited by: S. Panda & C. Ghosh

Published by: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun

Magnoliaceae of Indian Region an Appraisal

V. Sampath Kumar

Botanical Survey of India (SRC), TNAU Campus, Coimbatore 641 003,Tamil Nadu, India

Present address: HLAA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond,Surrey TW9 3AE, UK

E-mail: [email protected]

The family Magnoliaceae in Indian region has been studied as in the lastdecade. All the genera of the subfamilyMagnolioideaein India are reducedto infrageneric level of the type genusMagnolia Linnaeus and a total of 30species and one variety are recognized under the type genus. The species,Michelia wardiiDandy has been reduced to varietal level. Each taxon isenumerated with important synonyms and citations. In this account, onlytwo species are recognized as endemic to India compared to six listed inFlora of Indiaby Raju in 1993. A detailed distributional data of all the taxafound in Indian subcontinent are provided. Cultivated non-indigenousspecies are also listed separately at the end.

Key words:Magnoliaceae,Magnolia, Indian region, Enumeration, Endemicspecies.

INTRODUCTION

The family Magnoliaceae is considered to be one of the primitive families of

Angiosperms and is usually of trees or large shrubs with persistent or deciduous

stipulate leaves. Due to its often large, showy and fragrant flowers, many Magnolias

are cultivated as ornamentals. The family is economically also important as the

wood of some species is used in furniture and cabinet works.

The family is divided into two subfamilies, Magnol ioideae and

Liriodendroideae, the latter is monogeneric and not reported to be found in wild

in the Indian region i.e. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar/

Burma and Sri Lanka. However, two species of the genusLiriodendronLinnaeus

are reported to be cultivated here.

The generic delimitation within Magnolioideae has been subject of

persistent debate and disagreement among taxonomists, botanists, horticulturists

and morphologists (Figlar 2000). In the second half of the 19 thcentury Baillon

(1866, 1868, 1871) suggested the merger of three genera,AromadendronBlume,

ManglietiaBlume and TalaumaJussieu with the type genusMagnoliaLinnaeus.


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After two decades, King (1891) supported the Baillons view and remarked, I

think there are good grounds for the opinion of Baillon that Michelia and

Manglietiashould both be merged inMagnolia. However, Dandy (1927, 1964,

1971, 1978, 1979) continued to treat them as separate genera and opined that they

are well-defined ones. In 1978, Keng based on morphological and anatomical

characters as well as field observations on Malaysian species concluded that

Aromadendron, Mangleitiaand Talauma (but not Michelia) should be merged

withMagnolia, a view originally expressed over a century ago by Baillon (l. c.).

Raju & Nayar (1980) and Chowdhery & Daniel (1981) advocated the view of Keng

(l. c.) and merged the taxa ofManglietiaand TalaumawithMagnoliaand made

many new combinations mainly of Indian taxa. But authors like Nooteboom (1985,

1988, 1993), Chen & Nooteboom (1993) and Law et al(1996) consideredManglietia

as a separate entity. Figlar & Nooteboom (2004), on the basis of latest availableDNA data (Azuma et al1999, 2000, 2001; Kim et al2001) as well as morphological

characters (Figlar 2000, 2003a, b; Nooteboom 1998, 2000) relegated all the genera of

Magnolioideae under the genus Magnolia. They recognized 3 subgenera viz.,

Magnolia(with 8 sections and 7 subsections), Yulania(Spach) Reichenbach (with

2 sections and 6 subsections) and Gynopodium Figlar & Nooteboom (with 2

sections).

Hooker & Thomson (1872) in The Flora of British Indiaaccounted a total

of 8 genera in the Magnoliaceae by following the circumscription of Bentham

(1862) in Genera Plantarum. Eventually, four genera of these were placed in three

newly created families, viz., Eupteleaceae (EupteleaSiebold & Zuccarini), Illiciaceae

(Ill iciumLinnaeus) and Schisandraceae (Kadsura Kaempf. ex Jussieu and

SchisandraMichaux), which is widely accepted and almost all the authors treat

them in separate family from that of Magnoliaceae (e.g. Hutchinson 1964;

Mabberley 2008).

In 1961, Raju placed different species of Indian Magnoliaceae under six

genera (Manglietia,Magnolia,Michelia, Talauma,Alcimandraand Pachylarnax).

However, in 1993, Raju recognized only three genera in Flora of India work

(Table 1). After this publication, many changes not only in nomenclature but

circumscription of the taxa have also occurred (see Law et al1996; Frodin &

Govaerts 1996; Figlar 2000; Kim et al2002; Figlar & Nooteboom 2004; Nooteboom

& Chalermglin 2009). Further, additional distribution of the Indian taxa in some

states especially from NE region as well as outside the country was also reported

(e.g. Chowdhery et al1996; Law et al1996; Frodin & Govaerts 1996; Chauhan et al

2000; Press et al2000; Kress et al2003; Xia et al2008), which resulted in reduction

of endemics to merely two species (Magnolia pealianaKing andM. pleiocarpa

(Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom) rather than six reported by Raju (1993). Sampath

Kumar (2006a) listed 21 species and 3 varieties from India and discussed about the

distribution of Magnolias in various states of India as well as in Himalayas.

It can be seen from the Table 1 that invariably all the authors recognized the

genus Michelia in their work. Traditionally this genus is distinguished from

Magnoliaby stalked gynophore (King 1891). Besides,Micheliais distinguished

60 Magnoliaceae of Indian Region


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by its monopodial growth and flowers on brachyblasts in the axils of leaves (Chen

& Nooteboom 1993). As stated by King (l. c.) two species of IndianMagnolia(M.

griffithiiHooker f. & Thomson and M. pealianaKing) have distinct, although

short, stalks to their gynophores. Figlar (2000) also argued by quoting some

examples from Magnolia that the presence of gynoecium in Micheliamay be

useful in defining species or sections but its value in delimiting genera in

Magnoliaceae is doubtful. He has also shown that the characters of axillary flowers

and monopodial growth are found inMagnoliaitself.

In Hutchinsons The Genera of Flowering Plants, Dandy (1968)

differentiated the genus Manglietia from Magnolia based only on number of

ovules per carpel! Since some of the species ofMagnoliaalso possess more than

two ovules as stated by Keng (1978), Sampath Kumar (2006b) transferred thespecies ofManglietia to the genus Magnolia.

In this account, the classification of Figlar & Nooteboom (2004) is followed

and a total of 30 species and one variety is recognized. All the taxa are enumerated

with important synonyms and citations. Authors names are abbreviated following

Brummitt & Powell (1992) and as far as possible the important literatures including

Regional and Indian State floras are provided in the citation. Since it is not only felt

that the descriptions of the taxa are mere repetition of the same found in Flora of

Sl.No. Genera

India

(Raju1993)

Nepal

(Dandy

1979

&

Pressetal2000)

Bhutan

(Grierson1984)

Myanmar

(Kressetal

2003)

SriLanka

(Nooteboom1987)

Presentaccount

1. Alcimandra Dandy - - 1 (1) - - -

2. MagnoliaLinnaeus

11(11)

3 (3) 3 (3) 7 (7) - 31(30)

3. Manglietia Blume - 1 (1) - 4 (4) - -

4. Michelia Linnaeus 12

(12)

4 (4) 4 (4) 9 (9)* 2

(2)**

-

5. PachylarnaxDandy

1 (1) - - - - -

6. Talauma Jussieu - 1 (1) 1 (1) - - -

Total 24(24)

9(9)***

9 (9) 20(20)*

2 (2)* 31(30)

Present account 25(24)

9 (9) 9(9 )

24(24)*

2 (2)* -

Table 1.Number of taxa of Magnoliaceae recognized by different authorsin the countries of Indian region1(number of species is indicated inside

parenthesis).

V. Sampath Kumar 61


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India by Raju (1993), Magnoliaceae of China by Chen & Nooteboom (1993),

Flora of China by Xia et al. (2008) etc., but also beyond the scope of this

enumeration study, the descriptions are not provided. Indeed this work is aimed to

bring clear cut picture of the nomenclature as well as distribution of the Magnolias

found in Indian subcontinent. While this manuscript was going to press, Flora of

Nepal(volume 3) edited by Watson et al(2011) was received at Kew Library and

accordingly necessary additions were made especially in the taxa citations.

1 in Pakistan represented by only three cultivated species

(Khanzada & Khan 1974).

* includingMichelia champaca, a naturalized one.

** Michelia nilagiricaZenker var.walkeriHookerf. & Thomson

found in wild while M. champacais reportedly naturalized. In

this account the former taxon is treated as synonym of typical

variety nilagirica.

*** Poudel et alin Watson et als (2011) described only 8 species

under the genusMagnoliaandM. pterocarpaRoxburgh has not

been treated although it is included in the key for certain specific

reasons!

ENUMERATION OFTAXA

Magnolia bailloniiPierre, Fl. Forest Cochinch. 1: t. 2. 1880.Michelia baillonii

(Pierre) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Dandy in Bull.

Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al, Fl. India 1: 174.

1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Kr. P.

Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 132, f. 5. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.

Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.

2003.Aromadendron baillonii(Pierre) Craib, Fl. Siam. 26. 1925. Paramichelia

baillonii(Pierre) Hu in Sunyatsenia 4: 144. 1940; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59.

1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 61. 1985. Talauma spongocarpa

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47bis. 1891.Aromadendron

spongocarpum(King) Craib, Fl. Siam. 25. 1925. Talauma phellocarpaKing in Ann.Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 205, t. 47ter. 1891; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 18.

1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79.

1981.Michelia phellocarpa(King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

52(4): 44. 1906.Magnolia phellocarpa(King) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian

J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.

Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram & Tripura),

Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.



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Note:This is the only species well represented in NE India but not reported from

Himalayas. All the other species distributed in N. & NE India are recorded from

Himalayas.

Magnolia campbelliiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl.

Brit. India 1: 41. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 4-5. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 111: t. 6793.

1885; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 51-52. 1891; Gamble, Man.

Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 37. 1906;

Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20.

1966; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966 & 2: 36. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara &

L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.

Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993 & inFl. W. Bengal 1: 137. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal

Pr. 1: 66. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhanet al.

in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; W.J. Kresset al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,

herbs and climbers of Myanmar, in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Poudel et

al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 2, fig. 1a-c. 2011. Magnolia grandiflora sensu

Griffith, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 273. 1847, nonLinnaeus 1759.

Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh & Manipur), Nepal,

Bhutan, Myanmar, SE Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).

Note:This lofty tree is cultivated as an ornamental in NE region of the country

because of its spectacular flowers of white or rose colour.

Magnolia cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985; S.

Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 333. 2002.Michelia cathcartiiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl.

Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 7.

1855; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 214, t. 60. 1891; Gamble, Man.


Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1:

175. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; A.S. Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Manipur 1: 76. 2000. Sampacca cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis.

Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Alcimandra cathcartii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Dandy in Bull.

Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 260. 1927; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S.

Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60. 1981;

Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 237. 1984.Michelia gustavii

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209. 1891.

Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Nagaland & Manipur),

Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.

Note:This evergreen tree species can easily be distinguished by its 12 16 pairs

of lateral leaf nerves and ca 3 cm long stamens embedding the gynoecium.

Distribution of this species from Myanmar is included here based on Raju (1993)

and Frodin & Govaerts (1996) although Kimet al. (2002) and Kress et al. (2003) did

not mention its distribution from Myanmar.

V. Sampath Kumar 63


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Magnolia caveana(Hookerf. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.

Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.

Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 166. 1993; H.J. Chowdheryet al. in Hajra et

al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 66, f. 8. 1996.Manglietia caveanaHookerf. & Thomson,

Fl. Ind. 1: 76. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot.

Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 57. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 3: 352. 1961; Tiep in Feddes Repert. 91: 555. 1980; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For.

Fl. Meghalaya 1: 57. 1985; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and

climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.

Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Nagaland), Myanmar

and China.

Raju (l. c.1993) mentioned that this species is endemic to NE India. But the species

is reported to occur in Kachin province of Myanmar by Kress et al. (l. c.). Similarly

in Flora of China, Xia et al. (2008) reported its occurrence in SE Xiang and SE

Yunnan provinces.

Magnolia champaca(Linnaeus) Baillon ex Pierre, Fl. Forest. Cochinch. 1: t. 3.

1880; Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl

Nepal 3: 3, fig. 1f. 2011.Michelia champacaLinnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 536. 1753; DC.,

Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; Blume, Bijdr. 1: 7. 1825; Wall. Cat. No. 969. 1829; Roxburgh, Fl.

Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 656. 1832; Wight & Arnott, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 6. 1834; Wight, Ill.

Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 79. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl.

Brit. India 1: 42. 1872p.p. excl. syn.M. doltsopa; Miquel, Fl. Ind.-Bat. 1: 16. 1859;

Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 58: 371. 1890 & in

Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 216, t. 64. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 12.

1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.

Madras 6. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 2: 8. 1921; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:

22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 36. 1971; Khanzada & S.A. Khan in

Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 64: 1. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum.

Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 79. 1981; Grierson in Grierson &

D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984;

C.J. Saldanha & B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha, Fl. Karnataka 1: 37. 1984; H.J.

Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa, Fl. Himachal Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984;

Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 59. 1985; Parmar in B.V. Shetty & V.

Singh, Fl. Rajasthan 1: 58. 1987; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl.Ceylon 6: 155. 1987; A.K. Mukherjee in D.M. Vermaet al., Fl. Madhya Pr. 1: 126.1993;

H.O. Saxena & Brahmam, Fl. Orissa 1: 14. 1994; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.

India 1: 175. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et

al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 72. 1996; Pullaiah & Chennaiah, Fl. Andhra Pr. 1: 66.

1997; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 59. 1999; Press et al,

Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Manipur 1: 76. 2000; N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Bihar Anal. 26. 2001; Kr. P. Singh in N.P.

Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs,



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herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003; Sasidharan in

KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N. P. Balakrishnan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 127. 2005.

Michelia rufinervisDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 449. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824.Michelia

doltsopa auct. non. Buchanan-Hamilton exDC. 1817: Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 7, t.

3. 1824.Michelia aurantiacaWallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 39, t. 147. 1831 & Cat. No.

6492. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia rheedeiWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1:

14, t. 5, f. 6. 1840.

Distribution:India (throughout). Naturalized in many parts of Indian region, E. &

SE Asia. This species is native to India (Don 1831; Nooteboom 1987).

Note:This species is cultivated mainly for its fragrant flowers in religious places.

For commercial purpose, it is cultivated in large scale where Champa oil is extracted

from flowers used in perfume industry. The wood is also used in carpentry work.The Indian population of the plant is to be considered as var. champacaas var.

pubinervia(Blume) Miquel is confined to Malesian region.

Magnolia doltsopa(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.

1998: 21. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3, fig.1g-h. 2011.Michelia

doltsopaBuchanon-Hamilton exDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; D.

Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825; Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 279. 1927 & in Bot. Mag. 164: t.

9645. 1943; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 &

2: 37. 1971; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P.

Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):

235. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 59. 1985; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.

Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 176. 1993 & in Fl W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; B.L. Chen &

Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 1063, f. 10. 1993,p.p. excl. syn M. wardii;

H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; Press et al.,

Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Manipur 1: 76. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 134. 2002; W.J.

Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl.

Herb. 45: 288. 2003.Magnolia excelsaWallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 5, t. 2. 1824.Michelia

excelsa(Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 9. 1829; Wall. Cat. No. 6494. 1832; Hookerf.

& Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; Wight, Ill. Ind.

Bot. 1: 14. 1840; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 63. 1891; Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timb. 11. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;

Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 21. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953;

D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961. Sampacca excelsa(Wallich) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia calcuttensisP. Parmentier in Bull. Soc. FranceBelgique 27: 213, 282. 1896.Michelia manipurensisWatt ex Brandis, Indian Trees 8.

1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934.

Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,

Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).

Note:This is a much variable species, which is evident from the number of synonyms

cited under this (for more see Frodin & Govaerts 1996). This species is reported to

be cultivated in Gardens as an ornamental in Northwestern Himalayas.

V. Sampath Kumar 65


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Magnolia doltsopa(Buchanan-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar var. wardii(Dandy) V.S.

Kumar comb. & stat. nov. Michelia wardiiDandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1929:

222. 1929; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India

3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 182. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in

Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996. Michelia doltsopa auct. non

Buchanan-Hamilton exDC. 1817: B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot.

Gard. 80: 1063. 1993 & D.G. Frodin & R. Govaerts, World Checklist Bibliogr.

Magnoliaceae 56. 1996,p.p. quoad syn M. wardii.

Distribution:India (Arunachal Pradesh) and Tibet.

Note:Chen & Nooteboom (1993) reduced this taxon as synonym underM. doltsopa.

However, the latter is characterized by the rufous or tawny indumentum on lower

surface of lamina, bracts and peduncles. Apart from this, both the taxa differs inleaf base and in number of lateral nerves too (cuneate to slightly obtuse and 7 10

inM. doltsopawhile attenuate and decurrent into petiole and 9 14 in the other).

Magnolia floribunda(Finet & Gagnepain) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.

1998: 21. 2000.Michelia floribundaFinet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

52(4): 46. Pl. 7, f. b. 1906.Michelia kerriiCraib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1922:

166. 1922, non Talauma kerriiCraib 1922.

Distribution: Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.

Magnolia globosaHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 77. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit.

India 1: 41. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 208, t. 50. 1891;

Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4):39. 1906; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 159: t. 9467. 1936; Johnstone, As. Magnol. 116, f. 16

c-d, 17 left. 1955; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; H. Hara, Spring

Fl. Sikkim Him. f. 127. 1963 & Fl. E. Himal. 1: 95. 1966; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J.

Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 24. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.

Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 167. 1993 & in

Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal

Pr. 1: 68. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al.,

Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45:

287. 2003; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 2. 2011. Yulania japonicavar.

globosa(Hookerf. & Thomson) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Begique 27: 258.

1896. Magnolia tsarongensisW.W. Smith & Forrest in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.

Edinburgh 12: 215. 1920. Oyama globosa (Hookerf. & Thomson) N.H. Xia & C. Y.

Wu in Fl. China 7: 67. 2008.

Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,

Myanmar, Tibet and China.

Note: The flowers of the tree are white and fragrant. Often, cultivated as an

ornamental in NE region of India.

Magnolia griffithiiHookerf. & Thomson in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 48. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind.



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Timb. 10. 1902; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3:

254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al.,

Fl. India 1: 167. 1993,p.p. excl. syn.M. pealianaKing; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in

Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; A.S. Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et

al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 334. 2002; W.J. Kress et al.,


287. 2003.Michelia griffithii(Hookerf. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.

Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906.

Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland & ?Manipur),

Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Note:According to Deb (l. c.) this species is cultivated in Imphal and based on the

specimen ofDeb2422 (CAL) from Imphal, Chauhan et al. (l. c.) reported it fromManipur.

Magnolia gustaviiKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 209, t. 61. 1891;

Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.

Assam 1: 15. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in J. Assam

Sci. Soc. 8: 23. 1965 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery

et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 68. 1996; S. Kimet al. in Blumea 47: 334.

2002.

Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh), Myanmar and Thailand.

Note: Till the last decade this species was known to occur only in Assam.

Chowdhery et al. (l.c.) and Kim et al. (l. c.) reported it from Kameng, Siang and

Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh and Petchaburi province in Thailandrespectively. Its Myanmar distribution is included here based on the report of its

occurrence in that country (as Burma) by Nooteboom & Chalermglin (2009).

Magnolia henryiDunn in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 35: 484. 1903; B.L. Chen & Nooteboom

in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1008. 1993.Lirianthe henryi (Dunn) N. H. Xia &

C.Y. Wu in Fl. China 7: 63. 2008. Talauma kerriiCraib in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew

1922: 226. 1922, non Michelia kerriiCraib 1922.

Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Laos.

Magnolia hodgsonii(Hookerf. & Thomson) H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore

31(2): 129. 1978; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in H.J. Chowdhery & Wadhwa Fl. Himachal

Pr. Anal. 1: 32. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 62. 1985; D.C.S.Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 168, f. 24. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997;

H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69, f. 9. 1996; A.S.

Chauhanet al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 74. 2000; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh

et al., Fl. Mizoram 1: 130. 2002; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 6, fig.1m.

2011. Talauma hodgsoniiHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 74. 1855 & in Hookerf.,

Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; Hookerf., Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 6. 1855 & in Bot. Mag. 121: t. 7392.

1895; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 47. 1891; Gamble, Man.


V. Sampath Kumar 67


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Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 17. 1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S.

Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 2: 37. 1971; Dandy

in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 26. 1979; N.P. Balakr., Fl. Jowai

1: 60. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; Press et al.,

Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000.

Distribution:India (?Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal

Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur & Mizoram), Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh,

Myanmar, Tibet, SW China (Yunnan), Thailand and Malaysia.

Chowdhery et al. (l. c., 1984) reported the speciesM. hodgsoniifrom Himachal

Pradesh. Based on this, its distribution in that state is provided here, but identity

needs to be confirmed.

Magnolia hookeri (Cubitt & W.W. Smith) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J.

Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S.

Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 170. 1993; H.J. Chowdheryet al. in Hajra et

al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69. 1996.Manglietia hookeriCubitt & W.W. Smith in

Rec. Bot. Surv. India 4: 273. 1913; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; D.C.S. Raju

in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352. 1961; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of

Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.

Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & ?Manipur), Myanmar and SW

China.

According to Raju (1993) this species occurs in Meghalaya and Manipur. But no

specimens or report has been traced to support its distribution in these states. InFlora of Manipur(l. c.) this species has been included based on the report of Raju.

Kanjilal (l. c.) reported this from Lakhimpur (Assam) and specimens from this state

are examined during this study. Interestingly, Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the

World Checklist of Magnoliaceae didnt mention India while citing the distribution

of this species. They mentioned only Myanmar and China.

Magnolia insignisWallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 3, t. 1. 1824 & Cat. No. 973. 1829 & Pl.

Asiat. Rar. 2: 78, t. 182. 1832; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 170, f. 25.

1993; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 3. fig. 1d-e. 2011. Manglietia

insignis(Wallich) Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 23. 1829; Hookerf.& Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1:

76. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 1: 25. 1877;

King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 211, t. 55. 1891,p.p.; Gamble, Man. Ind.Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 34. 1906; Kanjilal

et al., Fl. Assam 1: 16. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953; Deb

in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 254. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 352.

1961; Dandy in Bot. Mag. 175: t. 443. 1964 & in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl.

Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; N.P. Balakrishnan, Fl. Jowai 1: 60, f. 2. 1981; Haridasan & R.R.

Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 57. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.

Arunachal Pr. 1: 72, f. 10. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S.

Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 75. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl.



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Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287.

2003.Manglietia insignis(Wallich) Blume var. angustifoliaHookerf. & Thomson,

in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):

212. 1891.Magnolia insignisWallich var. angustifolia(Hookerf. & Thomson) H.J.

Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.Manglietia insignis(Wallich)

Blume var. latifoliaHookerf. & Thomson, in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 42. 1872.

Magnolia insignisWallich var. latifolia(Hookerf. & Thomson) H.J. Chowdhery

& P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981.

Distribution: India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,

Nagaland & Manipur), Nepal, Myanmar, Tibet, China and Vietnam.

This is a widespread species displays many variations in shape and size of the

leaves as well as colour and size of the flowers. It is grown as an ornamental treeand its woods are used in making furniture. Although this species is distributed in

Himalayas from Uttarakhand to Arunachal Pradesh through Nepal, it is yet to be

reported from Bhutan. The mention of this species as endemic to India by Raju

(1993) might be a printing error.

Magnolia kingii(Dandy) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000.

Michelia kingiiDandy in J. Bot. 66: 321. 1928; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 26. 1934;

D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long,

Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984.Michelia glabraP. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique

27: 213, 282. 1896,non Magnolia glabraP.Parmentier (1896); D.C.S. Raju in B.D.

Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 177. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl.

Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77.

2000.Michelia montana auct. nonBlume: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)

3(2): 218. 1891,p.p. quoad spec. G. King & G. Mann; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 25.

1934; Deb in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961.

Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya

& Manipur) and Bangladesh.

Raju (1993), followed by Chowdheryet al. (1996) and Chauhanet al. (2000) continued

to treatMichelia kingiias accepted name althoughM. glabrawas having priority.

However, inMagnoliathe latter specific epithet is pre-empted. The distribution of

this species from West Bengal is based on the report of Grierson (l.c.) from Jalpaiguri.

Magnolia kisopa(Buchanan-Hamilton exDC.) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac.

1998: 22. 2000; Poudel et al. in Watson et al., Fl. Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1i-j. 2011..MicheliakisopaBuchanan-Hamilton exDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 448. 1817 & Prodr. 1: 79. 1824;

Wallich, Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 4. 1824 & Cat. No. 970. 1829; D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.

226. 1825; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855

& in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta)

3(2): 217, t. 58B. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906;

Dandy in J. Bot. 65: 277. 1927; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 23. 1934; Banerji in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 19(2): 20. 1966;

D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1966 & in

V. Sampath Kumar 69


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2: 37. 1971; Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara &

L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.

Bhutan 1(2): 235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993 & Fl.

W. Bengal 1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr.

1: 74. 1996; Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000. Sampacca kisopa

(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia doltsopa

Buchanon-Hamilton exDC. subsp. kisopa(Buchanon-Hamilton exDC.) J. Li in

Acta Bot. Yunnan. 19: 135. 1997.Michelia zilaBuchanon-Hamilton exMadden in

Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 5: 127. 1858.

Distribution:India (Uttarakhand, Sikkim & Arunachal Pradesh), Nepal, Bhutan,

Tibet, China and Vietnam.

Li (1997) reduced this species to a subspecies ofMichelia doltsopa althoughdistribution of both the taxa is not geographically isolated. The speciesM. kisopa

can easily be distinguished by its 3 outer tepals (rather than 4-5) and absence of

pedicels (up to 5 mm long in the other).

Magnolia lacei(W.W. Smith) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 24. 2000.

Michelia laceiW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 216. 1920.

Michelia unifloraDandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 203. 1927.Michelia

tigniferaDandy in J. Bot. 68: 213. 1930.

Distribution: Myanmar, SW China (Yunnan) and Vietnam.

Magnolia lanuginosa(Wallich) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 96. 2004; Poudel

et al. in Watson et al., Fl Nepal 3: 4, fig. 1k-l. 2011.Michelia lanuginosaWallich,Tent. Fl. Nepal. 8, t. 5. 1824 & Cat. No. 6493. 1832; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840;

Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 80. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872;

Hookerf. in Bot. Mag. 101, t. 6179. 1875; C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. 25: 3. 1889; King

in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 215, t. 62. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 11.

1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 24. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.

Assam 1: 22. 1934; Banerji in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 417. 1953; Deb in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 3: 255. 1961; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; W.J.

Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S.

Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca lanuginosa (Wallich) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1:

6. 1891.Michelia velutinaDC., Prodr. 1: 79. 1824; H. Hara, Fl. E. Himal. 96. 1996;

Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 26: 83. 1974; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams,

Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2: 25. 1979; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2):

235. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 181. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal

1: 140. 1997; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996;

Press et al., Ann. Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh

et al., Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and

climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca velutina

(Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Magnolia velutina(DC.) Figlar in Proc.

Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000, nom. illeg. (non M. velutinaP. Parm. 1896).

Michelia lanceolata E.H. Wilson in J. Arnold Arbor. 7: 237. 1926.



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Distribution:India (West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland

& Manipur), Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and SW China (Yunnan).

This tree species is often cultivated in NE India for its valuable timber. It is found

wild in Bhutan, China and Myanmar and not confined to India and Nepal as stated

by Raju (1993).

Magnolia liliifera(Linnaeus) Baillon, Hist. Pl. 1: 141. 1868; W.J. Kress et al.,


287. 2003.Liriodendron liliiferumLinnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1: 755. 1762. Talauma

liliifera(Linnaeus) Kurz in Asiat. Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874; Kuntze, Revis. Gen.

Pl. 1: 6. 1891,p.p.excl. var. Talauma candolliiBlume in Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

Kunsten 9: 147. 1823; Hooker. in Curtis Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4251. 1846; Kurz in J. Asiat.

Soc. Bengal 43(2): 47. 1874 & Forest Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877. Talauma mutabilis

Blume, Fl. Javae 19-20: 35, t. 10, 11, 12B. 1829; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75.

1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872; King in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2.

Nat. Hist. 58: 373. 1889 & in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 3(2): 203, t. 44. 1891.

Talauma liliifera(Linnaeus) Kuntze var. mutabilis(Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.

1: 6. 1891.Magnolia mutabilis(Blume) H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J.

Forest. 4: 64. 1981. Talauma andamanicaKing in J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, pt. 2. Nat.

Hist. 58: 372. 1889 & in Ann. Roy Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 203, t. 43. 1891; Finet &

Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 32. 1906; C.E. Parkinson, For. Fl. Andaman

Isl. 73. 1923; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961.Magnolia andamanica

(King) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P.

Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1:

165. 1993; P.S.N. Rao in Hajra et al., Fl. Andaman-Nicobar Isl. 1: 58. 1999.Magnoliadecandollii H. Keng in Gard. Bull. Singapore 31: 129. 1978, non Savi 1819;

Nooteboom in Blumea 32: 369, f. 9. 1987 & in Fl. Males. I, 10(3): 581, f. 6. 1988 (as

candollii(Blume) H. Keng), non M. candolliiLink 1829.

Distribution:India (Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Myanmar, China, Thailand,

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Malesia.

It is also one of the widespread species ofMagnolia but not found in Indian

mainland. In almost all the Magnoliaceae work dealt on this species (including in

World Checklist of Magnoliaceae), the synonymMagnolia decandollii H. Keng

(nom. nov.) was cited as M. candollei (Blume) H. Keng by considering Keng

(1978) made combination based on Talauma candolliiBlume. Actually, he proposed

a new name since the specific epithet candolliiwas preoccupied in Magnolia.

Interestingly the specific epithet decandolliialso existing underMagnoliawhich

Keng was unaware.

Magnolia mannii(King) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 22. 2000.Michelia

manniiKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 70. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain

in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilalet al., Fl. Assam 1: 25. 1934; D.C.S.

Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharmaet al., Fl. India 1: 178. 1993;

H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 74. 1996.

V. Sampath Kumar 71


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Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh.

In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts 1996), Magnolia

manniiKing has been cited as synonym by quoting the same page number of the

protologue. Although King opined the merger ofMicheliawithMagnolia, in his

account on Magnoliaceae of British India treated Micheliaas a separate entity,

which is evident from plate legends. Frodin & Govaerts ( l. c.) mentioned its

distribution as Assam only, but it is reported from Bangladesh as well.

Magnolia nilagirica(Zenker) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp. Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.

Michelia nilagiricaZenker, Pl. Ind. 21, t. 20. 1835; Wight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840 &

Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. t. 938. 1845; Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 82. 1855; Thwaites,

Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860; Beddome, Fl. Sylv. S. India t. 62. 1870; Hookerf. & Thomson

in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2):

216, t. 65. 1891; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 14. 1893; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13.

1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 45. 1906; Gamble, Fl.

Madras 7. 1915; Fyson, Fl. South Indian Hill Stn. 1: 10. 1932; D.C.S. Raju in Bull.

Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Ramamoorthy in N.C. Nair & A.N. Henry, Fl. Tamil

Nadu Anal. I, 1: 3. 1983; B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 2. 1984; C.J. Saldanha

& B.R. Ramesh in C.J. Saldanha Fl. Karnataka 1: 39. 1984; Nooteboom in Dassan. &

Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 153. 1987; D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.

India 1: 179. 1993; Sasidh. in KFRI Handb. 17: 15. 2004; N.P. Balakr. in P. Daniel, Fl.

Kerala 1: 128. 2005. Sampacca nilagirica (Zenker) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6.

1891. Michelia ovalifoliaWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia nilagirica

Zenker var. ovalifolia(Wight) Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 5. 1860.Michelia nilagirica

Zenker var. wightiiHookerf. & Thomson in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872.Michelia glaucaWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 14. 1840.Michelia pulneyensisWight, Ill.

Ind. Bot. 1: 14, t. 5. 1840.Michelia walkeriWight, Ill. Ind. Bot. 1: 13. 1840.Michelia

nilagiricaZenker var. walkeri (Wight) Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 82. 1855 & in

Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 44. 1872; Nooteboom in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb.

Fl. Ceylon 6: 154. 1987.

Distribution:India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Karnataka) and Sri Lanka.

It is a very rare plant, but variable in its morphology. Hooker f. and Thomson

reduced the speciesMichelia walkerito varietal level in Flora Indica(1855) itself

and not in The Flora of British India(1872) as cited in the World Checklist of

Magnoliaceae by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).

Magnolia nitidaW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 212. 1920;

Dandy in Curtis Bot. Mag. 155, t. 16. 1948; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 88. 1985.

Parakmeria nitida(W.W. Sm.) Y.W. Law in W.C. Cheng, Sylva Sinica 1: 472. 1983.

Distribution: Myanmar, Tibet and China (Xizang & Yunnan).

Magnolia oblonga(Wallich exHookerf. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.

Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.Michelia oblongaWallich exHookerf. & Thomson, Fl.

Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.



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(Calcutta) 3(2): 218, t. 67. 1891; Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 13. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain


Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 179.

1993; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al.

in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Mizoram 1: 136. 2002; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers

of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 288. 2003. Sampacca oblonga(Wallich ex

Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Michelia lacteaWall.,

Cat. No. 6491. 1832. nom. nud.

Distribution: India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Mizoram),

Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Distribution of this species extends outside the Assam (NE India) region and notconfined to Assam (Khasia) as mentioned by Frodin & Govaerts (1996).

Magnolia pealianaKing in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 210, t. 59. 1891;

Gamble, Man. Ind. Timb. 10. 1902; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France

52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 14. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv.

India 3: 353. 1961; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 69.

1996; Govaerts in Frodin & Govaerts, World Checklist & Bibliogr. Magnoliaceae

71. 1996; S. Kim et al. in Blumea 47: 336. 2002.Magnolia membranaceavar.pealiana

(King) P. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 200. 1896.Michelia pealiana

(King) Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 42. 1906. Magnolia

griffithii auct. nonHookerf. & Thomson 1872: D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.

India 1: 167. 1993,p.p. quoad syn. M. pealiana.

Distribution:India (Assam & Arunachal Pradesh). Endemic.

Raju (l.c.1993) reduced this species underM. griffithiibut latter workers maintained

this as a separate entity. Kim et al. (2002) in their taxonomic revision of the section

Magnoliakeyed out these species based on presence and absence of white papillae

on the lower surface of the leaves. Apart from absence of papillae, this endemic

species differs by lacking pedicels (ca1 mm in the other) and having shorter length

of follicetums (ca8 cm vs. ca15 cm).

Magnolia pleiocarpa (Dandy) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.

Pachylarnax pleiocarpaDandy in J. Bot. 71: 313. 1933; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1:

19. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961 & in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl.

India 1: 182. 1993; Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 98. 1985; H.J. Chowdhery et al. inHajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 77. 1996.

Distribution:India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh & Nagaland). Endemic.

Raju (l.c.1993) mentioned this species distribution only from Assam, but it is reported

to occur in Naga hills and some districts of Arunachal Pradesh as well.

Magnolia pterocarpaRoxburgh, Pl. Coromandel. 3: 62, t. 266. 1820; Wall. Cat. No.

975. 1829 (as sphenocarpa); Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 78. 1855 & in Hooker

V. Sampath Kumar 73


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f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 41. 1872 (as sphenocarpa); Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24. 1877 (as

sphenocarpa); King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 207, t. 53. 1891; Gamble,

Man. Ind. Timb. 9. 1902; Prain, Bengal Pl. 1: 197. 1903; Finet & Gagnepain in Bull.

Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 36. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 1: 13. 1934; Banerji in J.

Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 416. 1953 (as sphenocarpa); D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot.

Surv. India 3: 353. 1961; Dandy in H. Hara & L.H.J. Williams, Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 2:

24. 1979; Deb, Fl. Tripura State 1: 78. 1981; Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl.

Bhutan 1(2): 234. 1984; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 56. 1985; D.C.S.

Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 172. 1993 & in Fl. W. Bengal 1: 138. 1997; H.J.

Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Press et al., Ann.

Checkl. Fl. Pl. Nepal 192. 2000; W.J. Kress et al., Checkl. Trees, shrubs, herbs and

climbers of Myanmar, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 45: 287. 2003.Michelia macrophylla

D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 226. 1825. Talauma roxburghiiG. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 85.1831. Liriodendron indicum Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 642. 1825. Liriodendron

grandiflorumRoxburgh, [Hort. Beng. 43. 1814, nom. nud.] Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 2: 653.

1832.

Distribution:India (Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,

Meghalaya & Tripura), ?Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand.

In the World Checklist of Magnoliaceae (Frodin & Govaerts, 1996) doubted this

species distribution in Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand. Kress et al.(l. c.) in their

Checklist of Myanmar plants included this taxon, which is corroborated by a

specimen at CAL herbarium.

As stated by Poudel et al. (in Watson et al2011), based onMichelia macrophylla,

Hooker & Thomson (1855) and Hooker (1872), reported this species from CentralNepal, but type of this species, Wallich collection could not be traced for

confirmation.

Magnolia punduana (Hooker f. & Thomson) Figlar in Proc. Int. Symp.

Magnoliac. 1998: 23. 2000.Michelia punduanaWallich [Cat. No. 974. 1829,

nom. nud.] ex Hookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 81. 1855 & in Hookerf., Fl. Brit.

India 1: 43. 1872; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 217, t. 66. 1891;

Finet & Gagnepain in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 52(4): 46. 1906; Kanjilal et al., Fl.

Assam 1: 23. 1934; D.C.S. Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 354. 1961; Balakrishnan,

Fl. Jowai 1: 59. 1981; Haridasan & R.R. Rao, For. Fl. Meghalaya 1: 60. 1985;

Grierson in Grierson & D.G. Long, Fl. Bhutan 1(2): 236. 1984; D.C.S. Raju in B.D.

Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 180, f. 26. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in Hajra et al.,

Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 75, f. 11. 1996; A.S. Chauhan et al. in N.P. Singh et al.,

Fl. Manipur 1: 77. 2000. Sampacca punduana(Hookerf. & Thomson) Kuntze,

Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 6. 1891.Liriodendron liliifera sensuRoxburgh, Fl. Ind. 2: 654.

1832, nonLinnaeus 1762.

Distribution:India (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya & Manipur), Bhutan

and Bangladesh.

The distribution of this species from Sikkim is based on the report of Grierson (l. c.).



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Magnolia rabaniana(Hookerf. & Thomson) D.C.S. Raju & M.P. Nayar in Indian

J. Bot. 3: 171. 1980; H.J. Chowdhery & P. Daniel in Indian J. Forest. 4: 64. 1981;

D.C.S. Raju in B.D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 173. 1993; H.J. Chowdhery et al. in

Hajra et al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pr. 1: 71. 1996; Kr. P. Singh in N.P. Singh et al., Fl.

Mizoram 1: 131. 2002. Talauma rabanianaHookerf. & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 75. 1855

& in Hookerf., Fl. Brit. India 1: 40. 1872,p.p., excl. syn.; Kurz, For. Fl. Burma 1: 24.

1877; King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 3(2): 204, t. 46. 1891; Finet & Gagnepain


Raju in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 3: 353. 1961.

Distribution: India (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya & Mizoram) and

Myanmar

Magnolia rostrataW.W. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard., Edinburgh 12: 213. 1920;

B.L. Chen & Nooteboom in Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 80: 1011. 1993.Houpoea

rostrata(W.W. Smith) N.H. Xia & C. Y.Wu in Fl. China 7: 65. 2008.

Distribution: Myanmar and China (Xizang & Yunnan).

Magnolia utilis(Dandy) V.S. Kumar in Kew Bull. 61: 185. 2006.Manglietia utilis

Dandy in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1927: 310. 1927.Manglietia dolichogynaDandy

ex Nooteboom in Blumea 31: 95. 1985. Magnolia dolichogyna (Dandy ex

Nooteboom) Figlar & Nooteboom in Blumea 49: 95. 2004.

Distribution: Myanmar, Thailand and Malesia.

Magnolia utilis was considered as endemic to Myanmar, but following merger of

M. dolichogyna with former, its distribution is extended up to Malaysia fromwhere the latter was originally described.

Cultivated Species:

1.Liriodendron chinense (Hemsley) Sargent: Native of China; reported to be

cultivated in India.

2.Liriodendron tulipiferaLinnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India and

Myanmar.

3.Magnolia coco(Loureiro) DC.: Native of E. Asia; cultivated in India and Nepal.

4.Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in Pakistan.

5.Magnolia figo(Loureiro) DC.: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.

6. Magnolia grandifloraLinnaeus: Native of N. America; cultivated in India,

Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan.

7.Magnolia lilifloraDesrousseaux: Native of China; cultivated in India and Nepal.

8.Magnoliaxsoulangeana Soul.-Bod.: Known only from cultivation; cultivated

in Botanic gardens of India.

V. Sampath Kumar 75


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Excluded / Dubious species:

1.Magnolia ferrugineaP. Parmentier in Bull. Sci. France Belgique 27: 203. 1896,

non M. ferrugineaHort. exW. Watson in Bull. Misc. Inform., Kew 1889: 305. 1889

(=M. grandiflora).

This species, described from India, could not be assigned confidently to any of

the species ofMagnoliaor maintained as separate one based on the protologue.

Frodin & Govaerts (1996) in the World Checklist kept this under insufficiently

known taxa.

2.Magnolia fuscata Andranszky var. hebecladaDC., Syst. Nat. 1: 458. 1817 &

Prodr. 1: 81. 1824; G. Don, Gen. Syst. 1: 84. 1831 [=M. figo(Loureiro) DC.].

Don (l. c.)in his General system of gardening and botanymentioned this taxon isnative of India. In protologue de Candolle ascribed as ex India orta. However,

Chen & Nooteboom (1993) in their work on Chinese Magnoliaceae mentioned the

type as Mauritus, Thouars s.n.and treated this taxon underM. figo.

Acknowledgements

The author is thankful to the Curators, Keepers and Scientist-in-charges of the

following herbaria for kindly granting permission to consult the specimens: ARUN,

ASSAM, BM, BSA, BSD, BSHC, BSIS, CAL, CALI, DD, FRC, JCB, K and MH. The

author is also grateful to the Director, BSI, Kolkata for providing necessary facilities

to carry out this work. Special thanks to R.B. Figlar, USA for sending of reprints as

well as PDF format of certain Magnoliaceae literatures.

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