Magnetic Materials - JD Technologies, LLC · Typical Magnetic Properties of Sintered NdFeB...

Magnetic Materials

800 East Main Street

Louisville, Kentucky USA 40206

502-589-9650 phone / 502-589-9660 fax

www.quadrantmagnetics.com

Section I

Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)

Material Curves

Section II

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)

Material Curves

Section III

Definitions & Symbols

Section I

Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)

Material Curves

Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

Quadrant Magnetics · 800 E. Main St. Louisville, Ky 40206 · Phone(502)589-9650 · Fax(502)589-9660 www.quadrantmagnetics.com · Louisville, KY · Morgan Hill, CA · Hangzhou China

N50Quadrant Magnetics

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

Magnetic PropertySpecifications :

At the Forefront of Magnetic Solutions

- B/H

DEMAGNETIZING FORCE H

20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N35

Br (Residual flux density) :1.17-1.22 T 11.7-12.2 kGs ≥ 10.9 kOe ≥ 868 kA/m

Hcj (Intrinsic coercive force) : ≥ 12.0 kOe ≥ 955 kA/m

(BH)max (Maximum energy product) : 33-36 MGOe 263-287 kJ/m

Hcb (Normal coercive force) :3

Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N38





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N40





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N42





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N45





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N48





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H






20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N50

Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 40°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C

5.0

N52





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N35M






Quadrant MagneticsAt the Forefront of Magnetic Solutions

Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N38M







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N40M







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N42M







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N45M







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N48M





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N50M





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N35H







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N38H







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N40H







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N42H







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J

N50

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m


- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N45H







Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 60°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C

5.0

N48H





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N33SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N35SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N38SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N40SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N42SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 80°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C

5.0

N45SH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C

5.0

N30UH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C

5.0

N33UH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C

5.0

N35UH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C

5.0

N38UH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 100°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C

5.0

N40UH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C

5.0

N30EH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C

5.0

N33EH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C

5.0

N35EH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 120°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C

5.0

N38EH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C 220°C

5.0

N30AH





Quadrant

kOe -5-10-15-20 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600

2.01.00.75

0.5

0.3

T kGs

0

15

0

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

2

1

3

5

7

9

11

13

4

6

8

10

12

14

1.5

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J



1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m



- B/H


20°C 140°C 160°C 180°C 200°C 220°C

5.0

N33AH





Section II

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo)

Material Curves

Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1

20°C 100°C 150°C 200°C 250°C 300°CSmCo SmCo 16A16A


Br (Residual flux density) : 0.80-0.90 T 8.00-9.00 kGs 7.70-8.70 kOe 613-692 kA/m

Hcj (Intrinsic coercive force) : >25.0 kOe >1,989 kA/m

(BH)max (Maximum energy product) : 16±2 MGOe 127±16 kJ/m


Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1

20°C 100°C 150°C 200°C 250°CSmCo SmCo 16B16B






Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1







Quadrant T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1




Hcj (Intrinsic coercive force) : >10.0 kOe >796 kA/m





Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2




(BH)max (Maximum energy product) :24±2 MGOe 192±16 kJ/m

Hcb (Normal coercive force) :


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1


Quadrant T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1









Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2



Hcj (Intrinsic coercive force) : >26 kOe >2,069 kA/m




- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1


Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1







Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2







- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1


Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1







Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2







- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1


Quadrant


Quadrant Magnetics

T kGs

kOe -5-10-15-20-25-30 0

kA/m 0-200-400-600-800-1000-1200-1400-1600-1800-2000-2200-24000

2

4

6

8

10

12

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2


- B/H

IND

UC

TIO

N

B,J


5.02.01.00.750.5

0.3

1 kA/m = 12.566 Oe1 kOe = 79.577 kA/m

0.1







Section III

Definitions & Symbols

Magnetic Definitions

A/m – Ampere turns per meter = The MKS unit of magnetic field strength (1 A/m = 4π/1000 Oersteds ≈

0.01257 Oersteds)

Air Gap - A nonmagnetic discontinuity in a magnetic circuit.

Anisotropic – Not isotropic. Anisotropic materials have a grain orientation aligned in the preferred

direction of magnetization. Most magnets are anisotropic and have higher induction than isotropic

materials

BH Curve – The plot of B (Induction) vs. H (applied magnetic field) for a magnetic material

cgs – A system of units utilizing centimeters, grams, seconds, Gauss, Oersteds, and Maxwells.

Coercivity - Coercive force - resistance to demagnetization; HC , Hcb, Hci, or Hcj

Curie Temperature – The temperature at which a magnet becomes nonmagnetic

Demagnetization curve – The portion of the hysteresis loop that lies between the residual induction point

(B @ H=0) to the point where B = 0. (All coordinates of the demagnetization curve have a negative H.) The

second (or fourth) quadrant of a major hysteresis loop.

Eddy Current – The circular electrical current produced when a magnetic field changes in an electrical

conductor

Ferromagnetic – A class of materials with permeabilities significantly greater than one and that exhibit

hysteresis properties. Ferromagnetic materials contain Iron, Cobalt, and/or Nickel

Flux (φ) -The product of flux density and magnet area (or the integral of flux density over a magnet’s pole-

face area). That entity which flows from one pole to the other in a magnetic circuit. The flow of flux in a

magnetic circuit is analogous to the current flow in an electrical circuit. Flux is measured in Maxwells or

Webers.

o Lines of flux are continuous

o Lines of flux never cross

o Lines of flux take the path of least resistance

Flux density - Induction = B – The Concentration of flux over a given area. Flux density is measured in

Gauss or Tesla.

Fluxmeter – Integrating voltmeter => Use in conjunction with a coil to measure flux

Gauss (G or Gs) – The unit of flux density in the cgs system 1 Gauss = 1 Maxwell/cm2 (1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla)

Gaussmeter – Device used in conjunction with a hall probe to measure flux density

Hard Magnetic Material – Permanent Magnet - Magnetic material with substantial coercivity; generally >

120 Oe.

Helmholtz Coils – Two identical coils of wire (wound in series and separated by one coil radius) which can

be used to measure a magnetic field when attached to a fluxmeter, or to create, a magnetic field when

attached to a current supply

Hysteresis Loop – Full four-quadrant graph characterizing the relationship of the induction of a magnetic

material to an applied magnetic field

Hysteresisgraph - Permeameter - Curve Tracer - Applies a magnetic field to a magnetic material and plots

the induction versus that varying field

Induction - Flux density = B - Concentration of flux over a given area measured in Gauss or Tesla

Intrinsic Coercivity - Total resistance to demagnetization (Hci or Hcj) = the amount of magnetic force

required to completely demagnetize a magnetic material. After applying an Hcj amount of demagnetizing

field, Bi = 0.

Intrinsic Curve - The plot of the intrinsic induction vs. applied magnetic field B – H vs. H or Bi vs. H curve (as

opposed to the normal curve)

Irrecoverable losses – Those magnet losses that cannot be recovered by any means.

Isotropic – Isotropic materials are identical in all directions (Demagnetization curves run on isotropic

materials are identical regardless of the direction in which the material is magnetized)

Keeper – A piece of high permeability material placed on, or between, the magnet pole face(s) that is used

to decrease reluctance and thereby decreasing the magnet’s susceptibility to demagnetization.

kJ/m3 - Units of energy in MKS system (1 kJ/m3 = 4π/100 MGOe ≈ 0.1257 MGOe)

Knee of the Curve – That portion of the demagnetization curve where the shape of the line turns from

near-straight to curved

Leakage - Leakage Flux (σ) - The lines of flux that do not travel through the area where you want to use

them (useless flux)

Lines - Lines of Flux. 1 Line of flux = 1 Maxwell

Magnetic Circuit – A closed path of magnetic flux that contains flux at every point

Maxwell – cgs unit of flux (1 Maxwell = 10-8 Webers)

Meter Kilogram Second (MKS) – The MKS system of units expresses terms in fundamental units of meters,

kilograms, seconds, Tesla, Ampere turns/meter, or Webers.

MGO - MGOe - Million Gauss Oersteds - The cgs unit of magnetic energy product (1 MGO = (100/4π) kJ/m3

≈ 7.96 kJ/m3)

Neutral zone – that area of a permanent magnet where the polarity changes and little or no flux is

produced.

Normal Coercivity - (Hc or Hcb); That exact amount of demagnetizing field required to negate the

magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet.

Normal Curve – The B vs. H curve of a magnetic material (as opposed to the B – H vs. H intrinsic curve)

North Pole - The magnet pole attracted to the earth’s North. (The earth’s geographic North Pole is a

magnetic South Pole.)

Oersted – The cgs unit of magnetic field strength (1 Oersted ≈ 79.6 A/m)

Open Circuit – A magnet is said to be operating open-circuit when it is separated from other magnetic

materials

Operating Point – That point where the load line crosses the normal curve (Bd, Hd)

Permeance - Permeance Coefficient - Load Line = Pc = Bd/Hd = [(Area of the gap / Length of the gap)

*(Length of the magnet / Area of the magnet) * (Leakage/Reluctance)]. The slope of a line drawn on the

demagnetization curve from the coordinate 0,0 to the operating point Bd/Hd (It is usually a negative

number, but the sign is typically omitted.) The MKS system of units is Henrys, the cgs is Maxwells/gilbert.

Permeance Coefficient - Load Line - The slope of a line drawn from the coordinate 0,0 to the point Bd/Hd (It

is usually a negative number, but the sign is often omitted)

Permeability – (µ) The ratio of the flux density in a material to the magnetic force producing it.

(Permeabilities are typically specific to the magnitude of the applied field.) Its MKS system of units is

Henrys/meter and it is unitless in the cgs system.

Recoverable losses – those magnet loses that can be recovered by remagnetization.

Initial Permeability - (µ0) The ratio of change in flux density as a function of incremental change in applied

field very near H=0.

Recoil Permeability - (µre) is the average slope of the recoil hysteresis loop. (This recoil hysteresis loop is

also known as a minor loop.)

Relative Permeability - (µr) The ratio of the permeability of a substance to the permeability of a vacuum at

the same applied field level.

Residual Induction - (Br) After magnetization to saturation, Br is the magnetic induction corresponding to

the point where zero magnetizing/demagnetizing field is applied.

Pole Piece - A piece of soft magnetic material added to a permanent magnet used to redirect the flux.

Reluctance – (Rf) A magnetic circuit’s resistance to the flow of flux; (the reciprocal of permeance. The

reluctance of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit is analogous to the resistance to current flow in an

electrical circuit.

It’s MKS units are 1/Henry, the cgs units are gilberts/Maxwell.

Reversible temperature coefficient – The changes in a magnet’s unit properties (typically Br or Hcj) due to

a change in temperature; typically expressed in units of %/°C.

Saturation – (1) When a soft magnetic material reaches saturation, it cannot carry any more flux. After

saturation, a material reacts to additional flux as if that material has a permeability of 1.0 (the same as air)

(2) When we say we magnetize a permanent magnet to saturation, we mean that magnetizing with any

higher field will not result in additional B.

Search Coil - is a coiled electrical conductor, of known turns and usually of known area, which is used with

a Fluxmeter to measure the change of flux from one position to another. Most often the coil tightly

encircles a permanent magnet at its transition zone and that magnet’s total flux is measured, by the

Fluxmeter, when the coil is slipped off.

Soft magnetic material – Magnetic material with low resistance to demagnetization

South Pole - The magnet pole attracted to the bottom of the earth and to a magnet’s North pole.

Structural loses - A type of irrecoverable loss that happens when the magnet’s fundamental physical

properties are changed.

Temperature coefficient - The change of a property as a function of change in temperature. In the

magnetic context; that amount of change a magnet’s induction or coercivity experiences as the magnet’s

temperature changes (usually expressed in units of: (%/oC) {i.e. the temperature coefficient of residual

induction = ΔBr/(Br * ΔT) and the temperature coefficient of coercivity = ΔHci/(Hci * ΔT)}

Tesla - The MKS unit of flux density (1 Tesla = 104 Gauss)

Transition zone - that area of a permanent magnet where the polarity changes

Weber - The MKS unit of flux (1 Weber = 108 Maxwells)

References:

1. Permanent Magnets and Their Applications, Rollin J. Parker and Robert J. Studders, John Wiley & Sons, New

York, 1962

2. Permanent Magnet Design and Application Handbook, Lester R. Moskowitz, Keieger Publishing Company,

Malabar Florida, 1995

3. Permanent Magnet Guidelines, MMPA PMG-88, various authors, Publication of MMPA, 8 South Michigan

Avenue, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL, 1988

Symbols

α = Reversible temperature coefficient of Br (αBr); also

sometimes used with Hcj

A/m = Ampere turns per meter

Am = Area of magnet

Ag = Area of gap

B = Induction = flux density

β = reversible temperature coefficient of Hcj

Bd = Induction at the operating permeance; sometimes

induction at max energy

Bg = Magnetic induction in the air gap

Bi = J = Intrinsic Induction at the operating permeance

Bm = Recoil Induction

Br = Residual Induction

Bsat = Saturation Induction

B/H = Pc = Load line (slope of) = Permeance

(BH)max = Maximum energy product

eV = Electron volt

F = Leakage factor

F = Magnetomotive force

φ = Flux

G = Gauss

Gb = Gilberts

H = Magnetic Field (or Magnetic Force)

H = Henries

Hcb = Hc = Normal Coercive Force

Hcj = Hci = Intrinsic Coercive Force

Hd = H at the operating permeance; sometimes H at max

energy

Hk = The H coordinate of the point where Bi = 0.9*Br

Hm = The value of H corresponding to the recoil induction;

Bm

J = Bi = Intrinsic Induction

J = Joules

J/m3 = Joules per cubic meter

Lg = Length of gap

Lm = Length of magnet

M = Magnetization

←M→ = Direction of Magnetization

Mx = Maxwells

MGO = MGOe = Million Gauss Oersteds

N = North Pole

Oe = Oersteds

ρ = Density

Pc = B/H = Permeance coefficient = Load line

R = Reluctance

S = South Pole

T = Tesla

Tc = Curie temperature

µ = Permeability

µ0 = Permeability of vacuum

µr = Relative permeability

µre = Recoil permeability

Vg = Volume of the air gap

Vm = Volume of the magnet

Vs = Volt seconds

Wb = Webers

Quadrant Magnetics

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Magnetic Materials - JD Technologies, LLC · Typical Magnetic Properties of Sintered NdFeB...

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