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4American Political Landscape
Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4Learning Objectives
4.1
4.2
Understand the origins and effects of American exceptionalism
Assess the role of geography in building a national identity
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4Learning Objectives
4.3
4.4
Evaluate the importance of where we live on American politics
Analyze how such social and demographic factors as race and ethnicity, religion, gender, family structures, education, and age affect American politics
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4Learning Objectives
Describe the importance of income,wealth, occupation, and social classin American politics
Evaluate the degree to which America has achieved a measure of unity in a land of diversity
4.5
4.6
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An Exceptional America
What is exceptional about America? Tocqueville’s definition Moral superiority
4.1
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a. Its wealth
b. Its ethnic diversity
c. Its origins and history
d. All of the above
4.14.1 Why is America considered unique among the nations of the world?
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4.14.1 Why is America considered unique among the nations of the world?
a. Its wealth
b. Its ethnic diversity
c. Its origins and history
d. All of the above
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Geography and National Identity
Large and isolated country No powers on its borders Size confers advantage
Population spread out Natural resources
Manifest destiny – a sense of entitlement to take land from
its previous inhabitants
4.2
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4.2 What is the concept of manifest destiny?
a. The U.S. is meant to be a leading colonial power.
b. The U.S. is meant to be the world’s largest exporter of food.
c. The U.S. is meant to occupy the continent from coast to coast.
d. The U.S. is meant to be the world’s policeman.
4.2
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4.24.2 What is the concept of manifest destiny?
a. The U.S. is meant to be a leading colonial power.
b. The U.S. is meant to be the world’s largest exporter of food.
c. The U.S. is meant to occupy the continent from coast to coast.
d. The U.S. is meant to be the world’s policeman.
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Where We Live
Regional Differences State and Local Identity Urban and Rural Populations
4.3
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Regional Differences
The South – agriculturally based, dominated by
Republicans Sun Belt – growing population helps Republican Party with
more seats in the House (New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Southern California and Florida)
Bible Belt – wants to end separation of church and state (the former Confederate states + Kentucky, Oklahoma,
and West Virginia)
4.3
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Martin Luther King, Jr. 4.3
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Regional Differences
Midwest – former manufacturing sector Rust Belt – Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, and
New York
4.3
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State and Local Identity 4.3
Like regions, states have identities State citizenship Elections state-centered Differing state laws
California Largest state – 1 out of 8 Americans live here Economically and politically important
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FIGURE 4.1: Percentage change in resident population, 2000-2010
4.3
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Urban and Rural Populations 4.3
Three types of areas: Urban – 4 out of 5 Americans live here, mostly in the West
and Northeast Suburban Rural
White flight – white residents left cities for suburbs in
search of better schools and safer environment. This resulted in urban areas becoming more poor, African American and Democratic.
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4.3 Most Americans live in which type of area?
a. Urban
b. Suburban
c. Rural
d. None of the above
4.3
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4.34.3 Most Americans live in which type of area?
a. Urban
b. Suburban
c. Rural
d. None of the above
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Who We Are
Race and Ethnicity
Religion
Gender
Sexual Orientation
Family Structure
Education
Age
4.4
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Race and Ethnicity
Race versus Ethnicity – race refers to physical
characteristics; ethnicity refers to nation of origin, religion, and language.
Native Americans – only 0.2% of Americans
African Americans – representation in southern state
legislatures is increasing
Hispanics – mixed political views
4.4
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Justice Sonia Sotomayor 4.4
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Race and Ethnicity
Asian Americans – diverse group with median income
above the national average
Ties of Ethnicity • 1st wave of immigration was mostly from Europe in early
1900s
• 2nd wave was in the 1990s and 2000s and was mostly from Mexico, Asia, and the Caribbean.
Illegal Immigration – Possibly 10 million illegal
immigrants in the U.S.
4.4
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Religion
Religious violence – Jews vs. Muslims, etc.
Religious liberty was U.S. foundation No official religion Religion of political candidates matters
Fundamentalists – important force in the Republican
Party
Diverse, but dominated by Protestants –
over half the population is Protestant.
4.4
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FIGURE 4.2: Religious groups in the United States
4.4
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Gender
Voting and political representation Lower and higher rates of voting Gender gap in representation Women lean Democratic
4.4
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FIGURE 4.3: Gender and the vote for president
4.4
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Gender
Income gap 77 cents for every dollar men earn
4.4
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Sexual Orientation
Legal rights for LGBT Stonewall 1969 – beginning of the gay rights movement 2-10% of population Winning elective offices
Political agenda Same-sex marriage “Don’t ask, don’t tell” – military policy on discharging gay and
lesbian soldiers ended in 2010.
4.4
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Annise Parker 4.4
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Family Structure and Education
Family demographics changing Later marriage Fewer children Divorce more common
Education predicts political participation Democratic values 70% graduate high school 50% graduate college
4.4
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FIGURE 4.4: Educational attainment in the United States
4.4
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Age
Graying of America Americans living longer Increasing health care costs
4.4
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FIGURE 4.5: Percentage of population over the age of 65, 1900-2050
4.4
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Age
Political participation Older citizens more likely to vote Lifecycle effects Generational effects
4.4
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4.4 Which age group is more likely to vote?
a. 18-24 year olds
b. 25-64 year olds
c. 65 and older
d. All age groups vote about equally
c
4.4
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4.44.4 Which age group is more likely to vote?
a. 18-24 year olds
b. 25-64 year olds
c. 65 and older
d. All age groups vote about equally
c
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How Much We Own
Wealth and Income
Occupation
Social class
4.5
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Wealth and Income
Wealth versus income
Link to political views – wealthy are more likely to
be Republican, poor tend to be Democrats.
Income trends 50s-70s average income grew
Poor people lack political power – less likely to
vote, therefore are often ignored
4.5
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4.5America Reads program
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FIGURE 4.6: Percentage of Americans living in poverty, by age, 1967-2010
4.5
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Occupation
Industrialization – caused movement from farms to
cities
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - the total market
value of goods and services produced, rose rapidly
Technology and the post-industrial economy should be more affluent and less divided by class
White-collar, blue-collar, and public sector
workers
4.5
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FIGURE 4.7: Employment by occupational groups, 2010
4.5
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Social Class
Social class and political life Proletariat versus bourgeoisie Socioeconomic status is politically relevant Why does everyone want to be middle class?
4.5
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4.5Salary and social class
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4.5 Since the 1980s, income has grown most for which wealth sector?
a. The top 10%
b. The middle 50%
c. The top 1%
d. The bottom 25%
4.5
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4.54.5 Since the 1980s, income has grown most for which wealth sector?
a. The top 10%
b. The middle 50%
c. The top 1%
d. The bottom 25%
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Unity in a Land of Diversity
Shared sense of national identity
Education and nationalization
Melting pot or salad bowl?
4.6
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How do regional, educational, racial, ethnic, cultural, gender, and age-related differences affect American political culture? Explore the effects of each individually, and also consider how several factors may work together to shape political identity.
Discussion Question 4