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Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
10.1 Understand the demographics and
basic facts about Congress Understand congressional districts
Describe the congressional election process and the advantages it gives incumbents
Chapter 10: Congress
Learning Objectives
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The Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year.
Each 2-year session is numbered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the
legislative process. the Constitution grants each chamber some
unique powers. Congress has 535 members –
435 members of the House of Representatives 100 Senators
Congress Basic Facts
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Congressional Changes
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Congressional Elections
Drawing District Lines Advantages of Incumbency The 2012 Congressional Elections
10.1
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Drawing District Lines
Representatives serve state districts Number of districts determined by state population per
U.S. Census “Reapportionment” – the process of changing the number of
seats allotted to each state
10.1
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Allocation of congressional districts in the House ofRepresentatives after the 2010 census
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States have power to draw district lines Redistricting - drawing House district lines for the number of
seats within their borders. It happens every 10 years Gerrymandering – extreme cases of redistricting that
favor one party
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A classic example of gerrymandering in Illinois
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Review question:
What’s the difference between redistricting and reapportionment?
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Advantages of Incumbency Most incumbents win re-election
Senate seats more vulnerable than House Incumbent advantages over opponents
Providing constituent services Visible presence Influence legislation and spending within district Free media access Experience in elections
10.1
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Congressional election results, 2010 and 2012
10.1
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The 2012 Congressional Elections 2010 midterms – GOP gains
Republicans take House majority Republicans gain governorships
2010 midterms Record amounts of spending Emergence of Tea Party Interpreted as rejection of health care bill Reaction to poor economy and political stalemate
10.1
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10.1Governmental Salaries (2014)LegislativeRank and file member of House or Senate$174,000House and Senate Majority and Minority Leaders$193,400Speaker of the House $223,000 ExecutiveVPOTUS$230,700POTUS $400,000Level I Executive Schedule (cabinet members) $199,700JudiciaryChief Justice of the US Supreme Court $255,000Associate Justices of US Supreme Court $244,400Federal Circuit Judges $211,200Federal District Judges $199,100 Private Sector Salaries (2014)Charif Souki (Cheniere Energy CEO) $141 millionBeyoncé $115 millionLeBron James $72 millionRalph Lauren $66 million
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10.1 Which of the following is an advantage enjoyed by an incumbent?
10.1
a. Visibilityb. Constituent servicec. Free media accessd. All of the above
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10.1 Which of the following is an advantage enjoyed by an incumbent?
10.1
a. Visibilityb. Constituent servicec. Free media accessd. All of the above
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The Structure and Powers ofCongress A Divided Branch The Powers of Congress
10.2
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A Divided Branch
Bicameralism Two-house legislature
House and Senate maintain separate: Committee structures Legislative rules Records Rules for own members
10.2
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The Powers of Congress
Enumerated powers – Section 8 of the Constitution To raise, make, and borrow money To regulate commerce To unify and expand the country To prepare and declare war To create the federal judiciary
Implied powers Necessary and proper clause
Governmental checks on authority Power to impeach presidents and judges
10.2Article 1 of the Constitution states, "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."
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Alcee Hastings 10.2
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TABLE 10.1: Differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate
10.2
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10.2 Which of the following is NOT a power of Congress?
10.2
a. Regulate commerceb. Taxationc. Borrow money d. Command armed forces
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10.2 Which of the following is NOT a power of Congress?
10.2
a. Regulate commerceb. Taxationc. Borrow money d. Command armed forces
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Congressional Leadership and Committees
10.3
Leading the House of Representatives Leading the Senate Congressional Committees
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Leading the House of Representatives Speaker of the House
Most powerful leader on Capitol Hill – elected by the majority party caucus
Other House officers Majority leader – helps plan party strategy & maintain party unity Minority leader – elected by minority party Whips – assist the leaders
The House Rules Committee Most powerful committee in either chamber Governs floor debates and bill amendments
10.3
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Leading the Senate
Senate Smaller, looser organization than House More decentralized than a generation ago
Same Party leadership structure as House Majority, minority leaders, whips President pro tempore leads floor debate – usually the
most senior member of the majority party
10.3
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Leading the Senate
Rules Filibuster – places a legislative hold, preventing action Cloture motion – formal method for ending a filibuster,
requires a final vote after no more than 30 hours of debate
10.3
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Old-fashioned filibustering
10.3
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Congressional Committees
Types of committees Standing Rules and administration, budget, authorizing, appropriations, revenue,
and oversight Standing committees are the most durable and are the source of most
bills.
10.3
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TABLE 10.2: Congressional standing committees, 2011–2013
10.3
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Congressional Committees
Types of committees Special or Select Joint – members from both committees
Choosing committee members Each party controls the selection of standing committee
members Special role of conference committees settles
the differences between Senate and House versions of a bill.
Caucuses - informal committees that allow individual members to promote shared legislative interests.
10.3
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10.3Black Caucus
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10.3 Which type of committee is the source of most bills?
10.3
a. Selectb. Jointc. Speciald. Standing
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10.3 Which type of committee is the source of most bills?
10.3
a. Selectb. Jointc. Speciald. Standing
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How a Bill Becomes a Law
How Ideas Become Bills How Bills Become Laws
10.4
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How Ideas Become Bills
Self-crafted policy – lawmakers have their own ideas about issues
Other input Experienced policy experts Informed public
Party ideology
10.4
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10.4“Elder statesmen”often work together across party lines to build compromises that office-holders cannot.
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How Bills Become Laws Introducing a bill – a number is given and it is referred to a
special committee Referral decision – most bills never pass this point, others
are referred to subcommittees for review Committee and subcommittee review – if passed, the
bill returns to the full committee for more hearings Mark up – bill is amended, voted on, and sent to a full
committee, House Rules Committee, or the Senate Discharge petition – can force a bill to the floor of the
House if signed by a majority - rare Floor debate and passage Presidential approval – signed or vetoed, veto can be
overridden by a 2/3 vote in each chamber
10.4
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How a bill becomes a law
10.4
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10.4 A committee modification of a bill is known as a(n)__________.
10.4
a. Overrideb. Filibuster c. Riderd. Mark up
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10.4 A committee modification of a bill is known as a(n)__________.
10.4
a. Overrideb. Filibuster c. Riderd. Mark up
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The Job of the Legislator
Legislators as Representatives Making Legislative Choices Congressional Ethics
10.5
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Legislators as Representatives Delegates vs. Trustees
Delegates try to do what constituents want Trustees vote based on what they think is best for their
constituents Are legislators truly representative?
More educated More likely to be white Likely to have been lawyers or bankers Most have previous political experience
10.5
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Making Legislative Choices Advice from Colleagues
Logrolling - When they don’t have a direct interest in a bill, they may support a colleague who does, with the expectation that they will receive similar support for bills they do care about.
Constituents – attentive public wishes are heard Ideology – most vote with their party Interest groups – influence Congress through lobbying,
testifying before committees, contributing to campaigns
10.5
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Constituents and interest groups 10.5
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Making Legislative Choices Party
Party-line voting - Since 2000, nearly 90 percent of Democrats and Republicans vote with their party on key votes.
President Influences Congress by distributing government
resources to members’ constituents.
10.5
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Congressional Ethics
House and Senate set their own rules for ethical conduct
Rules changes 2007 - Congress may not accept any gifts, meals, or travel from any lobbyist 2012 – Stock Act
Ethics committees
10.5
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Rep. William Jefferson 10.5
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10.5 Which term describes a member of Congress who tries to do what constituents want?
10.5
a. Trusteeb. Incumbentc. Whip d. Delegate
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10.5 Which term describes a member of Congress who tries to do what constituents want?
10.5
a. Trusteeb. Incumbentc. Whip d. Delegate
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An Assessment of Congress “Permanent campaign”
Makes leadership difficult
Without majorities, there is little action Lack of action = public frustration
Partisanship - an adherent or supporter of a person, group, party, or cause, especially a person who shows a biased, emotional allegiance
10.6
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FIGURE 10.3: Public approval of Congress,1997–2010
10.6
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10.6 Which of the following terms refers to a legislator’s constant running for office?
10.6
a. Filibusterb. Horse race c. Cloture motiond. Permanent campaign
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10.6 Which of the following terms refers to a legislator’s constant running for office?
10.6
a. Filibusterb. Horse race c. Cloture motiond. Permanent campaign
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Discussion Question
Do you feel that members of Congress do enough to represent their constituents? Why? How has what happens in Congress affected you?
10
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10
10.3
10.4
Compare and contrast the leadership systems used in the House and Senate, and explain how work is done through congressional committees
Identify the steps by which a bill becomes a law and the ways a bill can be stopped at each step
Learning Objectives
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10
10.5
10.6
Characterize the two ways legislators represent their constituents, and identify the various influences on their votes
Evaluate the influence of citizens on the legislative process
Learning Objectives