MaggiePrutznalFlipbook
-
Upload
punxsyscience -
Category
Education
-
view
139 -
download
1
Transcript of MaggiePrutznalFlipbook
![Page 1: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
by: Maggie Prutznal
![Page 2: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
Cell membrane
d
d
d
dribosomes
Eukaryotic
Animal Cell
![Page 3: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Nuclear membrane
ribosomes
![Page 4: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
nbjfdsfdsChromosomes
These are chromosomes (colored bodies) located in the nucleus and mitochondria of cells. Everyone has 46 chromosomes from their parents. Inside the chromosomes are DNA molecules.
![Page 5: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
C
G
A
T
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Thymine
DNA Molecule
![Page 6: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 7: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 8: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 9: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 10: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 11: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG
TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 12: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG
TT C AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 13: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T
A C T
GGG
TT C
AA
RNA Polymerase
The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at the Promoter region, splitting the hydrogen bonds
and synthesizing RNA nucleotides.
mRNA strand
![Page 14: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T
A C T
GGG
TT C
AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 15: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T
A C T
GGG
TT C
AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 16: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T
A C T
GG
G TTC
AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 17: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T
A C T
GG
GTT
CAA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 18: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T A C T
GGG
TTC AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 19: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T A C T
GGG
TTC AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 20: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T A C T
GGG
TTC AA
RNA Polymerase
![Page 21: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C AG C T A C T
GGG
TTC AA
RNA PolymeraseRNA
Polymerase
![Page 22: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A T
AT C
G
A
T
G T T
A AC
C A G C T A C T
GGG TT C AA
DNA binds together again and we are left with a single strand of mRNA. The termination sequence signals the polymerase to stop, while the coding region is the main part of the gene that codes for amino acids.
![Page 23: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Nucleus
=
Nucleus
mRNA exits a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm
ribosomes
Nuclear pore
![Page 24: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Nucleus
=
Cytoplasm
ribosomes
mmRNA
![Page 25: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ribosome
Large subunit
Small subunit
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
Start CodonStop codon- tells RNA to stop
A codon is simply a group of 3 nucleotides.
Builds proteins made up of rRNA
The start codon signals the mRNA strand to attach to the ribosome.
mRNA strand
![Page 26: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
tRNA comes in with an anitcodon complementary to the corresponding codon.
tRNA
Amino acid
![Page 27: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
![Page 28: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
![Page 29: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
![Page 30: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
![Page 31: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
![Page 32: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 33: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 34: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 35: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 36: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 37: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 38: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 39: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C A G U
![Page 40: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A CA G U
![Page 41: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 42: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 43: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 44: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U A C
A G U
![Page 45: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
UA
C
A G U
![Page 46: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
UA
C
A G U
![Page 47: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
UA
C
A G U
![Page 48: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
UA
C
A G U
![Page 49: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 50: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 51: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 52: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 53: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 54: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
![Page 55: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
Peptide bond forms
![Page 56: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 57: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 58: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 59: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 60: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 61: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
tRNA keeps coming in and the amino acids continue to form peptide bonds. After the bonds form, tRNA “falls off.” This process continues until the stop codon is reached.
![Page 62: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 63: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 64: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 65: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 66: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 67: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 68: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 69: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 70: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 71: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 72: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 73: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 74: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 75: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U
U C A
![Page 76: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A G U U C A
![Page 77: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A GU U C A
![Page 78: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U U C A
![Page 79: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U U C A
![Page 80: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 81: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 82: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 83: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 84: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 85: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 86: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 87: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AG
U
U C A
![Page 88: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
GU
U C A
![Page 89: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
![Page 90: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
![Page 91: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
![Page 92: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 93: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 94: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 95: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 96: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 97: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 98: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 99: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 100: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 101: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 102: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 103: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 104: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 105: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 106: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 107: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 108: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 109: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A
CG U
![Page 110: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C ACG U
![Page 111: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
U C A CG U
![Page 112: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU CCG U
![Page 113: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU C
CG U
![Page 114: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 115: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 116: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
U
C
CG U
![Page 117: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 118: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 119: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU
C
CG U
![Page 120: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU
C
CG U
![Page 121: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU
C
CG U
![Page 122: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AU
C
CG U
![Page 123: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 124: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 125: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 126: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 127: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 128: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
UC
CG U
![Page 129: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AC
CG U
![Page 130: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AC
CG U
![Page 131: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
AC
CG U
![Page 132: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
CG U
![Page 133: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
A
CG U
![Page 134: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 135: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 136: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 137: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 138: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 139: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 140: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 141: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 142: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG U
![Page 143: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
CG
![Page 144: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
G
![Page 145: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
A U G U A AC GGG UU C AA
![Page 146: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
We finally have a chain of amino acids put together through dehydration synthesis forming a polypeptide chain. This chain breaks off the ribosome which falls off the mRNA strand. We now have a protein, however, it has no function yet in chain form!
![Page 147: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Finally, we have the final protein folded up in its tertiary structure!
![Page 148: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Essay
Protein synthesis is the process within a cell when new proteins are made. The first step in protein synthesis is transcription. In transcription, a strand of single-stranded mRNA is copied from the DNA sequence in a gene. In fact, the word transcribe means to put thought, speech, or data in print, so just like pieces of information are copied and passed on, the same happens in protein synthesis. It is important to know that transcription occurs in the nucleus of a cell. Located inside the nucleus are strands of DNA (found in the chromosomes with chromosome meaning “colored bodies”). To begin, the enzyme, RNA polymerase
![Page 149: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Essay
comes in, binds at the promoter region, and splits the double helix DNA strand which resembles a twisted ladder, into single- strands. Then, one of the strands is used as a template as RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the template. This all happens in the coding region or the main part of the gene that codes for amino acids. The termination sequence signals the polymerase to stop. Obviously, RNA polymerase uses RNA instead of DNA, but there are other differences such as uracil is found in RNA that replaces the nitrogen base thymine, RNA is single-stranded, and RNA is made of ribose sugar. Once everything is matched up on the template and complementary strand, the molecule, mRNA is created,
![Page 150: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Essay
meaning messenger RNA. The single strands of DNA bind together again and the mRNA strand breaks off the template strand. The new strand of mRNA moves out of nucleus, exiting a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm of the cell.
Next, the second part of protein synthesis is translation. “Translation is the process of converting the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA molecule into a language that is understood by protein-making machinery (ribosomes). This language is made up of amino acids.” So, this process occurs in the ribosomes when the start codon signals the mRNA to attach to the ribosome. A ribosome is the organelle that is responsible for building proteins made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and a ribosome also consists of
![Page 151: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Essay
two parts; a large subunit and a small subunit. The ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and convert it into an amino acid sequence. The mRNA is read in codons (a set of three nucleotides) as every codon codes for one amino acid. It all begins at the start codon composed of the nucleotide sequence “AUG” called methionine, when tRNA (transfer RNA) comes in with an amino acid and anticodon. An anticodon, then, is simply a group of three nucleotides complementary to the codon on the mRNA strand. The amino acid forms a peptide bond with the adjacent amino acid, as the tRNA “falls off.” This process continues as the amino acids are put together through dehydration synthesis until the ribosome reaches the stop codon (UGA), signaling the end when the last tRNA falls off. The end
![Page 152: MaggiePrutznalFlipbook](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062706/557d2441d8b42a80608b46d5/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Protein Synthesis Essayproduct is a polypeptide chain. In other words, we have a protein chain as the protein monomer is an amino acid. The chain breaks off the ribosome and falls off the mRNA strand. However, this chain has no function until it folds into the secondary and final tertiary structure. Finally, we have a globular shaped protein!