Madison, Monroe, and the Madison, Monroe, and the “Era of Good Feelings”“Era of Good Feelings”

Election of 1808Election of 1808 Madison - Former Sec. of State under Madison - Former Sec. of State under

Jefferson – easily defeats Federalist Charles Jefferson – easily defeats Federalist Charles Pinckney (122-47)Pinckney (122-47) Despite modest Federalist revivalDespite modest Federalist revival Serves two eventful termsServes two eventful terms

Continues “peaceable coercion” policy with Continues “peaceable coercion” policy with GB & FRGB & FR

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) - reopens trade w/ Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) - reopens trade w/ GB & FRGB & FR If either lifts restrictions on neutral shipping, U.S. If either lifts restrictions on neutral shipping, U.S.

would impose embargo on the otherwould impose embargo on the other

The War HawksThe War Hawks Pro-war Southerners & Westerners Pro-war Southerners & Westerners Led by Henry Clay (KY) Led by Henry Clay (KY)

preferred war over “ignominious (humiliating) preferred war over “ignominious (humiliating) peace”peace”

support of John C. Calhoun (SC)support of John C. Calhoun (SC) Demanded war with GBDemanded war with GB In favor of:In favor of:

Expansion west and north to CanadaExpansion west and north to Canada Punishing Britain for impressment and seizure of Punishing Britain for impressment and seizure of

shipsships Stopping British arming of frontier Indians Stopping British arming of frontier Indians

against settlersagainst settlers

Western Settlers & TecumsehWestern Settlers & Tecumseh Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and the Prophet sought Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and the Prophet sought

to unify Indians & purge culture of white influenceto unify Indians & purge culture of white influence Tecumseh refused to sign Treaty of Fort Wayne Tecumseh refused to sign Treaty of Fort Wayne

(1809), ceding land to Indiana Territory(1809), ceding land to Indiana Territory Tecumseh was not aligned w/ the BritishTecumseh was not aligned w/ the British Indiana Territory Gov. William H. Harrison sent an Indiana Territory Gov. William H. Harrison sent an

army against the Shawneesarmy against the Shawnees Battle of Tippecanoe 1811Battle of Tippecanoe 1811 Harrison a hero, Tecumseh aligns with British Harrison a hero, Tecumseh aligns with British

Madison’s Declaration of WarMadison’s Declaration of War

War Hawks in Congress & failure of War Hawks in Congress & failure of “Peaceable Coercion” led Madison to call for “Peaceable Coercion” led Madison to call for war against Britain - June 1, 1812war against Britain - June 1, 1812

Cited maritime rights, impressment, and Cited maritime rights, impressment, and agitation of western Indians against settlersagitation of western Indians against settlers

Generally popular but Federalists opposed Generally popular but Federalists opposed the war – why?the war – why?

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That war be and the same is hereby declared to exist between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the dependencies thereof, and the United States of America and their territories; and that the President of the United States is hereby authorized to use the whole land and naval force of the United States to carry the same into effect, and to issue to private armed vessels of the United States commissions or letters of marque and general reprisal, in such form as he shall think proper, and under the seal of the United States, against the vessels, goods, and effects of the government of the said United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the subjects thereof

APPROVED, June 18, 1812

Declaration of War by Congress

Causes of the War of 1812Causes of the War of 1812

War for U.S. maritime rights or a War for U.S. maritime rights or a war for territory?war for territory?

Northeasterners most directly concerned Northeasterners most directly concerned with maritime rights were largely opposed with maritime rights were largely opposed to the warto the war

South & West, most strongly for territorial South & West, most strongly for territorial expansion, favored the warexpansion, favored the war

Military Events of the WarMilitary Events of the War American invasion of Canada failedAmerican invasion of Canada failed British invasion of U.S. from Canada British invasion of U.S. from Canada

prevented by American navy on Great Lakesprevented by American navy on Great Lakes U.S. navy initially successful at sea until U.S. navy initially successful at sea until

ports blocked by GBports blocked by GB USS ConstitutionUSS Constitution

British invasion of Chesapeake region 1814British invasion of Chesapeake region 1814 Battle of Ft. McHenryBattle of Ft. McHenry Burning Washington DCBurning Washington DC

Ft. McHenry, MDFt. McHenry, MD

British bombardment of U.S. fort at British bombardment of U.S. fort at Baltimore inspires Francis Scott Key to Baltimore inspires Francis Scott Key to write write The Star Spangled BannerThe Star Spangled Banner

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent

War fought to a draw after 2 yearsWar fought to a draw after 2 years Treaty signed in Belgium - Dec. 24, 1814Treaty signed in Belgium - Dec. 24, 1814 U.S. boundaries restored but naval seizures & U.S. boundaries restored but naval seizures &

impressment left unsolvedimpressment left unsolved end of war in Europe negates the issueend of war in Europe negates the issue

Battle of New Orleans takes place AFTER the Battle of New Orleans takes place AFTER the treaty is signedtreaty is signed Andrew Jackson routs British and becomes war Andrew Jackson routs British and becomes war

herohero

Results of the War of 1812Results of the War of 1812 Growth of American NationalismGrowth of American Nationalism

““Second War for American Independence”Second War for American Independence” Strengthened IsolationismStrengthened Isolationism Increased Westward MigrationIncreased Westward Migration

more land opened after Indian defeatsmore land opened after Indian defeats Growth of U.S. industryGrowth of U.S. industry

response to loss of British imports during warresponse to loss of British imports during war

Death of Federalist PartyDeath of Federalist Party New England states opposed war New England states opposed war Dec. 15, 1814 - leading Federalists held Dec. 15, 1814 - leading Federalists held

Hartford ConventionHartford Convention Proposed 7 amendments to Const. to Proposed 7 amendments to Const. to

strengthen states rights (ironic!) & protect strengthen states rights (ironic!) & protect northern interestsnorthern interests

Some hinted at secession though did not Some hinted at secession though did not have supporthave support

Convention ill-timed – Americans thought we Convention ill-timed – Americans thought we won and Federalists came off as weakwon and Federalists came off as weak

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings1817-18251817-1825

Death of the Federalist PartyDeath of the Federalist Party Adoption of many Federalist ideas Adoption of many Federalist ideas Monroe (Demo. Rep.) wins 1816 electionMonroe (Demo. Rep.) wins 1816 election Americans nationalistic following War of 1812Americans nationalistic following War of 1812 U.S. foreign policy successesU.S. foreign policy successes

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) Convention of 1818Convention of 1818 Purchase of Florida (1819)Purchase of Florida (1819)

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine Political philosophy of James Monroe regarding Political philosophy of James Monroe regarding

Euro presence in the AmericasEuro presence in the Americas It was not a law, pledge or agreement - merely It was not a law, pledge or agreement - merely

a statement of policya statement of policy First stated Dec. 2, 1823 - First stated Dec. 2, 1823 - Warned Euro powers to Warned Euro powers to

keep out of western Hemispherekeep out of western Hemisphere No new colonizing or intervention in AmericasNo new colonizing or intervention in Americas

Leave newly independent nations of Cent. & S. Am aloneLeave newly independent nations of Cent. & S. Am alone Could retain current holdingsCould retain current holdings

US would stay out of Euro affairsUS would stay out of Euro affairs Vague threat against violatorsVague threat against violators

Significance of Monroe DoctrineSignificance of Monroe Doctrine

Expressed American nationalism & desire Expressed American nationalism & desire to be a world playerto be a world player

Effective?Effective? Russia halted expansion at 54° 40’Russia halted expansion at 54° 40’ Europe did not attempt re-conquest of Latin Europe did not attempt re-conquest of Latin

AmericaAmerica No major or lasting violations even though No major or lasting violations even though

U.S. not powerful enough to back it up until U.S. not powerful enough to back it up until the 1860’sthe 1860’s

Chief Justice John MarshallChief Justice John Marshall

Preserves Hamiltonian Federalism into the 1830’sPreserves Hamiltonian Federalism into the 1830’s Serves for 34 yearsServes for 34 years affirms principle of judicial review of legislative actsaffirms principle of judicial review of legislative acts Marbury vs. Madison (1803)Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Established right of Judicial ReviewEstablished right of Judicial Review

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) Affirmed right of court to rule state laws unconstitutionalAffirmed right of court to rule state laws unconstitutional originated out of Yazoo land deal in southeastoriginated out of Yazoo land deal in southeast

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) States cannot interfere in contractsStates cannot interfere in contracts

Marshall Cases cont.Marshall Cases cont.

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) Upheld the “implied powers” of CongressUpheld the “implied powers” of Congress Affirms broad interpretation of the Constitution - Affirms broad interpretation of the Constitution -

making it flexiblemaking it flexible Maryland tried to tax Bank of U.S. branch in MD - Maryland tried to tax Bank of U.S. branch in MD -

court rules that states can’t interfere w/ fed govt.court rules that states can’t interfere w/ fed govt.

Marshall’s LegacyMarshall’s Legacy

34 years of Federalist influence on court - 34 years of Federalist influence on court - strengthening federal govt.strengthening federal govt.

Controversial but a man of integrityControversial but a man of integrity Represented the wealthy & distrusted the rule of the Represented the wealthy & distrusted the rule of the

“unwashed masses”“unwashed masses”

Makes SC the final authority in Makes SC the final authority in constitutional mattersconstitutional matters

Marshall’s LegacyMarshall’s Legacy

Established primacy of federal govt. over Established primacy of federal govt. over states, especially in exercising control of states, especially in exercising control of economyeconomy

Affirmed protection for corporations from Affirmed protection for corporations from local/state govt. interferencelocal/state govt. interference promotes growth of capitalist econ.promotes growth of capitalist econ.

Slavery & the Sectional BalanceSlavery & the Sectional Balance

Sectional tensions increased (1819) when Sectional tensions increased (1819) when Missouri applied for statehoodMissouri applied for statehood

H of Reps. passed anti-slavery Tallmadge H of Reps. passed anti-slavery Tallmadge amendment to Missouri Bill amendment to Missouri Bill Would ban further slavery in MOWould ban further slavery in MO Children born to slaves would be emancipated at age 25Children born to slaves would be emancipated at age 25

Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge Amendment Southerners & Westerners opposedSoutherners & Westerners opposed South viewed it as threat to sectional balance South viewed it as threat to sectional balance

between N & Sbetween N & S North had pop. advantage in H of RNorth had pop. advantage in H of R South = in Senate (11 states per)South = in Senate (11 states per)

Equality in Senate means N can’t interfere w/ Equality in Senate means N can’t interfere w/ slaveryslavery

Tallmadge Act defeated in SenateTallmadge Act defeated in Senate

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820

Authored by Henry Clay (KY)Authored by Henry Clay (KY) MO enters as slave state & Maine enters as MO enters as slave state & Maine enters as

freefree North/South balance preservedNorth/South balance preserved No new slavery in remainder of Louisiana Terr. No new slavery in remainder of Louisiana Terr.

north of 36north of 36 30’ 30’ MO’s southern borderMO’s southern border

Mutual benefits & displeasureMutual benefits & displeasure

North - remainder of Lou. Terr. freeNorth - remainder of Lou. Terr. free South - a new slave state South - a new slave state

& potential for more south of line& potential for more south of line Deal only lasts 30 yearsDeal only lasts 30 years MO Comp. did nothing to resolve the slavery MO Comp. did nothing to resolve the slavery

issueissue Increase in sectional nationalismIncrease in sectional nationalism