Macromolecules

Organic Chemistry

Isomers

S = Difference in covalent bonds

G = Difference in arrangement around double bond

E = Different in spatial arrangement

Pharmacological Enantiomers

Awakenings

Thalidomide

Chemical Groups

Functional Groups

Monomers and Polymers

Monomers to Polymers (build larger molecules) – Dehydration synthesis

Polymers to Monomers (break down molecules) - Hydrolysis

Monomers and Polymers

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

Simple Sugars

Monosaccharaides – One subunit

Ex. Glucose, Fructose

Disaccharides – two subunits

Ex. Maltose, Sucrose

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (Storage)

Starch - Plants Glycogen - Animals

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (Structure)

Cellulose - Plants Chitin - Animals

Buyer’s Beware

Why can’t we eat grass?

Lipids

TriglyceridesGlycerol

Three fatty acids

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Partially Hydrogenated Fats (Trans)

Phospholipids

Steroids

Cholesterol

Testosterone

Estrogen

Anabolic Steroids

Lipid Functions

Energy storage

Cushions internal organs

Insulation

Membrane Structure

Water storage

Toxic storage

Chemical Messengers

Proteins

Peptide Bonds

Primary Structure

Straight Chain

Peptide Bonds

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen Bonds

Alpha Helix, Beta Pleats, Random Coils

Tertiary Structure

All Bonds

Usually Globular

Quaternary Structure

Two or more subunits together

All bonds

Hemoglobin

Protein Functions

Structure

Storage

Transport

Coordination of body activities (Hormones)

Communication

Contractile (Movement)

Protection

Enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Made up of nucleotides

Pentose Sugar

Nitrogenous Base

Phosphate Group

Ex. DNA, RNA, ATP

Nucleic Acids Functions

Genetic Information

Energy Movement