MACROMOLECULESCHAPTER 2 SECTION 3

WHAT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO…

• Distinguish among the structure and function of the four major organic macromolecules found in living things.

REACTION TYPES

• Hydrolysis – break down compounds by adding water• Dehydration – two components brought together,

produces water• Endergonic – requires the input of energy• Exergonic – releases energy

ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCONTRAST AN ORGANIC COMPOUND TO AN INORGANIC COMPOUND

•Organic compounds - compounds that contain bonds between carbons atoms• Inorganic compounds – compounds

that are NOT carbon based

CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

• Has 4 valence electrons to form covalent bonds• Can bond with many elements (H, O, P, S, N, AND

OTHER C ATOMS)• Single, double, or triple bonds• Forms rings• Versatile - Ability to form large and complex

structures.

WHAT DOES MACROMOLECULE MEAN?

• “giant” molecule•Made from smaller molecules through a process

called polymerization•Monomer + monomer polymer• Also referred to as organic molecule and

biomolecule

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A POLYMER AND MONOMER.

A polymer is a large molecule made up of smaller units, called monomers, which are

linked together.

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)

•What is the function of Carbohydrates?• Used as main source for quick energy and

Used for structural purposes

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-SIMPLE CARBS“SIMPLE SUGARS”• Monosaccharide-simple sugar• Single sugar molecule (6 C atoms)

• Glucose (C6H12O6) – most common, used for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• Galactose (milk)• Fructose (fruit)

• Disaccharide (mono + mono di)

• Lactose (sugar in milk)• sucrose

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-COMPLEX CARBS“STARCHES"• Polysaccharides-starch/complex• excess sugar; large macromolecule• Animals• Glycogen (animal starch)– released from liver

when blood sugar (glucose) runs low• Stored in muscles for to supply energy for

muscle contraction

•

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)

• Polysaccharides continued….• Plants• Cellulose (plant starch)• Gives plants strength and rigidity – major

component of wood• Chitin – polymer of glucose, makes up

exoskeleton of arthropods

•

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)

• How do we test for carbohydrates?• Sugars• Use Benedict’s Solution to test tube with substance, heat it up • Blue green, yellow, orange, or red

• Starches • Iodine solution (Lugol’s solution – iodine and Potassium iodide

in water)• Yellow/brown –Blue/black

CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)

• When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns an orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which molecule?

• A. lipids• B. proteins• C. carbohydrates• D. nucleic acids

• When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns and orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which molecule?

• A. lipids• B. proteins• C. carbohydrates• D. nucleic acids

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

• Components – glycerol and fatty acid

• Function of Lipids• Waterproof coverings, membranes. Nonpolar – generally

not soluble in water• insulation• Used to store energy for long-term use

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

•main categories of lipids• Fats and Oils – made of subunits of glycerol and fatty acids• Waxes – mainly used for covering a protection• Phospholipids – important structural component of the cell

membrane• Steroids- cholesterol and sex hormones (estrogen and

testosterone) acts as a chemical messenger

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

• Single C-C bonds• Maximum number of H bonds• Solid @ room temperature

• Saturated fatty acids

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

• Unsaturated fatty acids• One C=C double bond in each fatty acid• Olive oil (liquid @ room temperature)

• Polyunsaturated fatty acids• More than one C=C double bond in fatty acid chain• Corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

• How do we test for Lipids?• Sudan III stain• Dissolves in lipids and stains them red

• Brown Bag• Leaves translucent stain on bag

LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)

EXIT SLIP

• What indicator test is used to identify the presence of carbohydrates?• What indicator tests is used to identify the

presence of lipids?

• Which molecules store and transmit genetic information?• A. lipids• B. proteins• C. nucleic acids• D. carbohydrates

NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)

• Nucleotides consist of three parts:• A 5-C sugar• A phosphate group• A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine,

thymine, and uracil for RNA)• Individual nucleotides (monomer) can be joined by

covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid

NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)

• What is the function of Nucleic Acids?• Store and transmit heredity (genetic) information• Codes for amino acids

NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)

What are the two kinds of nucleic acid?• DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid which contains the sugar

deoxyribose (double stranded)• Stores all instructions for organism to grow, reproduce

and adapt• RNA – ribonucleic acid which contains the sugar

ribose (single stranded)• Uses the information stored in DNA to make proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)

• Antibiotics are composed primarily of amino acids. In which class of biomolecules would antibiotics belong?• A. nucleic acids• B. carbohydrates• C. proteins• D. lipids

PROTEIN (HONC)

• Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds…also called polypeptides

• What is the function of proteins?• Control the rate of reactions and regulate cellular processes• Form bones and muscles• Transport substances into or out of cell• Helps fight disease• Hormones (insulin)

PROTEIN (HONC)

• The instructions for arranging amino acids into different proteins are stored in DNA. Each protein has a specific role.

PROTEIN (HONC)FOUR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• Primary - Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain• Secondary - Amino acids within a chain can be folded or

twisted into patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)• Tertiary - If more than one chain, each chain has a specific 3-

D arrangement (globular or fibrous)• Quaternary – consist of two or more polypeptide chains or

subunits that are held together by hydrogen bonds

HOW DO WE TEST FOR PROTEINS?

• Biuret Solution• (NaOH; a strong base)

• Blue purple

PROTEIN (HONC)

QUIZ YOURSELF USING DESK MARKERS!!!!A. CARBS B. LIPID C. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS1. Contains adenine and thymine2. Lactose3. Chains of amino acids4. Long term energy storage5. Cholesterol6. Chains of fatty acids and glycerol7. Plant cell walls

QUIZ YOURSELFA. CARBS B. LIPID C. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS1. Contains adenine and thymine (NUCLEIC ACIDS)2. Lactose (CARBS)3. Chains of amino acids (PROTEINS)4. Long term energy storage (LIPIDS)5. Cholesterol (LIPIDS)6. Chains of fatty acids and glycerol (LIPIDS)7. Plant cell walls (CARBS)

Explain the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids.

EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids that are assembled based on genetic information found in nucleic acids.

Compare how both nucleic acids and proteins are polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that

make up the polymers.

EXPLAIN HOW BOTH NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS ARE POLYMERS. BE SURE TO DESCRIBE THE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP THE POLYMERS.

Both are made of smaller units that are bonded together. Proteins are polymers of amino acids;

nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF MACROMOLECULES?

• Small group work• Complete table of the 4 macromolecules.

Include their components, functions, drawing and any additional information.

WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF MACROMOLECULES?

• Large group work• Complete concept map of organic compounds