Macromolecules Macromolecules

California Science StandardsCalifornia Science Standards

• Standard 1. b. Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.

• 1. h. Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursors.

Macromolecules (Carbon Macromolecules (Carbon Compounds)Compounds)

• Living Tissues are 70% Water

• All living tissues are made up of the same 4 large molecules

Macromolecule #1:Carbohydrates, IMacromolecule #1:Carbohydrates, I

• Carbohydrates are sugars and sugar polymers (polysaccharide)

• Monosaccharide– raw material for amino acids

and fatty acids

Carbohydrates, IICarbohydrates, II

• Disaccharides – Two saccharides

(sugars)

• Polysaccharides – three or more sugars linked together

Carbohydrates, IIICarbohydrates, III

Polysaccharide Used as Storage:

• Starch~ glucose monomers

• Plants: plastids

• Animals: glycogen

• Polysaccharides Structural: Cellulose~ most abundant organic compound;

Chitin~exoskeletons; cell walls of fungi; surgical thread

Macromolecule #2: LipidsMacromolecule #2: Lipids

• Hydrophobic – Don’t mix with water

• Hydrocarbons

• No polymers; glycerol and fatty acid

• Fats, phospholipids, steroids

Fats and Oils store EnergyFats and Oils store Energy

• Fats and oil = triglycerides (simple lipids)– Fats are solid at room temperature

– Oils are liquids at room temperature

– Saturated vs. unsaturated fats; single vs. double bonds

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

• 2 fatty acids instead of 3 (phosphate group)

• ‘Tails’ hydrophobic; ‘heads’ hydrophilic

• Bilayer (double layer);cell membranes

SteroidsSteroids

• Lipids with 4 fused carbon rings

• Example:

cholesterol: cell membranes; precursor for other steroids (sex hormones); atherosclerosis

Macromolecule #3: ProteinsMacromolecule #3: Proteins

• Protein molecules vary from about 50 to 3,000 amino acids in length.

• Important for nearly everything organisms do• Monomer: amino acids (there are 22) ~

ProteinsProteins

• Structural Support• Protection• Transport• Catalysis• Defense• Regulation• Movement

ProteinsProteins• A single amino acid substitution in a protein

causes sickle-cell disease• Normal cells contain millions of molecules

of the protein hemoglobin, which transports oxygen

Primary StructurePrimary Structure

• Order or sequence of amino acids

• Each type of protein has a unique primary structure of amino acids

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• Conformation: coils & folds (hydrogen bonds)

• Alpha Helix: coiling; keratin

• Pleated Sheet: parallel; silk

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

Conformation: irregular contortions from R group bonding Hydrophobic disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds ionic bonds

Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure

• Conformation: 2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated into 1 macromolecule

• Example include: collagen,connective ,tissue, and hemoglobin

Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids: Macromolecule #4: Nucleic Acids: Informational Macromolecules Informational Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotide)

A nucleotide has 3 parts:• nitrogenous base• pentose sugar• phosphate group

Nucleic Acids, IINucleic Acids, II

1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Structure of Nuclei AcidsStructure of Nuclei Acids

DNA vs RNADNA vs RNA

DNA double stranded• Adenine (2) • Guanine (3)• Cytosine (3)• Thymine (2)• Deoxyribose

RNA single stranded• Adenine• Guanine• Cyhtosine• Uracil• Ribose

Write the letter of the description that best matches theterm or phrase

1. saturated fatty acid

2. nucleic acid

3. Polysaccharides

4. amino acids

5. RNA

a. building blocks of proteins b. solid at room temperature c. a molecular chain of nucleotides

d. starch, cellulose, and glycogen

e. many play key roles in the manufacture of proteins