Macon State College Tree Inventory and Managment Plan, 2009 · SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or...

Macon State College Tree Inventory and Management Plan

2009

Inventoried & Prepared by:

Patrick Anderson, ISA Board-Certified Master Arborist & Municipal Specialist, RCA #475

Ian Campbell, Arborist Representative

Michael Sherwood, ISA Board-Certified Master Arborist & Municipal Specialist

Bartlett Inventory Solutions by

Funds for this project were provided by the Urban and Community Forestry Grant Program administered by the Georgia Forestry Commission.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-A, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer

Macon State College Tree Inventory and Management Plan Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary II. Introduction III. Inventory Objectives IV. Inventory Procedures V. Inventory Results and Recommendations i. Macon State Stand Dynamics ii. Macon State Tree Evaluation and Removal Recommendations

iii. Macon State Trees Recommended for Pruning and Support Systems Protection Installation by VTSA and Priority

iv. Macon State Soil Management Recommendations v. Macon State Pest Management Recommendations vi. Macon State Conditions Observed vii. Macon State Storm Damage Plan viii. Macon State Entire Inventory Technical Reports MoniTor IPM Program Maintenance Pruning Program Root Collar Disorders Mulch Application Guidelines Tree Structure Evaluation ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning Glossary of Terms

I. Executive Summary

Trees within Macon State College grounds were inventoried to assist in managing tree health and safety. 500 trees or tree groupings were identified of 40 different species. Trees inventoried were 6 inches at DBH or greater. The attributes that were collected include tree Latitude and Longitude, and a visual assessment of tree structure, health, and vigor. The documentation of these attributes will help in future management decisions relative to tree health, preservation and safety. Attribute collection for the tree inventory was conducted using a sub-meter accuracy GPSr device having an error in location not greater than 3 meters. Specific recommendations for the subject trees over the next 3-year period include:

Removing 4 trees (1%) to eliminate potential hazards to eliminate trees in advanced stages of decline, or to improve habitat for desirable trees close by

Pruning 363 trees (73%) for safety, health, structure, and appearance. Pruning will comply with American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A300Z pruning standards for arboriculture

Support system installation in 34 trees (7%) to reduce branch and crown failure potential

Providing tree risk assessments for 29 trees (5%) to evaluate the impact of wood decay in stems and buttress roots that show potential for failure.

Providing root collar excavations to 65 trees (13%). Buried root collars can contribute to a number of tree health problems, including girdling roots, basal cankers, masking root and lower stem decay, and predisposing trees to various insect and disease pests

Implementing an integrated pest management program to monitor pests and diseases on the subject trees. Treatments are therapeutic and preventive. Treatment timing is based on pest life cycle.

Implementing Bartlett’s “Root Invigoration Program” (patented by the F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Company) for trees affected by construction/ storm activities will improve soil density and promote new root growth, especially for high-value trees in disturbed areas

Taking soil samples throughout the campus. Soil analysis provides information on the presence of soil nutrients, pH, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity.

Taking bulk density samples throughout the grounds to determine the amount of soil compaction.

Implementing a storm damage plan for those trees affected by tornados in 2008. The plan will include pruning, soil, and pest management programs.

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II. Introduction In the winter of 2009 Bartlett Tree Experts was retained to perform a tree inventory for the Macon State College in Macon, GA. The inventory included:

Identifying the trees’ condition, health, and vigor (Trees were 6 inches and greater at DBH)

Recommending hazard evaluations and removals of appropriate trees Recommending pruning, soil management, and pest management treatments to

promote tree safety, health, and longevity Mapping the trees using Global Positioning Satellite Receiver (GPSr) hardware

and Geographic Information System (GIS) software The following report contains the findings and recommendations of the tree inventory. The Bartlett Visual Tree Structure Analysis System ranks the relative degree of risk for prioritizing remedial treatments when managing large tree populations. Bartlett’s system uses two criteria: Failure Potential and Consequence of Failure. Failure potential considers the severity of defect, architecture, site exposure and other biological and site factors that contribute to failure as observed from the ground. Consequence factors in size of the defective plant part, target value and frequency of use and potential for injury/loss should a failure occur as observed from the ground. Failure Potential(FP) Points Critical Risk - Failure imminent 10 < High Risk - Failure likely especially in storms 7 - 10 Moderate Risk– Failure possible especially in severe storms 4 - 6 Low Risk – Failure unlikely 1 - 3 Consequence of Failure(CoF) This criteria considers potential for injury/loss should a failure occur based on such factors as size of defective plant part, target value and frequency of use Severe Consequence – High potential for injury/property loss 5 Moderate Consequence – Moderate Potential for property loss,

Low potential for injury 3 - 4 Low Consequence – Low Potential for any loss 1 - 2

Total Visual Tree Structure Analysis = Failure Potential +Consequence of Failure

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Total Visual Tree Structure Analysis(VTSA) Comments

13-15 Critical Risk- Failure imminent;

Personal injury and/or property damage inevitable.

10-12 High Risk- Failure likely especially during

storms; Personal injury and/or property damage likely. 7-9 Moderate Risk-Failure unlikely, and/or

high risk of failure and low risk of property damage/personal injury

<7 Low Risk-Failure unlikely and low risk of

property damage Pruning and structural support system procedures will reduce the risk of branch and leader failure to an acceptable level. It must be emphasized however, that all large trees pose a certain degree of inherent risk and this evaluation does not preclude all possibility of failure especially during severe storms. For those trees that the client considers hazardous and representing an immediate safety concern, we recommend placing a sign, tape, or other warning device near those trees until such time as the hazard can be remedied. . The material is presented in both printed and digital formats, and instructions for digital viewing follow: To view digital maps, install “Arc Reader 9.3” from: http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/index.html When the web page opens, click on Download Now, and follow the prompts. After Arc Reader is installed, you can open the “Macon State.pmf” file (included on the disk) to see the information. On the disk, unzip the “Macon State. zip” file to your C-drive (C:\). It is important that you unzip the “Macon State.zip” file directly to your C-drive, or you will be unable to view the maps with ArcReader. After, the file has been unzipped, navigate to C:\ Macon State, and open the folder. Within the folder will be the “Click here to open.pmf” file. To view the entire spreadsheet of tree information for the site, open the “Macon State.xls” file. To view a digital copy of the Inventory/ Management Plan, open the “Macon State College Tree Inventory and Management Plan 2009.pdf” file.

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III. Inventory Objectives

Management objectives for the subject trees are as follow:

Maximize immediate and long-term tree health and aesthetics through o integrated pest management o soil management o maintenance pruning

Manage immediate and long-term risk associated with trees in high-use areas including use of

o hazard pruning o required removals o tree structure evaluations

IV. Inventory Procedures and Definitions

The Bartlett BIS team completed the tree inventory using Trimble GeoXT GPSr hardware and ArgGIS 9.3 and Arborvue GIS software. The following tree attribute data were collected on site:

Botanical Name/ Regional Common Name according to local ISA Chapter Tree Species List.

Tree location based on GPS coordinate system Tag Number Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Canopy Radius Age Class

o Young - Established tree that has not been in the landscape for many years

o Semi-mature - Established tree that has not yet reached full growth potential

o Mature - A tree within its full growth potential o Over-mature - A tree that is declining or beginning to decline due to its

age o New Planting - A tree that is not yet established

Height Class o Small - <15' o Medium - 16' - 35' o Large - >35'

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Condition Class o Dead o Poor - Most of the canopy is affected with die-back, undesirable leaf color,

undesirable leaf size and undesirable new growth. Tree or parts of the tree are in the process of failure.

o Fair - Parts of the canopy affected by undesirable leaf color, undesirable leaf size and undesirable new growth. Parts of the tree are likely to fail.

o Good - Tree health and condition are acceptable. Root Zone Infringement (Based on dripline, estimate grayscape (man-made

structures, such as sidewalks) impact on root zone) Infrastructure Interaction (Interaction between trees and grayscape that may cause

an undesirable condition) Priority of General Tree Work (Based upon a 3-year management plan). Priority

class recommendations take into consideration tree species, location value, age, and risk rating.

o Priority 1 o Priority 2 o Priority 3

Pruning o Clean - Selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts:

dead, diseased, and/or broken branches o Raise - Selective pruning to provide vertical clearance o Thin - Selective pruning to reduce density of live branches o Reduce - Selective pruning to reduce height or spread o Structure – Selective pruning of live branches and stems to influence

orientation, spacing, growth rate, strength of attachment, and ultimate size of branches and stems.

Need for and inspection of existing cables and braces Need for and inspection of existing lightning protection Need for tree risk evaluations Tree removals Soil management recommendations Pest management recommendations

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V. Inventory Results and Recommendations

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Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009

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0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

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i Macon State Stand Dynamics

The breakdown of tree condition follows (See Section IV, Inventory Procedures and Definitions, “Condition Class” for definitions): Quantity % of Total Good 329 66% Fair 146 29% Poor 25 5% The tree age classes represented follows (See Section IV, Inventory Procedures and Definitions, “Age Class” for definitions): Quantity % of Total Mature 372 75% Semi-Mature 91 18% Young 37 7%

Tree Diameter Distribution at Breast Height (DBH) in Inches

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Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees by Condition Class

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0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

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Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees by Age Class

±

0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

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Genus Species Common Count Percentage Distribution Total Acer buergerianum trident maple 1 0.20

rubrum red maple 10 2.00 Acer Total 2.20 Betula nigra river birch 40 8.00 Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam 2 0.40 Carya illinonensis pecan 36 7.20

tomentosa mockernut hickory 1 0.20 Carya Total 7.40 Celtis occidentalis hackberry 1 0.20 Cercis canadensis American redbud 1 0.20 Chionanthus retusus Chinese fringe tree 3 0.60 Cornus florida flowering dogwood 2 0.40 Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash 1 0.20 Ilex opaca American holly 2 0.40

x attenuata Hybrids 2 0.40 Ilex Total 0.80 Juniperus virginiana eastern redcedar 1 0.20 Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum 45 9.00 Liriodendron tulipifera yellow‐poplar 5 1.00 Magnolia grandiflora Southern magnolia 20 4.00

virginiana sweetbay 5 1.00 Magnolia Total 5.00 Nyssa ogeche Ogeche tupalo 1 0.20

sylvatica blackgum 16 3.20 Nyssa Total 3.40 Pinus teada loblolly pine 132 26.40

virginiana Virginia pine 4 0.80 Pinus Total 27.20 Prunus spp cherry/ plum spp 9 1.80 Pyrus calleryana callery pear Bradford 1 0.20 Quercus accutissima sawtooth oak 5 1.00

acuta Japanese evergreen oak 3 0.60

alba white oak 2 0.40

coccinea scarlet oak 2 0.40

falcata southern red oak 6 1.20

macrocarpa bur oak 1 0.20

nigra water oak 17 3.40

palustrus pin oak 13 2.60

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Genus Species Common Count Percentage Distribution Total

phellos willow oak 32 6.40

robur English oak 3 0.60

stellata post oak 11 2.20

virginiana live oak 47 9.40 Quercus Total 28.40 Taxodium distichum common baldcypress 12 2.40

sempervirens Pond cypress 2 0.40 Taxodium Total 2.80 Ulmus alata winged elm 1 0.20

parvifolia Chinese elm 2 0.40 Ulmus Total 0.60

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As part of the Bartlett inventory process and using ArborVue software, we have included an estimated value for each tree and cumulative total for all trees inventoried. The estimated value is calculated using a modified form* of the “Trunk Formula Method” published by the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers in The Guide for Plant Appraisal, 9th edition. The figures are good estimates of tree values but should not be used in lieu of a formal tree appraisal where precise assessments are required. ArborVue software uses the following data fields in this formula: Estimated Value: Size * Species Factor * Condition Factor * Location Value Size: Based on tree diameter at breast height in inches (DBH = diameter

at 4.5 feet) Species Factor: The relative species desirability based on 100 percent for the tree

in that geographical location. In most cases, species desirability ratings, published by the International Society of Arboriculture, are used for adjustment.

Condition Factor: A rating of the tree’s structure and health based on 100 percent Location Value: An average rating for the site and the tree’s contribution and

placement, based on 100 percent *The modified Trunk Formula Method used does not consider cost of purchase and installation of the largest available “like tree.” The cumulative total value for all trees inventoried is: $2,138,661 The following table lists the 10 trees with the highest estimated values: Tree ID Common Diameter Estimated Value

371 sweetgum 53 $30,225

225 live oak 45 $30,168

314 water oak 40 $27,587

285 pecan 46 $27,282

386 sweetgum 32 $20,260

71 southern red oak 40 $19,705

89 live oak 33 $18,618

319 live oak 32 $17,559

315 loblolly pine 30 $16,963

193 live oak 30 $15,751

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ii. Macon State Tree Evaluation and Removal Recommendations

As part of this inventory, the Bartlett BIS team conducted visual inspection of each tree from the ground. For the trees listed below, some aspect of tree structure or health indicated that further analysis is necessary to more completely evaluate tree condition and risk, and to make a more informed decision about managing each tree. Tree structure evaluations are recommended to evaluate impact of wood decay in stems and buttress roots that show potential for failure. Detailed tree structure evaluation may require climbing the tree, and using diagnostic tools to more thoroughly determine the nature and extent of defects and decay. Evaluation may also require detailed examination of the root system using air excavation. An experienced ISA Certified Arborist using a “tree structure drill bit” or IML resistograph (preferred method) can evaluate degree of strength loss due to wood decay. Recommendations for tree maintenance are made after evaluation is complete. (Refer to Tree Structure Evaluation Technical Report) Tree ID

Common Diameter Evaluation Type

17 Virginia pine 25 Drill Stem33 loblolly pine 13 Drill Stem58 loblolly pine 12 Drill Stem64 English oak 14 Drill Root Flare

102 red maple 23 Drill Stem104 post oak 14 Drill Root Flare124 loblolly pine 15 Drill Stem129 loblolly pine 17 Drill Root Flare130 loblolly pine 15 Drill Root Flare132 loblolly pine 17 Drill Root Flare137 loblolly pine 19 Drill Root Flare226 winged elm 18 Climbing/Drill

237 blackgum 17 Drill Stem256 loblolly pine 20 Drill Stem265 loblolly pine 15 Drill Stem

Tree ID

Common Diameter Evaluation Type

267 loblolly pine 18 Drill Stem271 loblolly pine 13 Drill Stem275 loblolly pine 16 Drill Stem291 pecan 26 Drill Stem301 pecan 19 Drill Root Flare303 pecan 23 Drill Root Flare314 water oak 40 Drill Stem320 willow oak 18 Drill Stem362 sweetgum 12 Drill Root Flare367 sweetgum 12 Drill Stem370 yellow‐

poplar 11 Drill Stem

374 sweetbay 17 Drill Root Flare400 loblolly pine 20 Drill Stem485 loblolly pine 18 Drill Root Flare

Tree ID Common Diameter GTW Type Interaction Type GTW Priority Total Risk Rating

34 southern red oak 14 REMOVAL 3 Priority

112 red maple 9 REMOVAL 3 Priority

248 sweetgum 15 REMOVAL 1 Priority 10

471 blackgum 18 REMOVAL 3 Priority

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Tree ID 248 for removal

Tree ID 226 Winged Elm for evaluation (Notice cavity and crack in stem)

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Tree ID 265 Pine for evaluation

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0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

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Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees Recommended for Removal

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0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

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iii. Macon State Trees Recommended for Pruning and Structural Support Systems by VTSA and Priority

Acceptable Pruning Practices (Refer to ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning and Section IV Procedures of this document for definitions of pruning and priority):

o Clean - Selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts: dead diseased and/or broken branches

o Raise - Selectively pruning to provide vertical clearance

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o Thin - Selective pruning to reduce density of live branches

o Reduce - Selective pruning to reduce height or spread

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o Structure – Selective pruning of live branches and stems to influence orientation, spacing, growth rate, strength of attachment, and ultimate size of branches and stems.

Pruning practices that are not accepted and can yield to hazardous conditions include: o Lion tailing – Pruning that removes interior branches along the stem and scaffold

branches o Topping – Reduction of tree’s size by using heading cuts that shorten branches to

a predetermined size.

o Using climbing spikes to ascend a healthy tree in not an acceptable pruning practice. Doing this wounds healthy stem tissue, this may lead to infection by fungal pathogens

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iii. Macon State Trees Recommended for Pruning and Structural Support System by VTSA and Priority

Tree ID

Common Diameter GTW Type Interaction Type

GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

244 sweetgum 18 CLEAN 1 Priority 12

71 southern red oak 40 CLEAN 1 Priority 11

152 willow oak 16 CLEAN 1 Priority 11

65 English oak 11 CLEAN 1 Priority 10

98 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 1 Priority 10

332 river birch 15 CLEAN 1 Priority 10

336 river birch 8 CLEAN 1 Priority 10

81 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 2 Priority 9

245 sweetgum 15 CLEAN 2 Priority 8

36 live oak 18 CLEAN 2 Priority 7

20 Hybrids 13 REDUCE Building 1 Priority 39 Hybrids 12 REDUCE Building 1 Priority 50 pin oak 24 RAISE Parking 1 Priority 85 loblolly pine 23 CLEAN 1 Priority 86 American holly 10 REDUCE Building 1 Priority 89 live oak 33 RAISE Building 1 Priority 89 live oak 33 CLEAN Building 1 Priority 90 live oak 19 CLEAN Building 1 Priority 90 live oak 19 RAISE Building 1 Priority

196 pin oak 14 CLEAN Lighting 1 Priority 196 pin oak 14 REDUCE Lighting 1 Priority 15 red maple 26 CABLE ‐

NEW 2 Priority

15 red maple 26 STRUCTURE 2 Priority 15 red maple 26 CLEAN 2 Priority 38 live oak 15 REDUCE 2 Priority 44 American holly 8 REDUCE Building 2 Priority 76 flowering dogwood 8 STRUCTURE Building 2 Priority 76 flowering dogwood 8 REDUCE Building 2 Priority 92 post oak 11 REDUCE Building 2 Priority 92 post oak 11 CLEAN Building 2 Priority 96 river birch 19 STRUCTURE Building 2 Priority 96 river birch 19 CABLE ‐

NEW Building 2 Priority

96 river birch 19 CLEAN Building 2 Priority 97 river birch 22 CLEAN 2 Priority 97 river birch 22 CABLE ‐

NEW 2 Priority

22


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

97 river birch 22 STRUCTURE 2 Priority 144 river birch 21 REDUCE Building 2 Priority 144 river birch 21 STRUCTURE Building 2 Priority 144 river birch 21 CLEAN Building 2 Priority 144 river birch 21 CABLE ‐

NEW Building 2 Priority

178 live oak 15 RAISE Parking 2 Priority 178 live oak 15 CLEAN Parking 2 Priority 217 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 2 Priority 217 loblolly pine 14 CABLE ‐

NEW 2 Priority

1 live oak 18 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 1 live oak 18 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 2 loblolly pine 12 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 3 live oak 13 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 4 live oak 17 REDUCE Parking 3 Priority 4 live oak 17 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 4 live oak 17 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 5 live oak 13 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 6 live oak 10 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 6 live oak 10 THIN Parking 3 Priority 7 live oak 14 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 8 live oak 13 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 8 live oak 13 THIN Parking 3 Priority 9 live oak 18 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 9 live oak 18 THIN Parking 3 Priority

10 live oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 11 live oak 15 THIN Parking 3 Priority 11 live oak 15 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 12 live oak 13 THIN Sidewalk 3 Priority 12 live oak 13 RAISE Sidewalk 3 Priority 12 live oak 13 THIN Parking 3 Priority 12 live oak 13 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 13 eastern redcedar 11 REDUCE 3 Priority 14 cherry/ plum spp 14 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 16 loblolly pine 24 CLEAN 3 Priority 16 loblolly pine 24 REDUCE 3 Priority 17 Virginia pine 25 CLEAN 3 Priority

23


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

18 loblolly pine 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 19 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 21 loblolly pine 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 22 live oak 12 RAISE 3 Priority 22 live oak 12 THIN 3 Priority 23 live oak 17 THIN Parking 3 Priority 23 live oak 17 REDUCE Parking 3 Priority 24 live oak 11 RAISE 3 Priority 24 live oak 11 THIN 3 Priority 25 live oak 14 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 25 live oak 14 THIN Parking 3 Priority 26 live oak 14 THIN Parking 3 Priority 26 live oak 14 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 26 live oak 14 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 27 live oak 13 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 27 live oak 13 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 27 live oak 13 THIN Parking 3 Priority 28 live oak 12 RAISE 3 Priority 28 live oak 12 THIN 3 Priority 29 pin oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 30 pin oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 31 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 32 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 35 live oak 21 THIN 3 Priority 37 live oak 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 37 live oak 14 THIN 3 Priority 40 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 41 Southern magnolia 14 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority 42 Southern magnolia 24 REDUCE 3 Priority 45 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 46 white oak 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 47 hackberry 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 49 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 54 post oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 56 loblolly pine 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 57 loblolly pine 10 CLEAN 3 Priority 67 post oak 9 CLEAN 3 Priority 68 post oak 13 CLEAN 3 Priority

24


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

68 post oak 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 69 cherry/ plum spp 6 CLEAN 3 Priority 69 cherry/ plum spp 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 72 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 73 cherry/ plum spp 18 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 73 cherry/ plum spp 18 REDUCE 3 Priority 73 cherry/ plum spp 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 74 cherry/ plum spp 14 RAISE Sidewalk 3 Priority 74 cherry/ plum spp 14 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority 74 cherry/ plum spp 14 CLEAN Sidewalk 3 Priority 77 flowering dogwood 12 REDUCE Building 3 Priority 77 flowering dogwood 12 STRUCTURE Building 3 Priority 78 Southern magnolia 14 REDUCE Building 3 Priority 79 Southern magnolia 7 REDUCE Building 3 Priority 80 red maple 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 82 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 83 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 84 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 93 post oak 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 95 pin oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 99 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority

103 red maple 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 103 red maple 16 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 105 red maple 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 107 Southern magnolia 28 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

108 post oak 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 109 post oak 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 111 red maple 15 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 113 red maple 20 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 113 red maple 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 115 cherry/ plum spp 18 STRUCTURE Sidewalk 3 Priority 115 cherry/ plum spp 18 RAISE Sidewalk 3 Priority 115 cherry/ plum spp 18 CLEAN Sidewalk 3 Priority 116 cherry/ plum spp 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 116 cherry/ plum spp 21 RAISE 3 Priority 116 cherry/ plum spp 21 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 117 cherry/ plum spp 16 CLEAN 3 Priority

25


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

117 cherry/ plum spp 16 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 118 sweetgum 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 133 willow oak 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 134 willow oak 24 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

134 willow oak 24 CLEAN 3 Priority 135 willow oak 25 CLEAN 3 Priority 136 willow oak 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 143 common baldcypress 7 CLEAN 3 Priority 145 common baldcypress 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 149 live oak 16 REDUCE Parking 3 Priority 150 sawtooth oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 151 sawtooth oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 156 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 157 loblolly pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 166 Virginia pine 11 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 167 southern red oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 168 Virginia pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 169 live oak 17 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 170 Virginia pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 170 Virginia pine 16 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

171 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 172 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 173 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 174 Chinese elm 7 STRUCTURE Parking 3 Priority 174 Chinese elm 7 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 175 Chinese elm 10 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 175 Chinese elm 10 STRUCTURE Parking 3 Priority 176 sawtooth oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 177 sawtooth oak 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 179 bur oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 180 willow oak 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 181 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 182 live oak 15 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 182 live oak 15 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 184 live oak 13 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority 184 live oak 13 REDUCE Drive 3 Priority

26


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

185 live oak 28 THIN 3 Priority 188 Japanese evergreen

oak 8 RAISE Sidewalk 3 Priority

188 Japanese evergreen oak

8 CLEAN Sidewalk 3 Priority


8 REDUCE Lighting 3 Priority


8 CLEAN Lighting 3 Priority




8 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority




7 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority

191 American hornbeam 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 192 American hornbeam 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 193 live oak 30 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 193 live oak 30 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 194 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 195 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 198 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 199 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 200 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 201 sawtooth oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 202 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 203 live oak 12 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 204 live oak 16 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 205 live oak 15 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 206 live oak 15 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 207 live oak 22 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 207 live oak 22 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 208 live oak 18 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 208 live oak 18 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 209 live oak 13 REDUCE Parking 3 Priority 210 live oak 20 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 210 live oak 20 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 211 live oak 16 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority

27


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

211 live oak 16 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 212 live oak 26 RAISE Parking 3 Priority 212 live oak 26 CLEAN Parking 3 Priority 213 pin oak 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 215 live oak 18 RAISE Drive 3 Priority 216 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 219 loblolly pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 219 loblolly pine 12 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 220 loblolly pine 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 221 loblolly pine 13 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

221 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 222 cherry/ plum spp 30 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 223 river birch 27 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 223 river birch 27 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

224 cherry/ plum spp 21 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 225 live oak 45 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

225 live oak 45 CLEAN 3 Priority 227 river birch 16 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

227 river birch 16 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 228 pin oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 229 pin oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 230 scarlet oak 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 231 scarlet oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 232 Ogeche tupalo 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 233 American redbud 6 REDUCE Sidewalk 3 Priority 233 American redbud 6 CLEAN Sidewalk 3 Priority 234 trident maple 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 235 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 236 willow oak 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 237 blackgum 17 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

237 blackgum 17 CLEAN 3 Priority 242 loblolly pine 22 CLEAN 3 Priority 243 sweetgum 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 246 sweetgum 15 CLEAN 3 Priority

28


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

247 sweetgum 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 249 water oak 13 STRUCTURE Overhead Lines 3 Priority 249 water oak 13 REDUCE Overhead Lines 3 Priority 250 loblolly pine 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 251 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 252 loblolly pine 17 CLEAN 3 Priority 253 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 254 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 255 loblolly pine 16 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

255 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 257 white oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 258 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 259 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 260 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 261 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 262 loblolly pine 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 263 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 264 loblolly pine 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 266 loblolly pine 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 267 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 269 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 270 loblolly pine 17 CLEAN 3 Priority 272 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 274 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 276 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 277 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 280 pecan 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 281 pecan 22 CLEAN 3 Priority 281 pecan 22 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

290 pecan 24 CLEAN Overhead Lines 3 Priority 292 pecan 23 CLEAN 3 Priority 292 pecan 23 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

293 pecan 26 CLEAN 3 Priority 293 pecan 26 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

294 pecan 19 CLEAN 3 Priority

29


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

294 pecan 19 CABLE ‐ NEW

3 Priority

297 pecan 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 298 pecan 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 299 pecan 18 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

299 pecan 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 300 pecan 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 300 pecan 21 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

301 pecan 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 301 pecan 19 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

302 pecan 19 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 303 pecan 23 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

303 pecan 23 CLEAN 3 Priority 304 pecan 22 CLEAN 3 Priority 305 pecan 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 306 pecan 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 306 pecan 21 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

307 pecan 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 308 pecan 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 309 pecan 16 CLEAN Overhead Lines 3 Priority 311 willow oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 312 willow oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 313 willow oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 314 water oak 40 CLEAN 3 Priority 314 water oak 40 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

315 loblolly pine 30 CLEAN 3 Priority 316 willow oak 10 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 317 willow oak 9 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 318 willow oak 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 319 live oak 32 CLEAN 3 Priority 322 water oak 18 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 323 willow oak 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 324 willow oak 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority

30


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

325 water oak 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 326 water oak 15 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 327 water oak 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 328 willow oak 12 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 329 loblolly pine 10 CLEAN 3 Priority 330 river birch 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 331 river birch 20 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

333 river birch 11 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 334 river birch 16 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

334 river birch 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 334 river birch 16 THIN 3 Priority 348 river birch 21 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

350 river birch 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 350 river birch 15 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

351 river birch 13 CABLE ‐ NEW

3 Priority

353 loblolly pine 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 354 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 355 loblolly pine 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 356 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 357 loblolly pine 18 CLEAN 3 Priority 371 sweetgum 53 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

377 sweetgum 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 398 river birch 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 399 river birch 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 399 river birch 12 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

401 sweetgum 12 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 402 green ash 6 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 404 river birch 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 405 river birch 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 405 river birch 14 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

407 river birch 8 CLEAN 3 Priority 408 river birch 11 CLEAN 3 Priority

31


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

409 river birch 6 CLEAN 3 Priority 410 sweetgum 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 411 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 412 river birch 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 413 river birch 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 415 water oak 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 416 loblolly pine 27 CLEAN 3 Priority 417 loblolly pine 20 CLEAN 3 Priority 417 loblolly pine 20 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

419 loblolly pine 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 423 common baldcypress 13 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 424 blackgum 7 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 426 sweetgum 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 427 water oak 15 THIN 3 Priority 427 water oak 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 428 water oak 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 434 loblolly pine 8 CLEAN 3 Priority 435 loblolly pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 438 sweetgum 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 439 sweetgum 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 443 sweetgum 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 444 sweetgum 10 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 444 sweetgum 10 CLEAN 3 Priority 445 loblolly pine 7 CLEAN 3 Priority 446 sweetgum 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 447 sweetgum 10 CLEAN 3 Priority 450 loblolly pine 19 CLEAN 3 Priority 451 loblolly pine 9 CLEAN 3 Priority 452 loblolly pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 453 loblolly pine 13 CLEAN 3 Priority 454 loblolly pine 12 CLEAN 3 Priority 458 loblolly pine 7 CLEAN 3 Priority 459 loblolly pine 7 CLEAN 3 Priority 461 loblolly pine 23 CLEAN 3 Priority 462 sweetgum 11 CLEAN 3 Priority 463 loblolly pine 7 CLEAN 3 Priority 464 loblolly pine 8 CLEAN 3 Priority

32


Tree ID


GTW Priority

Total Risk Rating

465 loblolly pine 17 CLEAN 3 Priority 466 loblolly pine 15 CLEAN 3 Priority 467 water oak 16 CLEAN 3 Priority 467 water oak 16 THIN 3 Priority 476 loblolly pine 8 STRUCTURE 3 Priority 477 loblolly pine 23 CABLE ‐

NEW 3 Priority

477 loblolly pine 23 CLEAN 3 Priority 489 water oak 21 CLEAN 3 Priority 489 water oak 21 THIN 3 Priority 491 water oak 14 CLEAN 3 Priority 491 water oak 14 THIN 3 Priority

33

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98

9089

8685

71

65

5039

20

336332

248244

196

152

9796

81

76

4436

15

217 178

144

9876543

21

9594

84

80 79

6968

64 6261 58

49484746

4234

32

302926 24 22

2119

141210

495494

491

489

477476

473472

467

465464

461454452450

448446445

438435428

424423

419418

417

416

415411402

398

393388

376

367 364

357355

354353

351

331329

328327326

324

322

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318317314

313311310

309308307

306304

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298297296295293290

288287285

284282

281280

279

277276275

274270

269268

266

264

263262258

257256255

254252

250

243

235

234233232230

227225223

215214213

212210

208207206

204202

201

200198197195193192

191190

186185183

182

181179177

175173

171169

168164

163162159157

155154151

150147

146

142

136134133126

119118117

115105

Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees by Priority Class

±

0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

nm Priority 1

nm Priority 2

nm Priority 3

34

iv. Macon State Soil Management Recommendations

Soil samples are recommended to determine what nutrients may be lacking in the soil, unfavorable soil pH values, and adequacy of soil organic matter. Following laboratory test results, we can implement a prescription fertilization program to balance soil chemistry and optimize conditions for plant growth. Proper mulching of all trees is recommended. Mulches provide many benefits for trees and shrubs. Benefits include; moderating soil, temperatures, reducing soil moisture loss, reducing soil compaction, providing nutrients, and improving soil structure. This results in more root growth and healthier plants. (Refer to Mulch Application Guidelines Technical Report) Bulk density is a measure of the level of soil compaction. This information can be used to diagnose problems, or to determine what size holes to dig for planting. Density analysis requires an undisturbed core sample. If soil density exceeds a measured threshold for a given soil type and tree species, Bartlett’s Root Invigoration Program is recommended. Root collar excavations are recommended for those trees whose buttress roots are covered by excess soil or mulch. Buried root collars can contribute to tree health problems, including girdling roots, basal cankers, and masking root and lower stem decay. (Refer to Root Collar Disorder Technical Report)

Bartlett’s patented Root Invigoration Program aims to improve soil conditions by addressing soil compaction, and promoting new root growth, especially for high value trees in disturbed areas. The process includes taking soil samples to determine what nutrients are deficient, performing a root collar excavation, “air-tilling” a portion of the root zone to find fine roots, incorporating organic matter, prescription fertilization (based on soil sample), and proper mulching. The area of the root system treated can vary by tree. For the Root Invigoration Program to be successful, proper watering techniques must be employed after the process is complete.

Buried Root Collar

Mulch ‘Volcano’

Recently Excavated Root Collar

35


The following trees have chlorotic/ thin canopies. Soil samples/ fertilization is recommended.

Tree ID Common Diameter

17 Virginia pine 25 21 loblolly pine 21 24 live oak 11 31 loblolly pine 13 32 loblolly pine 14 43 Southern magnolia 13 57 loblolly pine 10 83 loblolly pine 16

127 loblolly pine 16 244 sweetgum 18 258 loblolly pine 16 266 loblolly pine 16 274 loblolly pine 14 279 pecan 19

Root collar excavations are recommended for the following trees: Tree ID

Common Diameter Root Collar Excavation?

1 live oak 18 YES 2 loblolly pine 12 YES 3 live oak 13 YES 4 live oak 17 YES 5 live oak 13 YES 7 live oak 14 YES 8 live oak 13 YES

10 live oak 9 YES 11 live oak 15 YES 12 live oak 13 YES 18 loblolly pine 19 YES 19 loblolly pine 13 YES 21 loblolly pine 21 YES 22 live oak 12 YES 23 live oak 17 YES

Tree ID


24 live oak 11 YES 26 live oak 14 YES 27 live oak 13 YES 28 live oak 12 YES 30 pin oak 11 YES 46 white oak 13 YES 54 post oak 9 YES 56 loblolly pine 6 YES 57 loblolly pine 10 YES 58 loblolly pine 12 YES 59 loblolly pine 9 YES 67 post oak 9 YES 75 Southern

magnolia 15 YES

95 pin oak 6 YES 99 loblolly pine 16 YES

100 Southern magnolia

10 YES

115 cherry/ plum spp

18 YES


21 YES

127 loblolly pine 16 YES 140 Southern

magnolia 8 YES


6 YES

146 mockernut hickory

23 YES

170 Virginia pine 16 YES 171 loblolly pine 13 YES 172 willow oak 6 YES 173 willow oak 6 YES 175 Chinese elm 10 YES 176 sawtooth oak 9 YES 177 sawtooth oak 7 YES

36


Tree ID


178 live oak 15 YES 180 willow oak 7 YES 181 willow oak 6 YES 184 live oak 13 YES 195 willow oak 6 YES 198 loblolly pine 20 YES 199 willow oak 6 YES 201 sawtooth oak 9 YES 203 live oak 12 YES 205 live oak 15 YES 206 live oak 15 YES 207 live oak 22 YES 208 live oak 18 YES 209 live oak 13 YES 210 live oak 20 YES 211 live oak 16 YES 212 live oak 26 YES 237 blackgum 17 YES 297 pecan 8 YES 305 pecan 12 YES 448 sweetgum 11 YES

37

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2119

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305297

237

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207206

203

201

199198195

184

181

178177175173

171

146

142 140

127

116

Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees Recommended for Root Collar Excavation

±

0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

38

v. Macon State Pest Management Recommendations

An Integrated Pest Management Program is recommended for trees within the Macon State property to monitor for potentially damaging insects, diseases and cultural problems that were not evident during the course of the inventory. These pests include but are not limited to:

Anthracnose – on a variety of species, especially flowering dogwood. Scab and Rust Fungi – on apple, hawthorn, and serviceberry species. Powdery Mildew – on a variety of species, especially flowering dogwood. Phythopthora Root Rot and Canker – on a variety of tree species. Boring Insects – on a variety of tree species, observed on Tree ID 450 loblolly pine. Caterpillar Defoliators – on a variety of tree species, especially oak. Spidermites – on a variety of tree species. Scale Insects – on a variety of tree species, obscure scale observed on Tree ID 231

scarlett oak and Tree ID 424 blackgum. Bacterial Leaf Scorch – on red oak family.

39

vi. Macon State Conditions Observed

Tree ID

Common Dia Condition

4 live oak 17 Storm damage

4 live oak 17 Co‐dominate stems

5 live oak 13 Co‐dominate stems

12 live oak 13 Girdling root13 eastern redcedar 11 Storm damage

15 red maple 26 Poor branch structure

17 Virginia pine 25 Cavity(s) ‐ stem17 Virginia pine 25 Uneven crown18 loblolly pine 19 Uneven crown19 loblolly pine 13 Uneven crown20 Hybrids 13 Girdling root23 live oak 17 Storm damage


24 live oak 11 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


33 loblolly pine 13 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

34 southern red oak 14 Storm damage


35 live oak 21 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

37 live oak 14 Topping/ heading cuts

40 loblolly pine 16 Uneven crown43 Southern

magnolia 13 Storm damage

46 white oak 13 Storm damage


50 pin oak 24 Storm damage

51 loblolly pine 13 poor canopy ratio54 post oak 9 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


57 loblolly pine 10 Uneven crown58 loblolly pine 12 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


62 English oak 15 Storm damage

64 English oak 14 Cavity(s)‐ root flare64 English oak 14 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

66 post oak 13 Storm damage

Tree ID


68 post oak 13 Storm damage

74 cherry/ plum spp 14 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

74 cherry/ plum spp 14 Cavity(s) ‐ stem83 loblolly pine 16 Construction

damge 83 loblolly pine 16 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

84 loblolly pine 13 Construction damge

87 loblolly pine 13 Uneven crown91 post oak 13 Storm damage

94 blackgum 12 Storm damage

102 red maple 23 Co‐dominate stems

102 red maple 23 Cavity(s) ‐ stem102 red maple 23 Storm damage

104 post oak 14 Cavity(s)‐ root flare109 post oak 11 Uneven crown112 red maple 9 Cavity(s) ‐ stem112 red maple 9 Conk/Mushroom

117 cherry/ plum spp 16 gumossis

117 cherry/ plum spp 16 Cavity(s) ‐ stem124 loblolly pine 15 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


129 loblolly pine 17 Cavity(s)‐ root flare130 loblolly pine 15 Soil heaving133 willow oak 20 Storm damage

135 willow oak 25 Storm damage

135 willow oak 25 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

137 loblolly pine 19 Cavity(s) ‐ stem147 willow oak 24 Storm damage

148 water oak 20 Storm damage

151 sawtooth oak 11 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

151 sawtooth oak 11 Storm damage

152 willow oak 16 Hanger(s)153 water oak 16 Storm damage

159 pin oak 22 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


162 willow oak 14 Girdling root162 willow oak 14 Storm damage

40


Tree ID




170 Virginia pine 16 Co‐dominate stems

184 live oak 13 Wound(s) ‐ crown



8 wet wood


7 wet wood


217 loblolly pine 14 Co‐dominate stems


222 cherry/ plum spp 30 gumosis 224 cherry/ plum spp 21 gumosis 226 winged elm 18 Cavity(s) ‐ crown226 winged elm 18 Crack(s) 232 Ogeche tupalo 8 Girdling root234 trident maple 6 Girdling root237 blackgum 17 Co‐dominate

stems 237 blackgum 17 Storm damage

238 river birch 27 Storm damage

243 sweetgum 13 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

246 sweetgum 15 Co‐dominate stems

248 sweetgum 15 Cavity(s)‐ root flare254 loblolly pine 18 Uneven crown255 loblolly pine 16 Co‐dominate

stems 256 loblolly pine 20 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

257 white oak 9 Co‐dominate stems




269 loblolly pine 15 Uneven crown271 loblolly pine 13 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

272 loblolly pine 14 Uneven crown

Tree ID


273 loblolly pine 15 Lean 274 loblolly pine 14 Cavity(s)‐ root flare275 loblolly pine 16 Cavity(s) ‐ stem278 loblolly pine 10 poor shoot to

crown 282 pecan 18 Storm damage

283 pecan 25 Storm damage






290 pecan 24 Cavity(s) ‐ stem291 pecan 26 Cavity(s) ‐ stem291 pecan 26 Crack(s) 295 pecan 19 Storm damage


297 pecan 8 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

298 pecan 8 Cavity(s) ‐ stem301 pecan 19 Conk/Mushroom

303 pecan 23 Conk/Mushroom


309 pecan 16 Uneven crown314 water oak 40 Conk/Mushroom

314 water oak 40 misltoe 316 willow oak 10 twine 317 willow oak 9 twine 318 willow oak 7 twine 319 live oak 32 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

319 live oak 32 Hanger(s)320 willow oak 18 Cavity(s) ‐ stem320 willow oak 18 Crack(s) 320 willow oak 18 misltoe 321 willow oak 18 Storm damage

321 willow oak 18 misltoe 332 river birch 15 Hanger(s)334 river birch 16 Co‐dominate

stems 336 river birch 8 Hanger(s)

41


Tree ID






358 sweetgum 17 Storm damage

360 red maple 20 Storm damage

362 sweetgum 12 Cavity(s) ‐ stem363 yellow‐poplar 11 Storm damage

364 yellow‐poplar 13 Storm damage


370 yellow‐poplar 11 Cavity(s) ‐ stem371 sweetgum 53 Storm damage


374 sweetbay 17 Cavity(s)‐ root flare374 sweetbay 17 Storm damage



379 sweetbay 15 Storm damage



389 sweetbay 11 Lean 392 sweetgum 25 Girdling root392 sweetgum 25 Storm damage


396 river birch 23 Cavity(s) ‐ stem396 river birch 23 Lean 397 river birch 12 Lean 398 river birch 16 Lean 400 loblolly pine 20 Wounds(s) ‐ stem

400 loblolly pine 20 Uneven crown403 sweetgum 24 Storm damage

404 river birch 12 Cavity(s) ‐ stem405 river birch 14 Co‐dominate

stems 406 river birch 11 Storm damage

411 loblolly pine 20 Uneven crown414 river birch 14 Storm damage

415 water oak 13 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


Tree ID



420 common baldcypress

6 Storm damage


6 Girdling root



435 loblolly pine 12 Uneven crown436 loblolly pine 9 poor crown stem

ratio 437 loblolly pine 10 poor crown stem

ratio 441 sweetgum 12 Co‐dominate

stems 447 sweetgum 10 Wounds(s) ‐ stem











465 loblolly pine 17 Storm damage



470 blackgum 28 Wounds(s) ‐ stem


472 red maple 12 Storm damage



485 loblolly pine 18 Conk/Mushroom




492 live oak 28 Uneven crown494 sweetgum 27 Storm damage


42

vii. Macon State Storm Damage Plan

In 2008 the Macon State College Campus was struck by a series of tornados that felled and severely damaged a large percentage of the campus’ tree canopy. Broken and damaged limbs were headed back on trees left standing to mitigate potential hazards. A pruning program to restore the crowns is recommended. This is a multi-year process involving thinning and reduction of sprouts (see figure below). All pruning should be done by a qualified arborist.

Restoring the trees’ health will be of primary concern. Bartlett’s patented Root Invigoration Program aims to improve soil conditions by addressing soil compaction, and promoting new root growth, especially for high value trees in disturbed areas. The process includes taking soil samples to determine what nutrients are deficient, performing a root collar excavation, “air-tilling” a portion of the root zone to find fine roots, incorporating organic matter, prescription fertilization (based on soil sample), and proper mulching. The area of the root system treated can vary by tree. For the Root Invigoration Program to be successful, proper watering techniques must be employed after the process is complete. Proper mulching of all trees is recommended. Mulches provide many benefits for trees and shrubs. Benefits include; moderating soil, temperatures, reducing soil moisture loss, reducing soil compaction, providing nutrients, and improving soil structure. This results in more root growth and healthier plants. (Refer to Mulch Application Guidelines Technical Report)

43


Finally, a program of scheduled inspections is recommended for early detection and treatment of pest problems. Storm damaged plants are particularly susceptible to attacks by insects known as borers. Weakened and susceptible trees and shrubs need to be treated preventatively before borers attack. The following is a list of trees damaged by the tornados: Tree ID Common Diameter

71 southern red oak 40

50 pin oak 24

196 pin oak 14



62 English oak 15

64 English oak 14

66 post oak 13

91 post oak 13

94 blackgum 12

119 post oak 7

135 willow oak 25

146 mockernut hickory 23

147 willow oak 24

148 water oak 20

153 water oak 16

154 water oak 20

155 pin oak 9

158 pin oak 21

159 pin oak 22

160 water oak 17

161 willow oak 15

162 willow oak 14

163 willow oak 21

164 willow oak 16

165 willow oak 17

183 pecan 13


197 pin oak 18

203 live oak 12

214 pin oak 21

237 blackgum 17

238 river birch 27


268 willow oak 17

279 pecan 19

282 pecan 18

283 pecan 25

284 pecan 23

285 pecan 46

286 pecan 20

287 pecan 22

288 pecan 22

289 pecan 17

295 pecan 19

296 pecan 15

321 willow oak 18

331 river birch 20

341 blackgum 21

345 blackgum 16

358 sweetgum 17

359 sweetgum 13

360 red maple 20

363 yellow‐poplar 11

364 yellow‐poplar 13

366 sweetgum 25

367 sweetgum 12

371 sweetgum 53

373 sweetgum 23

375 blackgum 25

376 blackgum 16

379 sweetbay 15

381 blackgum 26

386 sweetgum 32

388 blackgum 14

392 sweetgum 25

393 sweetgum 23

44



394 blackgum 18

403 sweetgum 24

406 river birch 11

414 river birch 14

418 blackgum 15

420 common baldcypress 6

448 sweetgum 11

470 blackgum 28

472 red maple 12

473 blackgum 14

494 sweetgum 27

495 pecan 13

45

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94

71

66

64 62

61

50

48

495494

473472

448420

418 414406

393

388379376

367 364360

345331

321

296295

289288287

285284

282

279

268

238

214

203197196

186183

165164

163162

160159

155154

153148

147

146

135

119

91

470

403

394392

386381375373

371366363

359358

341

286283

237

161158

Macon State College Tree Inventory, 2009Trees Recommended for Storm Remediation Treatments

±

0 375 750 1,125 1,500187.5Feet

46

viii. Macon State Entire Inventory

Tree ID

Common Diameter Type of Planting

Height Age Class

Canopy Radius

Stems ConditionRoot Infringement

Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

1 live oak 18 Medium (16 to 35')

Mature 20 1 Fair 51%‐75% NO NO 3 Priority

$4,050

2 loblolly pine 12 Large (>35')

Mature 10 1 Good 25%‐50% NO NO 3 Priority

$2,714


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good 25%‐50% NO NO 3 Priority

$2,958

4 live oak 17 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature


$5,058


Semi‐mature


$2,958


Semi‐mature


$1,750


Semi‐mature


$3,430


Semi‐mature


$2,958


Semi‐mature


$5,671


Semi‐mature

5 1 Fair 25%‐50% NO NO 3 Priority

$1,013


Semi‐mature


$3,938


Semi‐mature


$2,958

13 eastern redcedar

11 Medium (16 to 35')


$2,118

14 cherry/ plum spp

14 Medium (16 to 35')

Mature 10 3 Good <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$2,639

15 red maple 26 Large Mature 15 3 Fair <25% NO NO 2 $9,751

47


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority



$10,856

17 Virginia pine 25 Large (>35')


$7,212

18 loblolly pine 19 Individual Large (>35')


$6,804


Mature 10 1 Fair <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$2,275

20 Hybrids 13 Multiple 9 Large (>35')


$3,185



$5,937


Semi‐mature


$2,520


Semi‐mature


$3,613


Semi‐mature


$1,513


Semi‐mature


$3,430


Semi‐mature


$3,430


Semi‐mature


$2,958


Semi‐mature


$2,520

29 pin oak 9 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$1,854

48


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value


Semi‐mature


$2,769



$2,275

32 loblolly pine 14 Medium (16 to 35')

Mature 10 1 Poor <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$1,583


Mature 10 1 Poor 25%‐50% NO NO $1,365

34 southern red oak

14 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Poor <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$1,583



$7,718



$5,671



$3,430



$3,938

39 Hybrids 12 Multiple 3 Medium (16 to 35')


$2,714



$4,825


14 Large (>35')


$3,694


24 Large (>35')


$10,856


13 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

15 1 Fair <25% NO NO $2,275

44 American 8 Multiple 7 Large Mature 10 1 Good <25% NO NO 2 $1,379

49


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

holly (>35') Priority



$6,107

46 white oak 13 Large (>35')


$1,853

47 hackberry 13 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature

15 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$3,413

48 southern red oak

27 Large (>35')


$9,814



$2,639

50 pin oak 24 Large (>35')


$9,416


Mature 10 1 Fair <25% NO NO $2,275


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,885


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,885

54 post oak 9 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$1,527


Semi‐mature

5 1 Good <25% NO NO $924


Young 5 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$679



$808



$1,939

50


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,527



61 southern red oak

25 Large (>35')


$8,414

62 English oak 15 Large (>35')


$3,678


6 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Good 25%‐50% YES NO $679



$3,204



$1,978

66 post oak 13 Large (>35')


$3,185


Semi‐mature

5 1 Fair <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$1,090



$2,275

69 cherry/ plum spp

6 Multiple 3 Small (<15')


$346


15 Large (>35')

Mature 20 2 Good <25% NO NO $4,241

71 southern red oak

40 Large (>35')


$19,705



$7,539

73 cherry/ plum 18 Medium Mature 10 5 Good <25% NO NO 3 $4,362

51


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

spp (16 to 35') Priority

74 cherry/ plum spp

14 Medium (16 to 35')


$1,885


15 Large (>35')


76 flowering dogwood

8 Large (>35')


$775

77 flowering dogwood

12 Large (>35')

Mature 10 1 Good 25%‐50% YES NO 3 Priority

$1,745


14 Large (>35')


$3,694


7 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature


$924

80 red maple 6 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$727



$7,539



$2,275



$4,825



$2,275



$9,971

86 American holly

10 Large (>35')


$2,154



52


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value




Mature 30 1 Good <25% YES NO 1 Priority

$18,618



$6,318



$2,275



$2,281



$4,241

94 blackgum 12 Large (>35')


$2,631



$824

96 river birch 19 Large (>35')

Mature 15 2 Good <25% YES YES 2 Priority

$7,290



$9,774



$7,539



$4,825


10 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 2 Good <25% NO NO $1,885


10 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 2 Good <25% NO NO $1,885

102 red maple 23 Large Mature 15 1 Fair 25%‐50% NO NO $7,630

53


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35')

103 red maple 16 Large (>35')

Mature 20 1 Fair <25% YES NO 3 Priority

$3,693





$1,292


13 Large (>35')



28 Large (>35')


$14,777



$2,639



$1,629


Mature 15 1 Good NO NO $4,241



$1,947



$701



$5,770


14 Large (>35')



18 Medium (16 to 35')


$3,116


21 Large (>35')


$5,937

54


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value


16 Medium (16 to 35')


$2,462

118 sweetgum 15 Large (>35')


$4,544



$924













$4,825


Mature 20 1 Good NO NO 3 Priority

$4,825









131 loblolly pine 16 Large Mature 20 1 Good <25% NO NO $4,825

55


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35')



133 willow oak 20 Large (>35')


$9,693



$9,970



$10,818



$10,687




11 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $2,281



Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,527


8 Small (<15')

Young 5 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,206



Young 5 1 Good <25% NO NO $924


6 Small (<15')


$679




$990



$8,906


12 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature


$2,908

56


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

146 mockernut hickory

23 Large (>35')


$7,122



$9,970

148 water oak 20 Large (>35')


$5,385



$4,480

150 sawtooth oak 9 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$1,745


Semi‐mature


$2,606



$4,431



$3,446



$5,385



$1,324



$4,825



$2,714



$7,209



$7,912

160 water oak 17 Large Mature 20 1 Fair <25% NO NO 3 $3,891

57


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority



$3,895



$3,393



$7,633



$4,431



$5,002

166 Virginia pine 11 Medium (16 to 35')


$1,396

167 southern red oak



$679



$2,326


Semi‐mature


$5,058



$4,136



$3,185

172 willow oak 6 Medium (16 to 35')


$872


Young 5 1 Good 25%‐50% NO NO 3 Priority

$872

174 Chinese elm 7 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature


$858

58


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

175 Chinese elm 10 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature


$1,750


Semi‐mature


$1,745



$1,055



$3,938

179 bur oak 6 Medium (16 to 35')


$775



$1,187



$872



$3,938

183 pecan 13 Large (>35')


$2,600


Semi‐mature


$2,958



$13,721

186 southern red oak

24 Large (>35')


$7,755


22 Large (>35')




Semi‐mature

10 1 Good NO NO 3 Priority

$0

59


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



Semi‐mature


$1,465



Semi‐mature


$1,121

191 American hornbeam


Semi‐mature


$824

192 American hornbeam


Semi‐mature


$1,121



$15,751



$872



$872



$3,204



$5,297



$7,539



$872



$872



$1,745

202 loblolly pine 15 Large Mature 15 1 Good 25%‐50% NO NO 3 $4,241

60


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority



$1,800



$4,480



$3,938



$3,938



$8,471



$5,671



$2,113



$7,001



$4,480



$11,831



$2,763



$7,209



$5,671



$3,694

61


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



$3,694



$4,825



$2,714



$2,281



$3,185


30 Medium (16 to 35')


$8,655



$14,722


21 Multiple 3 Large (>35')


$4,241



$30,168

226 winged elm 18 Large (>35')




$5,170



$1,854


Young 5 1 Fair 25%‐50% NO NO 3 Priority

$589

230 scarlet oak 8 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$1,034

231 scarlet oak 9 Medium Semi‐ 15 1 Good 25%‐50% NO NO 3 $1,309

62


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(16 to 35') mature Priority

232 Ogeche tupalo

8 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature


$1,465

233 American redbud



$436

234 trident maple 6 Medium (16 to 35')


$630



$3,029



$872



$5,280



$6,309

239 Chinese fringe tree


Mature 10 1 Good <25% NO NO $824









$9,122



$3,413


Mature 15 1 Poor 25%‐50% NO NO 1 Priority

$2,804



$3,245

63


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



$4,544



$4,544



$1,947


Semi‐mature


$3,185



$6,804



$4,825



$5,447



$4,241



$4,362



$4,825



$7,539

257 white oak 9 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$2,072



$3,446



$4,825

260 loblolly pine 15 Large Mature 20 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 $4,241

64


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority


Mature 20 1 Good <25% NO YES 3 Priority

$3,694



$679



$3,694



$6,804





$3,446



$6,107



$5,002



$3,029



$5,447





$3,694





$2,639

65


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



$4,825



$7,539



$6,107





$5,554



$4,847



$10,426



$4,985



$9,616



$8,139



$27,282



$6,154



$7,447



$7,447

289 pecan 17 Large Mature 15 1 Poor <25% NO NO 3 $2,668

66


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority



$8,862





$8,139



$10,401



$7,776



$5,554



$3,462

297 pecan 8 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature


$985

298 pecan 8 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature


$985



$6,979



$9,499



$7,776


Semi‐mature


$7,776



$8,139

67


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



$7,447


Semi‐mature


$2,216



$9,499

307 pecan 15 Medium (16 to 35')


$3,462



$3,939



$3,939

310 callery pear Bradford

16 Large (>35')


$2,216


Semi‐mature


$2,932


Semi‐mature


$2,932


Semi‐mature


$2,932



$27,587



$16,963


Semi‐mature


$2,423


Semi‐mature


$1,963

318 willow oak 7 Medium Semi‐ 10 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 $1,187

68


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(16 to 35') mature Priority



$17,559


Mature 10 1 Poor <25% NO NO $3,365



$3,365

322 water oak 18 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$4,362



$2,925



$2,932



$2,714



$3,029

327 water oak 8 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$862



$2,493

329 loblolly pine 10 Multiple 27

Large (>35')

Semi‐mature


$1,885

330 river birch 8 Multiple 5 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature


$1,292



$5,770



$4,544

69


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



$2,443



$5,170





$1,292











$8,057









$4,677



347 river birch 10 Large Mature 10 1 Good <25% NO NO $2,019

70


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35')



$8,906





$4,544



$3,413





$6,804



$6,107



$3,694



$3,185



$6,107



$4,169



$3,413



$3,462



71


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



363 yellow‐poplar 11 Large (>35')


$1,047



$2,438



$4,544



$12,621



$2,908

368 Pond cypress 7 Small (<15')

Young 5 1 Good NO NO $0

369 Pond cypress 7 Small (<15')

Young 5 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,121


Semi‐mature

10 1 Fair <25% NO NO $1,745



$30,225





$4,578

374 sweetbay 17 Large (>35')




$11,419

376 blackgum 16 Large Mature 10 1 Poor <25% NO NO 3 $2,806

72


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority


Semi‐mature


$990

378 blackgum 6 Small (<15')




$3,462





$7,411



383 sweetgum 8 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,292







$20,260

387 sweetbay 11 Medium (16 to 35')




$5,014




14 Large (>35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $3,958

73


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value



Semi‐mature

5 1 Good <25% NO NO $990



$5,409



$10,683



$3,552









$5,170



$2,908





$2,077

402 green ash 6 Medium (16 to 35')


$727



$8,308



$2,908

405 river birch 14 Large Mature 10 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 $3,958

74


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') Priority



$1,745

407 river birch 8 Medium (16 to 35')


$923



$2,443

409 river birch 6 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$519



$3,413



$7,539



$2,908



$3,413



$1,696


Semi‐mature


$2,275



$13,740



$7,539



$4,111



$8,312

75


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value


6 Small (<15')

Young 5 1 Fair <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$519








13 Medium (16 to 35')


$3,413

424 blackgum 7 Small (<15')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Poor <25% NO NO 3 Priority

$537





$3,413



$4,241



$3,694














21 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

5 3 Good <25% NO NO $8,312

434 loblolly pine 8 Large Semi‐ 10 1 Fair <25% NO NO 3 $862

76


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35') mature Priority



$1,939







$2,443



$2,443









$2,443

444 sweetgum 10 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature


$2,019


Semi‐mature


$924



$2,443



$2,019



$1,745

77


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value





$6,804



$1,527



$2,714



$3,185



$2,714


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $990




Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $924


Semi‐mature


$660


Semi‐mature


$924


Semi‐mature

5 1 Good <25% NO NO $990



$7,122



$2,443

463 loblolly pine 7 Medium Young 10 1 Good <25% NO NO 3 $924

78


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(16 to 35') Priority


Semi‐mature


$1,206



$3,891



$4,241



$3,446







$8,595



$3,552



$1,246



$3,581

474 yellow‐poplar 7 Medium (16 to 35')

Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $990

475 yellow‐poplar 6 Medium (16 to 35')




$1,206



$9,971

79


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value


Young 10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,206




















Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $2,714



$5,937





$3,694

492 live oak 28 Large Mature 20 1 Fair <25% NO NO $9,801

80


Tree ID


Height Age Class

Canopy Radius


Volunteer Removal?

Poison Plant?

GTW Priority

Estimated Value

(>35')





$10,515


Semi‐mature

10 1 Fair <25% YES YES 3 Priority

$2,600


Semi‐mature

10 1 Fair <25% NO NO $1,862


Semi‐mature

15 1 Good <25% NO NO $2,606


Semi‐mature

10 1 Good <25% NO NO $1,745





81

MoniTor IPM program

Bartlett offers a progressive, effective alternative to conventional landscape pest control that I recommend for your property. This would be the most efficient way to manage the insect and disease pest of the plants throughout the property. Bartlett’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is called MoniTor, this program requires a greater investment of time, but dramatically reduces the amount of pesticides used by as much as 90 percent. With MoniTor we optimize suppression while minimizing the use of pesticides through preventive maintenance and early detection of problems. The MoniTor program consists of scheduled visits to inspect the plants around the property for insects, mites, diseases or cultural problems. Nonchemical interference is given first priority. For example, mulching and the release of beneficial insects can be very effective in some instances. When stronger control is needed, we use horticultural oil, insecticidal soap and several of the synthetic pyrethrums. Chemical control is always the last alternative. Most MoniTor program are designed as follows: • Schedule a series of inspections for all the woody plants by a trained IPM monitor. • During each inspection, the monitor will identify and treat insect and disease problems. Low level, non-harmful insect populations will not be treated unless damage to the plant exceeds a tolerable level. Health and aesthetic appearance will determine this level. • Identification of beneficial insects also would be performed. When present in sufficient numbers, these predatory insects may help control harmful insects, avoiding the use of chemicals. • If a spray application is warranted, the most benign product available will be used. These products will usually be naturally occurring materials such as oil, soap, pyrethrums or a synthetic material of similar properties. Such products minimally impact both beneficial insects and the environment. • Cultural treatments such as soil pH adjustment, root collar inspections and mulch adjustments will be included. • This program will be limited to trees less than 40 feet in height. • You will receive a written report from the monitor following each inspection. This report will include: description of problems, treatments applied, observations of plant conditions and recommendations. • As needed, we will perform soil tests in problem areas to identify pH, nutrient or other soil concerns as well as conduct insect and disease analysis from Bartlett's Research Laboratories when problems cannot be identified on site. An investment in the MoniTor IPM program is an environmentally sound means to maintain your plants in top condition.

Maintenance Pruning Standard: A Simplified View

E. Thomas Smiley, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist Bruce R. Fraedrich, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist

“Correct pruning cuts should be made close to the branch collar. Do not leave stubs and do not injure the collar”. For many years, correct removal of branches has been synonymous with proper tree pruning. The new American National Standards Institute (ANSI) A-300 Pruning Standard brings the tree back into focus. It places emphasis on developing pruning goals based on specific needs of the plant. The Standard also provides clear, concise and descriptive terminology that arborists, tree workers and consumers can readily understand. When pruning, arborists must decide which branches to remove. Will only defective limbs be removed or is there a benefit to thinning out live branches? Should the tree remain the same height and spread or are reductions necessary? Are low limbs interfering with traffic and require raising? What is the size limit on branches to be removed? Before removing any branches, several factors must be considered. What is the condition of the tree? What are the landscape functions provided by the tree? Will pruning maintain or enhance those functions? Are structural defects or storm damage present that should be removed? Are branches interfering with powerlines,

houses, and walkways? Is the tree too dense or does it need shaping? Will the tree tolerate removal of live branches? What are the customer’s expectations and budget? The answers to these questions will govern how and to what extent the tree is pruned. Four basic pruning techniques are used to maintain trees. Depending on tree requirements, client expectations and budget, one or more of the techniques will be used to maintain the plant.

Before pruning

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2Crown thinning is the removal of live, healthy branches on trees with dense crowns. This improves light penetration and air movement, and decreases wind resistance, thus reducing pest infestations and decreasing the risk of storm damage.

Crown thinning Thinning can also be used to reduce weight of individual limbs and to slow the growth rate on overly vigorous limbs. This pruning technique is most commonly needed on young, rapidly growing trees. On slower growing mature trees, thinning is mainly used when weight reduction is needed on individual limbs to compensate for structural defects. Usually, thinning is performed in conjunction with crown cleaning. Virtually all-urban trees benefit from periodic crown cleaning. This is the removal of defective limbs including those that are dead, dying, diseased, rubbing, and structurally unsound. Cleaning reduces the risk of branch failures, improves plant health and enhances tree appearance by removing limbs that are unsightly, unhealthy and unsound. Although removal of healthy branches is technically “thinning”, selective removal of watersprouts is included in the cleaning specification. Before selecting this option, arborists must judge whether sprout

removal will benefit the tree. Stripping sprouts is rarely beneficial and may eventually create many more problems for the tree. The Standard also states that one-half of the foliage should be evenly distributed in the lower two-thirds of the

crown and individual limbs. Crown cleaning

Unnecessary sprout removal and removal of all lower branches would certainly violate this rule. The concept of not removing sprouts must be clearly conveyed to consumers since many homeowners equate proper pruning with removal of interior limbs. There are a few exceptions where removal of watersprouts is beneficial. Removing sprouts on dogwoods in areas where Discula anthracnose is present is recommended to reduce risk of cankers in larger branches, for example. Leaving interior and lower branches on a tree is equally important when thinning the crown. In order not to violate the one-half the foliage on the lower two-thirds rule, the majority of thinning cuts are on the outer portion of the crown, not the inside. This means working with pole tools or from an aerial lift. After large deadwood and structural problems have been corrected using a chainsaw, hand or pneumatic tools are used for thinning. Crown reduction is needed on trees or individual limbs that are growing close to

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3buildings, other trees, or utility wires. Reduction may also be necessary to prevent or correct storm damage and to shorten errant branches to provide a more desirable shape. This type of pruning involves reducing the height or spread of the crown or individual limbs. Certain species such as beech and sugar maple respond poorly to reductions so consideration must be given to the ability of the species to tolerate this procedure. When reducing a leader or branch cut back to a lateral branch that is large enough to assume dominance. The size of the remaining lateral is not specified in the Standard since it varies with tree species and tree condition. Typically, a lateral one-third the diameter of the parent limb is selected. If the lateral is smaller, the limb will either dieback or sprout profusely. If the lateral is considerably larger than the one-third guideline, then thinning the remaining lateral should be considered due to the risk of storm damage. The remaining lateral should be growing in a direction that will maintain a desirable shape and not interfere with objects within the pruning cycle. When lower limbs interfere with mowing, traffic, people or utilities, pruning is needed to provide clearance. While removal of lower limbs goes under many names, the one that has been selected is crown raising. Limbs can either be removed at

Crowing raising the trunk or downward growing branches can be removed at the parent limb. Thinning the ends of a heavy limb may accomplish the same goal if the limb raises when weight is removed. When raising is performed, limb levels generally are left at a uniform height around the tree to provide symmetry. These are the four primary types of maintenance pruning - thinning, cleaning, reduction and raising. Other pruning techniques and systems are discussed in the Standard, including crown restoration, vista pruning, young tree pruning, espalier, pollarding and palm pruning. These techniques are generally performed to achieve specific goals that are separate from maintenance considerations or are oriented to a specific type of tree. Consult the Standard for descriptions of these pruning types. The majority of established trees can benefit from one or more maintenance pruning types. How can you prune a tree in more than one way? Easy! If a tree is

Before pruning growing next to a house and has deadwood and limbs rubbing against the roof, it needs crown cleaning throughout and reduction or raising of the limbs over the residence. You may use any of the techniques, or combination of techniques, to provide exactly what the tree needs and the customer wants. Choosing the correct

BTRL 12/99 TR-67

4pruning technique(s) is relatively easy, even for an inexperienced arborist, because the tree guides the decision making process. If the tree has deadwood - clean it; if overly thick - thin it; if to tall - reduce it; if too low - raise it. Once the technique(s) have been decided, and then the size of the smallest limb to prune is the next consideration. Typically, the sizes that have been used are 1/2”, 1”, 2” or 4”. However, no numbers are specified in the Standard so you can select any size that meets the needs of the specific tree and customer objectives. If 1” minimum is selected, then limbs 1” in diameter at the point of attachment and larger would be removed when the branches meet the requirements of the technique. The size of the smallest limb to be pruned should be adjusted for the tree and the client’s budget. When crown cleaning a small tree such as a Japanese maple, the smallest branch to remove might be specified at 1/2 inch in diameter. This means that dead, dying, diseased or weak branches greater than 1/2 inch are removed. If 1/4” diameter is chosen instead, the time required to complete the task is easily doubled or tripled. Arborists and consumers must realize that more is not always better when it comes to pruning. The amount of foliage that should be pruned from mature trees is now less than before. The Standard specifies that

not more than one quarter of the leaf surface be removed during a single pruning operation. This will benefit the tree by maintaining a greater leaf surface area for producing photosynthates (energy). When work is sold, whether to a municipality, commercial account or residential client, the pruning technique and minimum branch size must be specified, explained and discussed. This will foster fair competition and help ensure that both client and arborist understand what is to be accomplished by pruning. There should be no surprises for the client when purchasing tree work. To ensure this, tree workers as well as the arborist must understand the Standard. If a client selects crown cleaning but budget constraints require pruning 2” and larger limbs, then the crew cannot take the time to remove 1/2-inch limbs. In summary, the new Standard encourages arborists to prune trees based on the tree’s need. This is a significant improvement from the days when we tried to “fit” the tree to a predetermined, artificial classification. Basing pruning on the tree’s needs make the principles described hold true for hardwoods and conifers, small ornamentals and large shade trees, young trees and mature trees. The terminology in the Standard is a change for most arborists, but it is user friendly and descriptive. Industry professionals as well as consumers should readily adopt the terminology and techniques.

Correct pruning Improper pruning

Root Collar Disorders E. Thomas Smiley, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist

A tree’s root collar is the area where the roots join the main stem or trunk. This area is typified by a flare leading to the major roots (Figure 1). The root collar is part of the tree’s trunk. Unlike roots, the trunk is not specialized to resist constant soil moisture. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the phloem (inner bark) is inhibited by this water. Over a period of years the lack of gas exchange will kill

phloem cells. This interferes with the downward movement of food (photosynthate) to the roots, eventually leading to root dieback and reduced water uptake. Root collars with declining phloem are more susceptible to infection and disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi, especially Phytophthora, Leptographium and Armillaria. Often root collars are buried during landscaping projects when fill soil is distributed around the tree. When trees are transplanted, they may settle in the planting hole or be set too deeply. Some trees arrive from the nursery with excess soil against the root collar. Excessive mulch may also lead to death of the root collar. Mulch layers should not exceed four inches in thickness and should never be placed against the root collar. SYMPTOMS Symptoms of root collar disorders are often first evident as foliage yellowing, early leaf coloration and drop, and dieback in the upper crown. Some trees will show no symptoms at all prior to their death during a hot dry period of the summer. Secondary invaders such as canker fungi and insect borers often invade trees stressed by root collar problems. These cankers may cause sunken areas near the soil line.

Figure 1. Typical root collar

BTRL 12/99 TR-70

2

Since a disruption of translocation has occurred, some of the growth regulators responsible for hardening off in preparation for winter may not have reached the above ground portion of the tree. Dieback due to winter injury thus may also be a symptom of a root collar problem, which becomes apparent in the spring. Most tree and shrub species can develop problems from root collar burial. Very sensitive plants include sugar maple, California live oak, dogwood; Japanese black pine and Eastern white pine. DIAGNOSIS The easiest way to check a tree for a root collar disorder is to look for natural root flare. If flare is present, the problem is most likely elsewhere. If no root flare is present, an excavation should be made or the soil should be probed with a stiff wire to locate the buttress roots. This should be done within two to four inches of the trunk. Care should be taken not to damage the bark. To determine if the soil or mulch against the collar has started to cause problems, remove a small amount of bark and sapwood from the trunk just above the roots. If the inner bark is reddish brown and moist, and the sapwood is creamy white, the phloem dieback is due to abiotic (noninfectious) factors. Phytophthora produces a reddish brown color in the phloem, which progresses into the sapwood where a black stain is produced. Infection may also extend above the soil line. Armillaria produces a white spongy rot of the phloem and sapwood accompanied by a white fungal mycelium fan and black shoestring-like rhizomorphs. Leptographium also kills the phloem and stains pine wood bluish black. TREATMENT If a tree is severely declining from a root collar disorder, removal is recommended before it becomes hazardous. If decline

symptoms are detected early, remedial actions can be taken which may save the tree. First, all soil or mulch in contact with the root collar must be removed. Root collar excavations can be done by carefully using small digging tools and a brush. An alternative for excavating a large number of trees is a compressed air device or high-pressure water. Whichever method is used, great care must be used next to the tree to avoid more injury. Soil should be removed from an area as large as possible around the trunk. A radius of six inches is the minimum excavation, which should be done. It is best if the slope angle of the excavated area is not more than 20°. Excavations should not injure roots over 1/4” in diameter. Adventitious roots over 1/4” should not be removed from the trunk since they may be providing substantial amounts of water and nutrients to the tree.

Figure 2. Excavated root collar

BTRL 12/99 TR-70

3

The well, which is created by this excavation, may either slope to the original grade (Figure 2) or be lined with treated

wood, brick or stone (Figure 3). A layer of mulch up to four inches thick is appropriate on top of the soil, but not against the bark. If it is not practical to leave the well open, it can be filled with coarse gravel. Dirt will need to be removed from the gravel every four or five years. The second action to be taken is fertilization. Recommendations should be based on soil analysis. The third action is to provide appropriate irrigation during dry periods. Most tree species require one inch of water per week during the growing season. Care should be taken not to over water. Irrigation water should never be applied directly to the trunk or root collar area. In summary, trees and shrubs with buried root collars may decline and are more susceptible to attack by secondary pests. It is best to treat the situation as soon as it is discovered by means of a root collar excavation. Other actions such as fertilizing and mulching will promote tree health, thus improving chances for recovery.

Selected References

Britton, J. C. 1992. Revealing Examinations. Tree Care Industry 3 (5) 16, 18. Drilias, M. J., J. E. Kuntz and G. L. Worf. 1982. Collar Rot and Basal Canker of Sugar Maple, Journal of Arboriculture 8 (2): 29 - 33. McCain, A. H., and R. D. Raabe. 1977. Armillaria Root Rot - Oak Root Fungus. University of California Leaflet 2590 and 7066. Sinclair, W. A., H. H. Lyon and W. T. Johnson. 1987. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs, pages 286, 308 - 313. Smiley, E. T. 1991. National Epidemic Reported: Improper Planting is Killing Trees. Arbor Age 11(12): 38-39. Smiley, E. T. 1991. Root Collar Disorders. Arbor Age 11(12): 40-41. Drawings by: Mary McKay, Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories

Figure 3. Excavated root collar with retaining wall

Mulch Application Guidelines E. Thomas Smiley, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist

Mulches provide many benefits for trees and shrubs. They moderate soil temperatures, reduce soil moisture loss, reduce soil compaction, provide nutrients, improve soil structure, keep mowers and string trimmers away from the trunk. These benefits result in more root growth and healthier plants. When applying mulch the following guidelines should be observed:

1. The best mulch materials are wood

chips, bark nuggets, composted leaves or pine needles. Plastic, stone, sawdust, finely shredded bark, and grass clippings should be avoided. Do not use redwood or walnut mulch due to allelopathic effects.

Figure 1. Mulch should be applied from the trunk to the dripline.

2. Mulch should be applied from the

dripline to the trunk (Figure 1). If this

is not practical, minimum mulch circle radii should be 3 feet for small trees, 8 feet for medium trees and 12 feet for large trees.

3. When applying mulch it is not

necessary to kill or remove existing ground cover. However, turf should be mowed very short and clippings removed prior to application. Mulch should be applied directly to the soil surface, do not use landscape fabric to separate the mulch from the soil.

Figure 2. Mulch layer should be 2-4 inches thick and not be against the trunk.

4. Mulch layer should be 2-4 inches

thick depending on tree species and mulch (Figure 2).

5. Additional mulch should be added

to maintain a 2-4 inch depth.

6. Mulch should not be placed against the trunk (Figure 2). Mulch will retain too much moisture against the trunk, potentially resulting in disease problems.

Tree Structure Evaluation Bruce R. Fraedrich, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist

The urban forest is aging and declining at an increasing rate. At the same time, society is becoming more litigious. As a result, detection, evaluation and management of defective trees now are a major concern for arborists, urban foresters and park managers. HAZARDOUS TREES DEFINED A tree is considered hazardous when it has a structural defect that predisposes it to failure and the tree is located near a target (an area where property damage or personal injury could occur if the tree failed). Targets include areas around structures, walkways, roadways, campsites and other areas where there are property and people. Structurally sound trees also may be hazardous if plant parts interfere with routine activities of people such as obstructing motorists’ vision, raising sidewalk, interfering with utilities, roadways or walkways. LIABILITIES Property owners/managers have a legal obligation to (1) periodically inspect trees for defects and unsafe conditions and (2) correct defects and unsafe conditions immediately upon detection. If a property owner/manager employs an arborist to perform work on site, the arborist may assume at least some of the responsibility for detecting defective tree conditions and recommending remedial treatments. Arborists are considered "experts" and may

be held accountable for uncorrected or unreported tree defects, which are not obvious to the average property owner. HAZARD TREES DUE TO STRUCTURAL DEFECTS A thorough inspection of the branches, stem, root crown and area around the root system is essential in detecting hazardous conditions. Binoculars are helpful in detecting defects in the upper crown. In some instances an aerial lift or climber may be needed to provide a detailed evaluation.

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Common structural defects include dead trees, dead branches, stubs from topping cuts, broken branches (hangers), abrupt bends in branches, "V" crotches and multiple stems from the root collar (coppice growth). Failure also is more common in trees with an unbalanced crown or leaning stem if there is a defect. WOOD DECAY DETECTION AND EVALUATION Many failures in branches and stems result from loss in structural integrity due to wood decay. When evaluating decayed stems and branches, arborists have generally relied on qualitative parameters for formulating recommendations. These parameters include the location and relative size of the defect, tree species characteristics, site exposure, crown size, leaning stems, owner's "attitude" toward the tree and target considerations. A method is now available that allows the arborist to quantitatively estimate a strength loss value from wood decay which then can be used with the qualitative parameters listed above to determine more precisely if a tree is prone to failure due to wood decay. Evaluating decay is a four-step process involving: 1. Decay Detection - Symptoms and signs 2. Measuring the size of the decay column 3. Calculating strength loss value due to decay. 4. Selecting a strength loss value "threshold" for wood decay (taking into consideration the strength loss from decay and qualitative factors previously listed). DETECTION Symptoms of wood decay can be quite obvious such as open cavities, loose bark/exposed punky wood and fungal fruiting structures growing from the bark or exposed wood. Other symptoms of wood

decay can be subtler such as seams, cracks, abnormal flare, burls, stubs and cankers. Decay is often associated with multiple stems from the root collar (coppice growth) and in limbs with abrupt bends. When inspecting trees for decay, make sure the crown and stem is thoroughly examined. Binoculars are helpful for inspecting the crown. In some instances, a climber or aerial lift may be necessary for a satisfactory inspection of the upper crown. MEASURING THE DECAY COLUMN The diameter of the decay column is determined by measuring the thickness of sound wood at the weakest point on the stem or branch. The average sound wood thickness is multiplied by 2 and subtracted from the total wood diameter to arrive at the diameter of the decay column. Note wood diameter equals the stem/branch diameter minus twice the bark thickness. The thickness of the "shell" of sound wood can be rapidly determined with minimum damage using a drill with a 1/8" drill bit. The drill bit is inserted until resistance decreases when decayed tissues are encountered. The inserted portion of the drill is then extracted and measured to determine the thickness of sound wood. An increment borer also can be used to extract a core of sound wood, which can be measured. This is useful on trees with soft wood where it may be difficult to detect the resistance change between healthy and decayed wood. The increment core is more damaging and slower than the drilling technique. A Shigometer also can be used to assess healthy, decayed and discolored wood. A minimum of three sampling sites is used and the values are averaged to calculate the decay column diameter. More sampling is necessary in trees over 30 inches in diameter or when measurements vary greatly.

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3

DETERMINING STRENGTH LOSS VALUES FROM WOOD DECAY IN STANDING TREES Principally the outer rings of wood provide strength in woody stems and branches. Trees can withstand considerable loss of the inner cylinder without a significant loss in structural integrity. Strength loss resulting from decay in wood tissues can be estimated by comparing the diameter of the decay column to the total diameter of the stem. This technique is based on engineering formulas used in estimating strength loss in pipes due to corrosion. In pipes, strength loss estimates are as follows:

% Strength Loss =

Inside Diameter (hollow) 4 x 100 Total Diameter 4

Wagener (1) modified this formula for trees as follows:

Strength Loss (SL) =

(Diameter of Decay Column) 3 x 100 (Diameter of Stem) 3

or SL+ d3 x 100

D3 Due to the modification, values derived from use of this formula should be viewed as a relative measure of strength loss rather than an actual measure. Values measured against a scale where 0 (zero) equals no strength loss and 100 equals total loss in strength. When trees have open cavities, the reduction in strength from loss of the outer rings of wood must be entered into the strength loss formula. Loss in strength from open cavities is significant because the outer rings of wood provide most of the structural strength. The F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co. uses a variation of the formula proposed by Wagener to determine strength loss in stems from open cavities. This formula is as follows:

Strength Loss (SL) = (Diameter of Decay Column) 3 + Area of Cavity

(Diameter of Stem) 3

or SL = d3 + R (D3 - d3) x 100 D3

SL = Strength Loss d = Diameter of Decay Column D = Stem Diameter (inside bark) R = Ratio of Cavity Opening to Stem Circumference (R = width of cavity opening) Values derived from this formula should also be viewed as a relative measure of strength loss as described above.

STRENGTH LOSS VALUE THRESHOLDS Wagener (1) stated that West Coast conifers could tolerate up to a one-third loss in strength without predisposing the stem to unreasonable risk of failure if the weakening effect is heart rot uncomplicated by other defects. Wagener emphasizes that the one-third-strength loss value is not absolute and is only a general guideline. Smiley and Fraedrich (2) surveyed hardwood trees that were broken during 1989's Hurricane Hugo in Charlotte, NC. Sustained winds were 69 miles per hour (mph) with gusts to 90 mph during the storm. They found that 52 of the 54 broken trees had internal decay. Using formulas proposed by Wagener and modified by the Bartlett Tree Lab, strength loss values of broken trees with decay varied from one to

BTRL 12/99 TR-91

4

90 with an average of 33. This evidence supports the establishment of a threshold value between 30 and 40 depending on local conditions. The F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co. uses a value of 33 as the maximum strength loss to be tolerated. The threshold is reduced in:

• Leaning Trees • Trees with inherently weak or brittle

wood • Trees in exposed locations • Trees with large/full crowns • Declining trees • Trees with multiple defects • Trees in high use areas (sensitive

target areas) STRENGTH LOSS VALUE SIMPLIFIED The minimum thickness of sound wood surrounding heart rot must be at least 15% of the total wood diameter or the tree is considered an unreasonable risk. The thickness of sound wood must be greater in trees with cavity openings, species with weak wood, trees with multiple defects, relatively large crowns, leaning stems and trees on exposed sites.

Minimum thickness sound wood = Wood diameter x .015

Wood Diameter Minimum Thickness of (inches) Sound Wood (inches) 10” 1.5” 15” 2.3” 20” 3.0” 25” 3.8” 30” 4.5” 35” 5.3” 40” 6.0” 50” 7.5”

ROOT DEFECT EVALUATION Up to seventy-five percent of all tree failures are due to root problems. The majority of tree failures occur when winds exceed 50 mph (e.g. hurricane, tornado), however,

failures may occur under any wind conditions if the roots are sufficiently weakened. Two types of failure have been classified for this occurrence: Root failure and Ground failure. Ground failure is extremely difficult to predict. Failure occurs when the soil does not have enough strength to keep the roots intact. Soil and roots are exposed when the tree falls over. This type of failure can occur in any soil texture if the soil is wet. Failure is more common on sandy textured and very shallow (<2’ deep) soils. Soil failure also occurs when trees are surrounded by pavement, which does not allow the root system to develop sufficiently to support the tree. Root failure occurs when roots break, thus do not provide the necessary support. Root failure occurs more readily on trees, which have root decay or other root problems. Trees growing in stands, recently thinned stands and recently created edge trees are more susceptible to windthrow due to lack of root spread and increased susceptibility to root disease. Root disease can be detected, however, this is a relatively difficult procedure. SYMPTOMS OF ROOT FAILURE Trees with extensive root decay often show little or no symptoms of decline. External indicators of root decay include:

• Dead (loose bark) on the roots, root flare or lower trunk.

• Fungus fruiting structures around the root flare. These include mushrooms, conks and bracts on or immediately adjacent to the tree.

• Oozing from the root flare, lower trunk or wounds on the lower trunk.

• Cuts or fill soil moved beneath the tree.

• Cracks in the soil above or beside major roots.

ASSESSING ROOT DECAY

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Root decay is difficult to assess since it starts on the lower section of the root and works its way upward. The most visible section of the root shows the least amount of symptoms. When root decay is present in the buttress or flare roots it is usually

much more extensive than anticipated. Where root decay is suspected, the first step is to excavate soil from the root collar. Using a penknife, nick the bark on major root flares and valleys between flares to determine whether the bark is healthy. High-risk trees may tolerate a lower percentage of root decay. High-risk trees include the following: 1. Leaning trees 2. Trees with limited root space 3. Trees at the edge of recently cleared areas where severe windstorms frequently occur 4. Trees with large and/or dense crowns 5. Trees, which have, soil fractures associated with one or more major roots where trees are high risk and any root decay is encountered, always notify the property owner of the increased risk window. Removal may be appropriate.

The next step is to determine if decay is present in the roots or base of the trunk.

Using a drill with 1/8” x 8” bit or increment borer, drill downward into each major root issuing from the root collar. Consider the entire root decayed if any defect is encountered. Repeat the same procedures drilling toward the center of the tree in the valleys of the root collar to determine if basal decay is present. Often lower trunk heart rot is associated with root decay. Record the number of healthy and decayed roots. ROOT DECAY THRESHOLD Assessing root decay is complicated by the fact that root and basal decay is frequently more severe than detection procedures will indicate. Subsequently, whenever any root/basal decay is encountered the property owner should be advised that root disease might be more severe than anticipated. There is always a risk of failure (windthrow) when root decay is encountered. The F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co. considers that whenever 33% or more of the major roots contain decay, the bark/cambium is dead on more than 33% of the root flare, or when 33% or more of the support root system has been severed, there is high risk of failure. Removal is recommended in the following instances. INSPECTION AND DOCUMENTATION Landscape trees should be periodically inspected for defects and other potentially hazardous conditions. Inspections should be performed at least annually and after major storms. Trees growing in high use sites and those with known defects should be inspected more often. Inspections should be documented in writing whether the trees are considered defective or not. Documentation of inspections (including date), the presence of defects and recommended treatments should be sent to the property owner in writing. When assessing wood decay and root defects, arborists should not base treatments or removal recommendations

Typical pattern of root decay, starting from the lower side working upward

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solely on strength loss value or percentage of roots with decay. Document all qualitative parameters that may contribute to the hazard as well as the quantitative measurements. Qualitative parameters include species characteristics, crown size, defect location, multiple defects, tree vitality, site exposure, and intensity of site use (target considerations). Literature Cited 1. Wagener, W.W. 1963. Judging Hazards From Native Trees in California Recreation Areas: A Guide for Professional Foresters. US Forest Service Research Paper PSW-P1. 29 pages. 2. Smiley, E.T. and B.R. Fraedrich. 1992. Determining Strength Loss From Wood Decay. Journal of Arboriculture 18:201-204.

ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning Revision of ANSI A300-1995

AN

SI A

300

(Par

t 1)-

2001

Pru

ning

Rev

isio

n of

AN

SI A

300-

1995

for Tree Care Operations — Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance —Standard Practices (Pruning)

American National Standardfor Tree Care Operations –

ANSIA300 (Part 1)-2001

Revision of ANSI A300-1995

Approved May 22, 2001 American National Standards Institute, Inc.Headquarters: 1819 L Street, NW Sixth Floor Washington, DC 20036New York Office: 25 West 43rd Street Fourth Floor New York, NY 10036

Secretariat

Tree Care Industry Association, Inc. (formerly the National Arborist Association)

Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance –Standard Practices (Pruning)

®

Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the require-ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution.

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Tree Care Industry Association, Inc., 3 Perimeter Rd. Unit 1, Manchester, NH 03103Phone: (800) 733-2622 or (603) 314-5380 Fax: (603) 314-5386 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.tcia.org

Copyright © 2001 by the Tree Care Industry AssociationAll rights reserved.

Contents Page

Foreword ......� ii

1 ANSI A300 Standards – Scope, purpose, and application ................................1

2 Part 1 – Pruning Standards ...............................................................................1

3 Normative References .......................................................................................1

4 Definitions ..........................................................................................................1

5 Pruning Practices ..............................................................................................4

Figures

5.3.2 A pruning cut that removes a branch .................................................................4

5.3.3 A pruning cut that reduces the length of a branch or stem ................................5

5.3.7 A final cut that removes a branch with a narrow angle of attachment ...............5

Annex

A Reference publications ......................................................................................9

i

(This foreword is not part of American National Standard A300 Part 1-2001.)

An industry-consensus standard must have the input of the industry that it is intended to affect. The Accredited Standards Committee A300 was approved June 28, 1991. The committee includes representatives from the residential and commercial tree care industry, the utility, municipal, and federal sectors, the landscape and nursery industries, and other interested organizations. Representatives from varied geographic areas with broad knowledge and technical expertise contributed.

The A300 standard can be best placed in proper context if one reads its Scope, Purpose, and Application. This document presents performance standards for the care and mainte-nance of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants. It is intended as a guide in the drafting of maintenance specifications for federal, state, municipal, and private authorities including property owners, property managers, and utilities.

The A300 standard stipulates that specifications for tree work should be written and administered by a professional possessing the technical competence to provide for, or supervise, the management of woody landscape plants. Users of this standard must first interpret its wording, then apply their knowledge of growth habits of certain plant species in a given environment. In this manner, the user ultimately develops their own specifica-tions for plant maintenance.

ANSI A300 Part 1 – Pruning, should be used in conjunction with the rest of the A300 standard when writing specifications for tree care operations.

Suggestions for improvement of this standard should be forwarded to: TCIA A300 Sec-retary, c/o Tree Care Industry Association, 3 Perimeter Road. - Unit 1, Manchester, NH 03103, USA or email: [email protected] This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by Accredited Stan-dards Committee on Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance Operations – Standard Practices, A300. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the A300 committee had the following members:

Foreword

American Forests .................................................................................................. Staff (Observer)American Nursery and Landscape Association ............................................. Craig J. RegelbruggeAmerican Society of Consulting Arborists .............................................................Andrew Graham

Donald Blair (Adviser)Beth Palys (Adviser)

American Society of Landscape Architects ................................................................Ron LeightonAsplundh Tree Expert Company ..............................................................................Geoff KempterAssociated Landscape Contractors of America ................................................... Preston Leyshon

Jeff Bourne (Alt.)The Davey Tree Expert Company ........................................................................Joseph Tommasi

Dick Jones (Alt.)Richard Rathjens (Adviser)

The F.A. Bartlett Tree Expert Company ..................................................................... Peter BeckerDr. Thomas Smiley (Alt.)

International Society of Arboriculture ........................................................................... Ed BrennanSharon Lilly (Alt.)

National Park Service ............................................................................................... Robert DeFeoProfessional Grounds Management Society ......................................................... Kevin O’DonnellSociety of Municipal Arborists ................................................................................Andrew HillmanTree Care Industry Association ................................................................................. Ronald Rubin

Tom Mugridge (Alt.)U.S. Forest Service .......................................................................................................... Ed Macie

Mike Galvin (Alt.)Philip D. Rodbell (Alt.)

Tim Johnson, Chair (Artistic Arborist, Inc.)Bob Rouse, Secretary (Tree Care Industry Association)

Organizations Represented Name of Representative

ii

Organizations Represented Name of RepresentativeUtility Arborist Association .......................................................................................... Jeffery Smith

Matt Simons (Alt.)

iii

1 ANSI A300 standards

1.1 Scope

ANSI A300 standards present performance stan-dards for the care and maintenance of trees, shrubs, and other woody plants.

1.2 Purpose ANSI A300 standards are intended as guides for fed-eral, state, municipal and private authorities including property owners, property managers, and utilities in the drafting of their maintenance specifications.

1.3 Application

ANSI A300 standards shall apply to any person or entity engaged in the business, trade, or perfor-mance of repairing, maintaining, or preserving trees, shrubs, or other woody plants.

1.4 Implementation Specifications for tree maintenance should be writ-ten and administered by an arborist.

2 Part 1 – Pruning standards

2.1 Purpose

The purpose of this document is to provide standards for developing specifications for tree pruning.

2.2 Reasons for pruning

The reasons for tree pruning may include, but are not limited to, reducing risk, maintaining or improv-ing tree health and structure, improving aesthetics, or satisfying a specific need. Pruning practices for agricultural, horticultural production, or silvicultural purposes are exempt from this standard.

2.3 Safety

2.3.1 Tree maintenance shall be performed only by arborists or arborist trainees who, through related training or on-the-job experience, or both, are famil-iar with the practices and hazards of arboriculture and the equipment used in such operations.

2.3.2 This standard shall not take precedence over arboricultural safe work practices.

2.3.3 Operations shall comply with applicable Oc-cupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards, ANSI Z133.1, as well as state and local regulations.

3 Normative references

The following standards contain provisions, which, through reference in the text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard shall apply the most recent edition of the standards in-dicated below.

ANSI Z60.1, Nursery stock

ANSI Z133.1, Tree care operations - Pruning, trim-ming, repairing, maintaining, and removing trees, and cutting brush - Safety requirements

29 CFR 1910, General industry 1)

29 CFR 1910.268, Telecommunications 1)

29 CFR 1910.269, Electric power generation, trans-mission, and distribution 1)

29 CFR 1910.331 - 335, Electrical safety-related work practices 1)

4 Definitions

4.1 anvil-type pruning tool: A pruning tool

American National Standardfor Tree Care Operations –

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning

Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance –Standard Practices (Pruning)

1

ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning

that has a sharp straight blade that cuts against a flat metal cutting surface, in contrast to a hook-and-blade-type pruning tool (4.21).

4.2 apical dominance: Inhibition of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud.

4.3 arboriculture: The art, science, technol-ogy, and business of commercial, public, and utility tree care.

4.4 arborist: An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through experi-ence, education, and related training, possesses the competence to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants.

4.5 arborist trainee: An individual undergoing on-the-job training to obtain the experience and the competence required to provide for or supervise the management of trees and other woody plants. Such trainees shall be under the direct supervision of an arborist.

4.6 branch bark ridge: The raised area of bark in the branch crotch that marks where the branch and parent meet.

4.7 branch collar: The swollen area at the base of a branch.

4.8 callus: Undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium around a wound.

4.9 cambium: The dividing layer of cells that forms sapwood (xylem) to the inside and inner bark (phloem) to the outside.

4.10 cleaning: Selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts: dead, diseased, and/or broken branches (5.6.1).

4.11 climbing spurs: Sharp, pointed devices affixed to a climber’s boot used to assist in climbing trees. (syn.: gaffs, hooks, spurs, spikes, climbers)

4.12 closure: The process of woundwood cover-ing a cut or other tree injury.

4.13 crown: The leaves and branches of a tree measured from the lowest branch on the trunk to the top of the tree.

4.14 decay: The degradation of woody tissue

caused by microorganisms.

4.15 espalier: The combination of pruning, sup-porting, and training branches to orient a plant in one plane (5.7.2).

4.16 establishment: The point after planting when a tree’s root system has grown sufficiently into the surrounding soil to support shoot growth and anchor the tree.

4.17 facility: A structure or equipment used to deliver or provide protection for the delivery of an essential service, such as electricity or communica-tions.

4.18 final cut: A cut that completes the removal or reduction of a branch or stub.

4.19 frond: A leaf of a palm.

4.20 heading: 1. Cutting a currently growing, or a 1-year-old shoot, back to a bud. 2. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a stub in order to meet a defined structural objective. 3. Cutting an older branch or stem back to a lateral branch not large enough to assume apical dominance in order to meet a defined structural objective. Heading may or may not be an acceptable pruning practice, depending on the application.

4.21 hook-and-blade-type pruning tool: A pruning tool that has a sharp curved blade that overlaps a supporting hook; in contrast to an anvil-type pruning tool (4.1). (syn.: by-pass pruner)

4.22 interfering branches: Crossing, rubbing, or upright branches that have the potential to dam-age tree structure and/or health.

4.23 internodal cut: A cut located between lateral branches or buds.

4.24 lateral branch: A shoot or stem growing from a parent branch or stem.

4.25 leader: A dominant or co-dominant, upright stem.

4.26 limb: A large, prominent branch.

4.27 lion’s tailing: The removal of an exces-sive number of inner, lateral branches from parent branches. Lion’s tailing is not an acceptable pruning

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practice (5.5.7).

4.28 mechanical pruning: A utility pruning technique where large-scale power equipment is used to cut back branches (5.9.2.2).

4.29 parent branch or stem: A tree trunk, limb, or prominent branch from which shoots or stems grow.

4.30 peeling: For palms: The removal of only the dead frond bases at the point they make contact with the trunk without damaging living trunk tissue. (syn.: shaving)

4.31 petiole: A stalk of a leaf or frond.

4.32 phloem: Inner bark conducting tissues that transport organic substances, primarily carbohy-drates, from leaves and stems to other parts of the plant.

4.33 pollarding: The maintenance of a tree by making internodal cuts to reduce the size of a young tree, followed by the annual removal of shoot growth at its point of origin (5.7.3).

4.34 pruning: The selective removal of plant parts to meet specific goals and objectives.

4.35 qualified line-clearance arborist: An individual who, through related training and on-the-job experience, is familiar with the equipment and hazards in line clearance and has demonstrated the ability to perform the special techniques involved. This individual may or may not be currently em-ployed by a line-clearance contractor.

4.36 qualified line-clearance arborist trainee: An individual undergoing line-clearance training and who, in the course of such training, is familiar with the hazards and equipment involved in line clearance and has demonstrated ability in the per-formance of the special techniques involved. This individual shall be under the direct supervision of a qualified line-clearance arborist.

4.37 raising: Selective pruning to provide verti-cal clearance (5.6.3).

4.38 reduction: Selective pruning to decrease height and/or spread (5.6.4).

4.39 remote/rural areas: Locations associated

with very little human activity, land improvement, or development.

4.40 restoration: Selective pruning to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been severely headed, vandalized, or dam-aged (5.7.4).

4.41 shall: As used in this standard, denotes a mandatory requirement.

4.42 should: As used in this standard, denotes an advisory recommendation.

4.43 stub: An undesirable short length of a branch remaining after a break or incorrect pruning cut is made.

4.44 thinning: Selective pruning to reduce den-sity of live branches (5.6.2).

4.45 throwline: A small, lightweight line with a weighted end used to position a climber’s rope in a tree.

4.46 topping: The reduction of a tree’s size using heading cuts that shorten limbs or branches back to a predetermined crown limit. Topping is not an acceptable pruning practice (5.5.7).

4.47 tracing: The removal of loose, damaged tissue from in and around the wound.

4.48 urban/residential areas: Locations, such as populated areas including public and private property, that are normally associated with human activity.

4.49 utility: An entity that delivers a public ser-vice, such as electricity or communications.

4.50 utility space: The physical area occupied by a utility’s facilities and the additional space re-quired to ensure its operation.

4.51 vista pruning: Selective pruning to allow a specific view (5.7.5).

4.52 watersprouts: New stems originating from epicormic buds. (syn.: epicormic shoots)

4.53 wound: An opening that is created when the bark of a live branch or stem is penetrated, cut, or removed.

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4.54 woundwood: Partially differentiated tis-sue responsible for closing wounds. Woundwood develops from callus associated with wounds.

4.55 xylem: Wood tissue. Active xylem is sap-wood; inactive xylem is heartwood.

4.56 young tree: A tree young in age or a newly transplanted tree.

5 Pruning practices

5.1 Tree inspection

5.1.1 An arborist or arborist trainee shall visually inspect each tree before beginning work.

5.1.2 If a condition is observed requiring attention beyond the original scope of the work, the condition should be reported to an immediate supervisor, the owner, or the person responsible for authorizing the work.

5.2 Tools and equipment

5.2.1 Equipment and work practices that damage living tissue and bark beyond the scope of the work should be avoided.

5.2.2 Climbing spurs shall not be used when climbing and pruning trees.

Exceptions: - when limbs are more than throwline distance apart and there is no other means of climbing the tree; - when the bark is thick enough to prevent damage to the cambium;- in remote or rural utility rights-of-way.

5.3 Pruning cuts

5.3.1 Pruning tools used in making pruning cuts shall be sharp.

5.3.2 A pruning cut that removes a branch at its point of origin shall be made close to the trunk or par-ent limb, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or collar, or leaving a stub (see Figure 5.3.2).

5.3.3 A pruning cut that reduces the length of a branch or parent stem should bisect the angle be-tween its branch bark ridge and an imaginary line perpendicular to the branch or stem (see Figure 5.3.3).

5.3.4 The final cut shall result in a flat surface with adjacent bark firmly attached.

5.3.5 When removing a dead branch, the final cut shall be made just outside the collar of living tissue.

5.3.6 Tree branches shall be removed in such a manner so as not to cause damage to other parts of the tree or to other plants or property. Branches too large to support with one hand shall be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tearing of the bark (see Figure 5.3.2). Where necessary, ropes or other equipment shall be used to lower large branches or portions of branches to the ground.

5.3.7 A final cut that removes a branch with a narrow angle of attachment should be made from the outside of the branch to prevent damage to the parent limb (see Figure 5.3.7).

5.3.8 Severed limbs shall be removed from the crown upon completion of the pruning, at times when the tree would be left unattended, or at the end of the workday.

Figure 5.3.2. – A pruning cut that removes a branch at its point of origin shall be made close to the trunk or parent limb, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or collar, or leaving a stub. Branches too large to support with one hand shall be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tearing of the bark.

Figure 5.3.3. – A pruning cut that reduces the length of a branch or parent stem should bisect the angle between its branch bark ridge and an

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imaginary line perpendicular to the branch or stem.

Figure 5.3.7. – A final cut that removes a branch with a narrow angle of attachment should be made from the outside of the branch to prevent damage to the parent limb.5.4 Wound treatment

5.4.1 Wound treatments should not be used to cover wounds or pruning cuts, except when rec-ommended for disease, insect, mistletoe, or sprout control, or for cosmetic reasons.

5.4.2 Wound treatments that are damaging to tree tissues shall not be used.

5.4.3 When tracing wounds, only loose, damaged tissue should be removed.

5.5 Pruning objectives

5.5.1 Pruning objectives shall be established prior to beginning any pruning operation.

5.5.2 To obtain the defined objective, the growth cycles and structure of individual species and the type of pruning to be performed should be consid-ered. 5.5.3 Not more than 25 percent of the foliage should be removed within an annual growing sea-son. The percentage and distribution of foliage to be removed shall be adjusted according to the plant’s species, age, health, and site.

5.5.4 Not more than 25 percent of the foliage of a branch or limb should be removed when it is cut back to a lateral. That lateral should be large enough to assume apical dominance.

5.5.5 Pruning cuts should be made in accordance with 5.3 Pruning cuts. 5.5.6 Heading should be considered an accept-able practice for shrub or specialty pruning when needed to reach a defined objective.

5.5.7 Topping and lion’s tailing shall be consid-ered unacceptable pruning practices for trees.

5.6 Pruning types

Specifications for pruning should consist of, but are not limited to, one or more of the following types:

5.6.1 Clean: Cleaning shall consist of selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts: dead, diseased, and/or broken branches.

5.6.1.1 Location of parts to be removed shall be specified.

5.6.1.2 Size range of parts to be removed shall be specified.

5.6.2 Thin: Thinning shall consist of selective pruning to reduce density of live branches. 5.6.2.1 Thinning should result in an even distribu-tion of branches on individual limbs and throughout the crown.

5.6.2.2 Not more than 25 percent of the crown should be removed within an annual growing sea-son.

5.6.2.3 Location of parts to be removed shall be specified.

5.6.2.4 Percentage of foliage and size range of parts to be removed shall be specified.

5.6.3 Raise: Raising shall consist of selective pruning to provide vertical clearance.

5.6.3.1 Vertical clearance should be specified.

5.6.3.2 Location and size range of parts to be re-moved should be specified.

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5.6.4 Reduce: Reduction shall consist of selective pruning to decrease height and/or spread.

5.6.4.1 Consideration shall be given to the ability of a species to tolerate this type of pruning.

5.6.4.2 Location of parts to be removed and clear-ance should be specified. 5.6.4.3 Size range of parts should be specified.

5.7 Specialty pruning

Consideration shall be given to the ability of a spe-cies to tolerate specialty pruning, using one or more pruning types (5.6).

5.7.1 Young trees 5.7.1.1 The reasons for young tree pruning may in-clude, but are not limited to, reducing risk, maintain-ing or improving tree health and structure, improving aesthetics, or satisfying a specific need.

5.7.1.2 Young trees that will not tolerate repetitive pruning and have the potential to outgrow their space should be considered for relocation or re-moval.

5.7.1.3 At planting

5.7.1.3.1 Pruning should be limited to clean-ing (5.6.1).

5.7.1.3.2 Branches should be retained on the lower trunk.

5.7.1.4 Once established

5.7.1.4.1 Cleaning should be performed (5.6.1).

5.7.1.4.2 Rubbing and poorly attached branches should be removed.

5.7.1.4.3 A central leader or leader(s) as appropriate should be developed.

5.7.1.4.4 A strong, properly spaced scaffold branch structure should be selected and main-tained.

5.7.1.4.5 Interfering branches should be

reduced or removed. 5.7.2 Espalier

5.7.2.1 Branches that extend outside the desired plane of growth shall be pruned or tied back.

5.7.2.2 Ties should be replaced as needed to pre-vent girdling the branches at the attachment site.

5.7.3 Pollarding

5.7.3.1 Consideration shall be given to the ability of the individual tree to respond to pollarding.

5.7.3.2 Management plans shall be made prior to the start of the pollarding process for routine removal of watersprouts.

5.7.3.3 Internodal cuts shall be made at specific locations to start the pollarding process. After the initial cuts are made, no additional internodal cut shall be made.

5.7.3.4 Watersprouts growing from the cut ends of branches (knuckles) should be removed annually during the dormant season.

5.7.4 Restoration

5.7.4.1 Restoration shall consist of selective prun-ing to improve the structure, form, and appearance of trees that have been severely headed, vandal-ized, or damaged.

5.7.4.2 Location in tree, size range of parts, and percentage of watersprouts to be removed should be specified.

5.7.5 Vista pruning

5.7.5.1 Vista pruning shall consist of selective prun-ing to allow a specific view.

5.7.5.2 Size range of parts, location in tree, and percentage of foliage to be removed should be specified.

5.8 Palm pruning

5.8.1 Palm pruning should be performed when fronds, fruit, or loose petioles may create a danger-ous condition.

5.8.2 Live healthy fronds, initiating at an angle of 6


45 degrees or greater from horizontal, with frond tips at or below horizontal, should not be removed.

5.8.3 Fronds removed should be severed close to the petiole base without damaging living trunk tissue.

5.8.4 Palm peeling (shaving) should consist of the removal of only the dead frond bases at the point they make contact with the trunk without damaging living trunk tissue.

5.9 Utility pruning

5.9.1 General 5.9.1.1 The purpose of utility pruning is to prevent the loss of service, comply with mandated clearance laws, prevent damage to equipment, avoid access impairment, and uphold the intended usage of the facility/utility space.

5.9.1.2 Only a qualified line clearance arborist or line clearance arborist trainee shall be assigned to line clearance work in accordance with ANSI Z133.1, 29 CFR 1910.331 – 335, 29 CFR 1910.268 or 29 CFR 1910.269.

5.9.1.3 Utility pruning operations are exempt from requirements in 5.1 Tree Inspection:

5.1.1 An arborist or arborist trainee shall visually inspect each tree before beginning work.

5.1.2 If a condition is observed requiring attention beyond the original scope of the work, the condition should be reported to an immediate supervisor, the owner, or the person responsible for authorizing the work.

5.9.1.4 Safety inspections of the work area are required as outlined in ANSI Z133.1 4.1.3, job brief-ing. 5.9.2 Utility crown reduction pruning

5.9.2.1 Urban/residential environment

5.9.2.1.1 Pruning cuts should be made in accordance with 5.3, Pruning cuts. The following requirements and recommendations of 5.9.2.1.1 are repeated from 5.3 Pruning cuts.

5.9.2.1.1.1 A pruning cut that removes a branch at its point of origin shall be made close

to the trunk or parent limb, without cutting into the branch bark ridge or collar, or leaving a stub (see Figure 5.3.2).

5.9.2.1.1.2 A pruning cut that reduces the length of a branch or parent stem should bisect the angle between its branch bark ridge and an imagi-nary line perpendicular to the branch or stem (see Figure 5.3.3).

5.9.2.1.1.3 The final cut shall result in a flat surface with adjacent bark firmly attached.

5.9.2.1.1.4 When removing a dead branch, the final cut shall be made just outside the collar of living tissue.

5.9.2.1.1.5 Tree branches shall be removed in such a manner so as not to cause damage to other parts of the tree or to other plants or property. Branches too large to support with one hand shall be precut to avoid splitting of the wood or tearing of the bark (see Figure 5.3.2). Where necessary, ropes or other equipment shall be used to lower large branches or portions of branches to the ground.

5.9.2.1.1.6 A final cut that removes a branch with a narrow angle of attachment should be made from the bottom of the branch to prevent damage to the parent limb (see Figure 5.3.7).

5.9.2.1.2 A minimum number of pruning cuts should be made to accomplish the purpose of facil-ity/utility pruning. The natural structure of the tree should be considered.

5.9.2.1.3 Trees directly under and growing into facility/utility spaces should be removed or pruned. Such pruning should be done by removing entire branches or by removing branches that have laterals growing into (or once pruned, will grow into) the facility/utility space.

5.9.2.1.4 Trees growing next to, and into or toward facility/utility spaces should be pruned by reducing branches to laterals (5.3.3) to direct growth away from the utility space or by removing entire branches. Branches that, when cut, will produce watersprouts that would grow into facilities and/or utility space should be removed.

5.9.2.1.5 Branches should be cut to laterals or the parent branch and not at a pre-established clearing limit. If clearance limits are established,

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pruning cuts should be made at laterals or parent branches outside the specified clearance zone.

5.9.2.2 Rural/remote locations – mechanical pruning

Cuts should be made close to the main stem, outside of the branch bark ridge and branch collar. Precau-tions should be taken to avoid stripping or tearing of bark or excessive wounding.

5.9.3 Emergency service restoration

During a utility-declared emergency, service must be restored as quickly as possible in accordance with ANSI Z133.1, 29 CFR 1910.331 – 335, 29 CFR 1910.268, or 29 CFR 1910.269. At such times it may be necessary, because of safety and the urgency of service restoration, to deviate from the use of proper pruning techniques as defined in this standard. Following the emergency, corrective pruning should be done as necessary.

Annex A(informative)

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9

Reference publications

International Society of Arboriculture (ISA). 1995. Tree Pruning Guidelines. Savoy, IL: International Society of Arboriculture (ISA).

Glossary of Terms

arborist: 1. An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through experience, education and related training, possesses the competence to provide for, or supervise the management of, trees and other woody ornamentals. [ANSI A300 (Part 1, 2, 4, 5, 6)] 2. An individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture. [ANSI Z133.1-2000 Safety Requirements for Arboricultural Operations] bracing: The installation of lag-thread screw or threaded-steel rods in limbs, leaders, or trunks to provide supplemental support. [ANSI A300 (Part 3)-2000 Support Systems] branch: An outgrowing shoot, stem or twig that grows from the main stem or trunk. [ANSI Z60.1–2004 Nursery Stock] buttress roots: Lateral surface roots that aid in stabilizing the tree. cable: 1) Zinc coated strand per ASTM A-475 for dead-end grip applications. 2) Wire rope or strand for general applications. 3) Synthetic-fiber rope or synthetic-fiber webbing for general applications. [ANSI A300 (Part 3)-2000 Support Systems] cabling: The installation of a steel wire rope, steel strand, or synthetic-fiber system within a tree between limbs or leaders to limit movement and provide supplemental support. [ANSI A300 (Part 3)-2000 Support Systems] canopy: collective branches and foliage of a tree or group of trees’ crowns cation exchange capacity(CEC): The ability of soil to absorb nutrients. cavity: An open wound characterized by the presence of decay and resulting in a hollow. cleaning: Selective pruning to remove one or more of the following parts: dead, diseased, and/ or broken branches (5.6.1). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] co-dominate branches: Equal in size and importance, usually associated with either the trunks, stems, or scaffold limbs. conk: fruiting body or nonfruiting body of a fungus. Often associated with decay.

crown: 1. The leaves and branches of a tree measured from the lowest branch on the trunk to the top of the tree. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] [ANSI A300 (Part 6)-2005 Transplanting] 2. The portion of a tree comprising the branches. [ANSI Z60.1-2004 Nursery Stock] D.B.H. [diameter at breast height]: Measurement of trunk diameter taken at 4.5 feet (1.4 m) off the ground. [ANSI A300 (Part 6)- 2005 Transplanting] decay: The degradation of woody tissue caused by microorganisms. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] geographic information system(GIS): is any system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to earth. girdling root: A root that may impede proper development of other roots, trunk flare, and/or trunk. [ANSI A300 (Part 6)-2005 Transplanting] Global Positioning System(GPS): A constellation of at least 24 Medium Earth Orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed, direction, and time. Global Positioning System reciever(GPSr): A receiver that receives its input from GPS satellites to determine location, speed, direction, and time. heading: cutting a shoot back to a bud o cutting branches back to buds, stubs, or lateral branches not large enough to assume apical dominance. Cutting an older branch or stem back to meet a structural objective integrated pest management(IPM): A pest control strategy that uses an array of complementary methods: mechanical devices, physical devices, genetic, biological, legal, cultural management, and chemical management. These methods are done in three stages of prevention, Observation, and finally Intervention. It is an ecological approach that has its main goal is to significantly reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides. lateral branch: A shoot or stem growing from a parent branch or stem. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)- 2001 Pruning]

Glossary of Terms

leader: A dominant or co-dominant, upright stem. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] lean: Departure from vertical of the stem, beginning at or near the base of the trunk. limb: A large, prominent branch. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] lion’s tailing: The removal of an excessive number of inner, lateral branches from parent branches. Lion’s tailing is not an acceptable pruning practice (5.5.7). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)- 2001 Pruning] macronutrient: Nutrient required in relatively large amounts by plants, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). [ANSI A300 (Part 2)-2004 Fertilization] micronutrient: Nutrient required in relatively small amounts by plants, such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B). [ANSI A300 (Part 2)-2004 Fertilization] nutrient: Element or compound required for growth, reproduction or development of a plant. [ANSI A300 (Part 2)-2004 Fertilization] organic matter: material derived from the growth (and death) of living organisms. The organic components of soil. parent branch or stem: A tree trunk, limb, or prominent branch from which shoots or stems grow. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] pH: unit of measurement that describes the alkalinity or acidity of a solution. Measured on a scale of 0 to 14. Greater than 7 Is alkaline, less than 7 is acid, and 7 is neutral (pure water). pruning: The selective removal of plant parts to meet specific goals and objectives. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] qualified arborist: An individual who, by possession of a recognized degree, certification, or professional standing, or through related training and on-the-job experience, is familiar with the equipment and hazards involved in arboricultural operations and who has demonstrated ability in the performance of the special techniques involved. [ANSI Z133.1-2000

Safety Requirements for Arboricultural Operations] raising: Selective pruning to provide vertical clearance (5.6.3). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] reduction: Selective pruning to decrease height and/or spread (5.6.4). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] risk assessment: process of evaluating what unexpected things could happen, how likely it is, and what the likely outcomes are. In tree management, the systematic process to determine the level of risk posed by a tree, tree part, or group of trees. root collar: 1. The transition zone between the trunk and the root system. [ANSI A300 (Part 6)-2005 Transplanting] 2. See COLLAR. [ANSI Z60.1-2004 Nursery Stock] root flare or trunk flare: The area at the base of the plant’s stem or trunk where the stem or trunk broadens to form roots; the area of transition between the root system and the stem or trunk. [ANSI Z60.1-2004 Nursery Stock] [ANSI A300 (Part 6)-2005 Transplanting] root zone: The volume of soil containing the roots of a plant. [ANSI A300 (Part 5)-2005 secondary nutrient: Nutrient required in moderate amounts by plants, such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). [ANSI A300 (Part 2)-2004 Fertilization] seam: Vertical line that appears where two edges of wound wood or callus ridge meet. soil amendment: Any material added to soil to alter its composition and structure, such as sand, fertilizer, or organic matter. [ANSI A300 (Part 6)-2005 Transplanting] soil pH: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil. structural support system: hardware installed in tree, may be; cables, braces, or guys, to provide supplemental support. sweep: Departure from vertical of the stem, beginning above the base of the trunk.

Glossary of Terms

thinning: Selective pruning to reduce density of live branches (5.6.2). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)- 2001 Pruning] tree risk assessment: Closer inspection of visibly damaged, dead, defected diseased, leaning or dying tree to determine management needs. topping: The reduction of a tree’s size using heading cuts that shorten limbs or branches back to a predetermined crown limit. Topping is not an acceptable pruning practice (5.5.7). [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning] tree inventory: A comprehensive list of individual trees providing descriptive information on all or a portion of the project area. [ANSI A300 (Part 5)-2005 Management during site planning, site development, and construction] tree protection zone: A space above and belowground within which trees are to be retained and protected. [ANSI A300 (Part 5)-2005Management during site planning, site development, and construction] structural support system: A support system used to provide supplemental support to leaders, individual limbs, and/or the whole plant. [ANSI A300 (Part 4)-2002 Lightning Protection Systems] trunk: That portion of a stem or stems of a tree before branching occurs. [ANSI Z60.1-2004 Nursery Stock] wound: An opening that is created when the bark of a live branch or stem is penetrated, cut, or removed. [ANSI A300 (Part 1)-2001 Pruning]

Macon State College Tree Inventory and Managment Plan, 2009 · SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or...

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Transcript of Macon State College Tree Inventory and Managment Plan, 2009 · SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or...