Machines that Make machines
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Transcript of Machines that Make machines
Machines that Make machines
Hod Lipson
Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringComputing & Information Science
Cornell University
Computational Synthesis Labhttp://ccsl.mae.cornell.edu
Cornell UniversityCollege of Engineering
The two meta-challenges of Engineering:
1. Design a machines that can design other machines
2. Make a machine that can make other machines
Machines that Design Machines
Lipson & Pollack, Nature 406, 2000
Need more design space
FabLab in a box
• Fablabers are distinguished by disciplinary desegregation
• Lots of machines can make parts of other machines
• Is there a universal fabricator?– Top down approaches– Bottom up approaches
Printable Machines
The Universal Fabricator
On a single machine
• Make arbitrary shapes / structure– preassembled mechanisms and parts
• Make arbitrary circuits– Sensing, processing, power and actuation
• Achieve large range of functionalities– Use large range of materials
• Increase design space– Afforded by co-fabrication
Analog vs. Digital
LinearMotor
ThreadedRod
SyringeBarrel Plunger
Deposition via Syringe Extruder Tool
>250um
MaterialFluid
Reservoir
PIEZO-ACTUATOR
Material FluidReservoir
~30V,DC-10kHz
Deposition via Ink-Jet
~100um
Continuous pathsVolume Fill
High-resolution patterning, mixingThin films (60nm)
Some of our printed electromechanical / biological components: (a) elastic joint (b) zinc-air battery (c) metal-alloy wires, (d) IPMC actuator, (e) polymer field-effect transistor, (f) thermoplastic and elastomer parts, (g) cartilage cell-seeded implant in shape of sheep meniscus from CT scan.
Printed Active Materials
With Evan Malone
Zinc-Air Batteries
With Megan Berry
IPMC Actuators
Printed Agarose MeniscusCell Impregnated Alginate Hydrogel
CAT Scan
Direct 3D Print after 20 min.Sterile Cartridge
Multi-material 3D Printer
With Larry Bonassar, Daniel Cohen
The Universal Fabricator: Parallel to the Universal Computer
• In the 60’s, a computer– Cost > $100,000– Size: Refrigerator– Speed: Hours/job– Operation: Trained staff – Usability: Maintenance intensive
• Today: – Faster, cheaper, better, easier
Digital PDP-11, 1969
Stratasys FDM Vantage, 2005
Exponential Growth
Source: Wohlers Associates, 2004 report
RP Machine Sales
Critical Mass
• The computer took off when it infiltrated the home market
• Solved the chicken and egg problem:– People were motivated to write software for
their own needs because there was available hardware
– People were motivated to buy hardware because there was software to run on it
The First Home Computer
• ALTAIR 8800 microcomputer kit (1975)– $397 (2MHz, 256 bytes RAM)
Generally credited with launching the PC revolution
Fab@Home
Low cost, hackable, fablabable, open source
Bottom-up Fabrication
Self-assembling machines
• Fukuda et al: CEBOT, 1988
• Yim et al: PolyBot, 2000
• Chiang and Chirikjian, 1993
• Rus et al, 1998, 2001
Murata et al: Fracta, 1994
Murata et al, 2000
Jørgensen et al: ATRON, 2004
Zykov & Lipson, 2005
Modular Robotics: high complexity, do not scale in size
Stochastic Systems: scale in size, limited complexity
Whitesides et al, 1998
Winfree et al, 1998
Dynamically Programmable Self Assembly
Construction Sequence
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Construction Sequence
Reconfiguration Sequence
Reconfiguration Sequence
Implementation 2Inside of the
cube:• Servo-
actuated valves
• Basic Stamp II controller
• Central fluid manifold
• Communication, power transmission lines
Embossed fluid manifold
Hermaphroditic interface
Orifices for fluid flow
With Paul White, Victor Zykov
Implementation 2: Fluidic Bonding
Movie accelerated x16With Paul White, Victor Zykov
a) t = 18.8 s b) t = 19.3 s c) t = 19.5 s d) t = 19.7 s
e) t = 4.9 s f) t = 8.6 s g) t = 14.3s h) t = 15.6s Figure 5. Assembly and Disassembly of 500 μm Silicon Tiles on PDMS Substrate
With David Erickson, Mike Tolley
300 µm
Conclusions
• Universal Designer• Universal fabricator
– Makes shapes, circuits, sensors, actuators, energy & information processing
• Top-down approach– Printable machines
• Bottom-Up approach– Dynamical self–assembly
Computational Synthesis Labhttp://ccsl.mae.cornell.edu
Cornell UniversityCollege of Engineering
Credits
Viktor ZykovEvan Malone
Mike TolleyDaniel Cohen
Also: Paul White, David Erickson