MACDONALD’S FALLMACDONALD’S FALL

DAY 15DAY 15

WASHINGTON TREATYWASHINGTON TREATY

USA AND UK HAVE UNRESOLVED ISSUES FROM CIVIL USA AND UK HAVE UNRESOLVED ISSUES FROM CIVIL WARWAR

1871 DECIDE TO MEET IN WASH TO SOLVE1871 DECIDE TO MEET IN WASH TO SOLVE

SINCE CANADA AFFECTED BR PICK JOHN A SINCE CANADA AFFECTED BR PICK JOHN A MACDONALD AS ONE OF THEIR 5 (FIRST TIME MACDONALD AS ONE OF THEIR 5 (FIRST TIME COLONIAL REPRESENTED)COLONIAL REPRESENTED)

USA VEHEMENT IN THEIR DEMANDS, BR WANTS TO USA VEHEMENT IN THEIR DEMANDS, BR WANTS TO PLACATE, CANADA WILL BE SACRIFICED ON THE PLACATE, CANADA WILL BE SACRIFICED ON THE ALTER OF ANGLO AMERICAN RELATIONS AGAINALTER OF ANGLO AMERICAN RELATIONS AGAIN

MACDONALD DID NOT WANT TO GO AS MACDONALD DID NOT WANT TO GO AS KNEW HE COULD DO LITTLE AS ONE KNEW HE COULD DO LITTLE AS ONE MAN IN TENMAN IN TEN

IF WENT HE WOULD BE BLAMED FOR IF WENT HE WOULD BE BLAMED FOR OUTCOME, IF DIDN’T BLAMED FOR NOT OUTCOME, IF DIDN’T BLAMED FOR NOT TRYINGTRYING

IN END HE GOES, BUT WAS RIGHT, HE IN END HE GOES, BUT WAS RIGHT, HE CAN DO LITTLE TO INFLUENCE COURSE CAN DO LITTLE TO INFLUENCE COURSE OF CONFERENCE AND IS BLAMED AT OF CONFERENCE AND IS BLAMED AT HOME FOR IT’S FAILUREHOME FOR IT’S FAILURE

INSHORE FISHERIESINSHORE FISHERIES BEFORE REVOLUTION 13 COLONIES FISHED IN OUR BEFORE REVOLUTION 13 COLONIES FISHED IN OUR

FUTURE WATERSFUTURE WATERS

AFTER, SUPPOSEDLY NOT ALLOWEDAFTER, SUPPOSEDLY NOT ALLOWED

1855 GIVE BACK RIGHT TO FISH IN EXCHANGE FOR 1855 GIVE BACK RIGHT TO FISH IN EXCHANGE FOR RECIPROCITYRECIPROCITY

1866 RECIPROCITY CANCELLED BY USA, BUT STILL 1866 RECIPROCITY CANCELLED BY USA, BUT STILL FISH IN OUR INSHORE FISHERIESFISH IN OUR INSHORE FISHERIES

FROM 1866-1871 WE DO LITTLE TO STOP THIS FROM 1866-1871 WE DO LITTLE TO STOP THIS EXCEPT ASK FOR LICENSES TO BE PURCHASED. EXCEPT ASK FOR LICENSES TO BE PURCHASED. AMERICANS IGNORE LICENSINGAMERICANS IGNORE LICENSING

1871 TO SPUR USA TO DISCUSS RECIPROCITY WE 1871 TO SPUR USA TO DISCUSS RECIPROCITY WE INCREASE FEES. AMERICANS CONTINUE TO IGNORE INCREASE FEES. AMERICANS CONTINUE TO IGNORE THEMTHEM

AMERICAN VESSELS SEIZED, GRANT THREATENS AMERICAN VESSELS SEIZED, GRANT THREATENS WARWAR

1871 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE TO SOLVE THIS 1871 WASHINGTON CONFERENCE TO SOLVE THIS ISSUEISSUE

MACDONALD OFFERS FISHING RIGHTS FOR MACDONALD OFFERS FISHING RIGHTS FOR RECIPROCITYRECIPROCITY

USA REFUSE (ECONOMIC WARFARE/MANIFEST USA REFUSE (ECONOMIC WARFARE/MANIFEST DESTINY)DESTINY)

BR MAKE DEAL WITH USA. GET INSHORE BR MAKE DEAL WITH USA. GET INSHORE RIGHTS FOR 10 YEARS IN EXCHANGE FOR RIGHTS FOR 10 YEARS IN EXCHANGE FOR ARBITER RULING ON LUMP SUM PAYMENT ARBITER RULING ON LUMP SUM PAYMENT LATERLATER

WE DO EVENTUALLY GET 5.5 MILLION (75 WE DO EVENTUALLY GET 5.5 MILLION (75 MILLION TODAY) BUT NOT RECIPROCITYMILLION TODAY) BUT NOT RECIPROCITY

RECIPROCITY WOULD HAVE BEEN MORE RECIPROCITY WOULD HAVE BEEN MORE VALUABLE, SO WE LOSE TO USA WITH VALUABLE, SO WE LOSE TO USA WITH BRITISH SELLING US OUTBRITISH SELLING US OUT

FENIAN RAID COMPENSATIONFENIAN RAID COMPENSATION

NOW MACDONALD WANTS TO DISCUSS NOW MACDONALD WANTS TO DISCUSS COMPENSATION FOR FENIAN RAIDSCOMPENSATION FOR FENIAN RAIDS

USA REFUSES, THREATENS TO CALL OFF ENTIRE USA REFUSES, THREATENS TO CALL OFF ENTIRE CONFERENCECONFERENCE

BR OFFERS TO PAY IF MACDONALD JUST STOPS BR OFFERS TO PAY IF MACDONALD JUST STOPS DEMANDINGDEMANDING

WE GET THE MONEY, BUT NOT THE APOLOGY OR WE GET THE MONEY, BUT NOT THE APOLOGY OR THE RECOGNITION SO WE REALLY DON’T WINTHE RECOGNITION SO WE REALLY DON’T WIN

FENIAN MEDAL ISSUED BY BRITISHGOV’T TO CDNS WHO FOUGHT OFFTHE FENIAN RAIDERS

La bataille de Ridgeway, le 2 juin 1866Les troupes des Fenian eurent initiallement raison des miliciens volontaires canadiens déployés dans la confusion contre eux. Mais les Fenien dûrent bientôt s’en retourner aux États-Unis plutôt que de faire face au renforts de troupes canadiennes et britanniques qui convergaient vers la peninsule de Niagara. Des raids montés par les Fenian à la frontière du Québec furent repoussés quelques jour plus tard.

SAN JUAN ISLAND DISPUTESAN JUAN ISLAND DISPUTE 1871 REALLY A BC/BR VS AMERICAN ISSUE1871 REALLY A BC/BR VS AMERICAN ISSUE

BOUNDARY BTW USA AND BC NOT SETBOUNDARY BTW USA AND BC NOT SET

BOTH CLAIM SAN JUAN ISLAND. ALLOWS CONTROL BOTH CLAIM SAN JUAN ISLAND. ALLOWS CONTROL OF SHIPPING LANES, FISHERIES ETCOF SHIPPING LANES, FISHERIES ETC

USA SENDS ARMY THERE IN 1850s WHILE BR HAS USA SENDS ARMY THERE IN 1850s WHILE BR HAS NAVY OFF SHORE. TENSION CLOSE TO WARNAVY OFF SHORE. TENSION CLOSE TO WAR

AT WASHINGTON DECIDE TO SEND TO ARBITER AT WASHINGTON DECIDE TO SEND TO ARBITER (KAISER WILHELM I) HE SIDES WITH USA, BC AND (KAISER WILHELM I) HE SIDES WITH USA, BC AND LATER CANADA LOSE ON THIS ONE TOOLATER CANADA LOSE ON THIS ONE TOO

NAVIGATION OF RIVERSNAVIGATION OF RIVERS

AMERICANS DEMAND ACCESS TO ST LAWRENCE AMERICANS DEMAND ACCESS TO ST LAWRENCE RIVER FOR FREERIVER FOR FREE

CANADA WANTED TO CHARGE THEM, OR LINK TO CANADA WANTED TO CHARGE THEM, OR LINK TO RECIPROCITYRECIPROCITY

BR GIVES AWAY THIS RESOURCE TO USA IN BR GIVES AWAY THIS RESOURCE TO USA IN EXCHANGE CANADA GETS RIGHTS TO LAKE EXCHANGE CANADA GETS RIGHTS TO LAKE MICHIGAN AND WATERS IN ALASKA, NOT EQUAL MICHIGAN AND WATERS IN ALASKA, NOT EQUAL DEALDEAL

AGAIN CANADA LOSING OUT IN INTERESTS OF AGAIN CANADA LOSING OUT IN INTERESTS OF BRITISH PEACEBRITISH PEACE

ALABAMA CLAIMSALABAMA CLAIMS

USA DEMAND 2 BILLION DOLLARS AND ALL OF BNA USA DEMAND 2 BILLION DOLLARS AND ALL OF BNA FOR COMP BECAUSE BR PROLONGED CIVIL WAR BY FOR COMP BECAUSE BR PROLONGED CIVIL WAR BY HELPING SOUTH BREAK BLOCKADEHELPING SOUTH BREAK BLOCKADE

IN END BR AGREES TO COMPENSATION BUT IN END BR AGREES TO COMPENSATION BUT ARBITER TO DECIDE HOW MUCH. ARBITER TO DECIDE HOW MUCH.

DANGEROUS TO LEAVE THIS IN HANDS OF ARBITER, DANGEROUS TO LEAVE THIS IN HANDS OF ARBITER, COULD HAVE LOST CANADACOULD HAVE LOST CANADA

IN END 15.5 MILLION DOLLARS GIVEN TO USA OR IN END 15.5 MILLION DOLLARS GIVEN TO USA OR JUST UNDER 200 MILLION TODAYJUST UNDER 200 MILLION TODAY

MACDONALD’S REACTIONMACDONALD’S REACTION NOT HAPPY “THERE GOES THE FISHERIES” NOT HAPPY “THERE GOES THE FISHERIES”

FISH RESPONDS ‘AMPLY COMPENSATED FOR THEM’FISH RESPONDS ‘AMPLY COMPENSATED FOR THEM’

‘‘THEY ARE GONE’ LEAVESTHEY ARE GONE’ LEAVES

MACDONALD PLAYS TRUMP CARD! TELLS BR HE MACDONALD PLAYS TRUMP CARD! TELLS BR HE WILL SIGN AS HE IS BR REPRESENTATIVE, BUT WILL SIGN AS HE IS BR REPRESENTATIVE, BUT WARNS THEM IT WILL NEVER PASS IN OTTAWAWARNS THEM IT WILL NEVER PASS IN OTTAWA

HINTS THAT HE MIGHT BE ABLE TO SELL IT IF BR HINTS THAT HE MIGHT BE ABLE TO SELL IT IF BR SWEETENS DEALSWEETENS DEAL

THEY OFFER HIM 2.5 MILLION POUNDS TO FINANCE THEY OFFER HIM 2.5 MILLION POUNDS TO FINANCE RWY PROJECTS. (SECRET CLAUSE)RWY PROJECTS. (SECRET CLAUSE)

BACK HOMEBACK HOME

LABELED SELL OUT, JUDAS ISCARIOT LABELED SELL OUT, JUDAS ISCARIOT ETCETC

HATED THE DEAL, BUT MACDONALD HATED THE DEAL, BUT MACDONALD KEPT SILENT FOR SIX MONTHSKEPT SILENT FOR SIX MONTHS

FINALLY WRITES BEAUTIFUL SPEECH FINALLY WRITES BEAUTIFUL SPEECH AND DELIVERS IN THE HOUSEAND DELIVERS IN THE HOUSE

THE SPEECHTHE SPEECH Mr. Speaker, on proceeding to Washington, an Mr. Speaker, on proceeding to Washington, an

American statesman said to me, “the rejection of American statesman said to me, “the rejection of the treaty now means war. Not war tomorrow or at the treaty now means war. Not war tomorrow or at any given period, but war whenever England any given period, but war whenever England happened to be attacked from other sources.” happened to be attacked from other sources.” You may therefore imagine, Mr. Speaker the You may therefore imagine, Mr. Speaker the solemn considerations pressing upon my mind if solemn considerations pressing upon my mind if by any unwise course or from any rigid or pre-by any unwise course or from any rigid or pre-conceived opinions, we should risk the destruction conceived opinions, we should risk the destruction for ever of all hope of a peaceable solution of the for ever of all hope of a peaceable solution of the difficulties between the two kindred nations. difficulties between the two kindred nations.

Now, unless I am greatly misinformed, the fishing interests Now, unless I am greatly misinformed, the fishing interests with one or two exceptions for local reasons in Nova with one or two exceptions for local reasons in Nova Scotia, are altogether in favour of the treaty. They are Scotia, are altogether in favour of the treaty. They are anxious to get admission of their fish into the American anxious to get admission of their fish into the American market. The only market in the world for the Canadian market. The only market in the world for the Canadian number one mackerel is the United States and they are number one mackerel is the United States and they are practically excluded from it by the present duty. The practically excluded from it by the present duty. The consequence of that duty is that they are at the mercy of consequence of that duty is that they are at the mercy of the American fishermen. They are made the hewers of the American fishermen. They are made the hewers of wood and drawers of water for the Americans. Let any one wood and drawers of water for the Americans. Let any one go down the St. Lawrence on a summer trip, as many of us go down the St. Lawrence on a summer trip, as many of us do, and call from the deck of the steamer to a fisherman in do, and call from the deck of the steamer to a fisherman in his boat and see for what a nominal price you can secure his boat and see for what a nominal price you can secure the whole of his catch, and that is from the absence of a the whole of his catch, and that is from the absence of a market and from the fact of the Canadian fishermen being market and from the fact of the Canadian fishermen being completely under the control of the foreigner. completely under the control of the foreigner.

When someone writes my biography - if I When someone writes my biography - if I am ever thought worthy of having such an am ever thought worthy of having such an interesting document prepared - and when interesting document prepared - and when as a matter of history, the questions as a matter of history, the questions connected with this treaty are upheld, it will connected with this treaty are upheld, it will be found that upon this, as well as upon be found that upon this, as well as upon every other point, I did all I could to protect every other point, I did all I could to protect the rights and claims of the Dominion!the rights and claims of the Dominion!

I shall now move the first reading of this Bill. I shall now move the first reading of this Bill. Reject the treaty, and you do not get reciprocity. Reject the treaty, and you do not get reciprocity. Reject the treaty, and you leave the fishermen of Reject the treaty, and you leave the fishermen of the maritime provinces at the mercy of the the maritime provinces at the mercy of the Americans. Reject the treaty, and you will find that Americans. Reject the treaty, and you will find that the bad feeling which formally and until lately the bad feeling which formally and until lately existed in the United States against England will existed in the United States against England will be transferred to Canada. The United States will be transferred to Canada. The United States will say, and say justly, "here, when two nations like say, and say justly, "here, when two nations like England and the United States have settled all England and the United States have settled all their differences and all their quarrels upon a their differences and all their quarrels upon a perpetual basis, these happy results are to be perpetual basis, these happy results are to be frustrated and endangered by the Canadian frustrated and endangered by the Canadian people, because they have not got the value of people, because they have not got the value of their fish for ten years."their fish for ten years."

I was perfectly aware in taking the course I did in signing I was perfectly aware in taking the course I did in signing the treaty, that I should be subject to reproach. Well I knew the treaty, that I should be subject to reproach. Well I knew the storm of obloquy that would meet me on my return. the storm of obloquy that would meet me on my return. Before even I crossed the border I was complimented with Before even I crossed the border I was complimented with the names of Judas Iscariot, Benedict Arnold, etcetera. The the names of Judas Iscariot, Benedict Arnold, etcetera. The whole vocabulary of Billingsgate was opened against me. whole vocabulary of Billingsgate was opened against me. But here I am, thank God, today, with the conviction that But here I am, thank God, today, with the conviction that what I did was for the best interests of Canada. After the what I did was for the best interests of Canada. After the confidence that has been accorded me for so many years, confidence that has been accorded me for so many years, I would have been unworthy of that position and that I would have been unworthy of that position and that confidence if I were not able to meet reproach, and I have confidence if I were not able to meet reproach, and I have met it in silence. I have not said a word for twelve months. met it in silence. I have not said a word for twelve months. How eagerly was I watched! But silence is golden, Mr. How eagerly was I watched! But silence is golden, Mr. Speaker, and I kept silence. We come down here and ask Speaker, and I kept silence. We come down here and ask the people of Canada, through their representatives, to the people of Canada, through their representatives, to accept this treaty, to accept it with all its imperfections, to accept this treaty, to accept it with all its imperfections, to accept it for the sake of peace, and for the sake of the accept it for the sake of peace, and for the sake of the great Empire of which we form a part. I now beg leave to great Empire of which we form a part. I now beg leave to introduce the Bill, and to state that I have the permission of introduce the Bill, and to state that I have the permission of His Excellency to do so.His Excellency to do so.

ELECTION OF 1872ELECTION OF 1872 MANDATE UP IN 1872, MACDONALD CALLS ELECTIONMANDATE UP IN 1872, MACDONALD CALLS ELECTION

ISSUES INCLUDED REPEALERS IN NOVA SCOTIA, ISSUES INCLUDED REPEALERS IN NOVA SCOTIA, RIEL AND MANITOBA REBELLION, WASHINGTON RIEL AND MANITOBA REBELLION, WASHINGTON TREATY, AND THE RAILWAYTREATY, AND THE RAILWAY

MACDONALD SOLD THE IDEA OF TREATY, KEPT MACDONALD SOLD THE IDEA OF TREATY, KEPT UNION TOGETHER IN NS, ADDED MANY PROVS AND UNION TOGETHER IN NS, ADDED MANY PROVS AND LANDS SO COULD ARGUE DID A GOOD JOBLANDS SO COULD ARGUE DID A GOOD JOB

DROPS SECRET PART OF TREATY, BRITISH MONEY DROPS SECRET PART OF TREATY, BRITISH MONEY FOR RWY WHICH WOULD LINK BC AND PROVIDE FOR RWY WHICH WOULD LINK BC AND PROVIDE JOBSJOBS

WHILE ELECTION CLOSE, MACDONALD WINS 103-97WHILE ELECTION CLOSE, MACDONALD WINS 103-97

LOSES NB 9-7 AND ONTARIO 50-38 WHY?LOSES NB 9-7 AND ONTARIO 50-38 WHY?

PACIFIC SCANDALPACIFIC SCANDAL

MAJORITY OF ONLY 6, MUST AVOID SCANDAL (LESS MAJORITY OF ONLY 6, MUST AVOID SCANDAL (LESS PARTY SOLIDARITY THAN TODAY)PARTY SOLIDARITY THAN TODAY)

BEFORE DISSOLUTION OF GOV’T IN 1872 PUSHES BEFORE DISSOLUTION OF GOV’T IN 1872 PUSHES THROUGH RWY BILLTHROUGH RWY BILL

NO CONTRACT AWARDED, BUT TWO COMPETING NO CONTRACT AWARDED, BUT TWO COMPETING COMPANIESCOMPANIES

DEAL WAS LUCRATIVE 30 MILLION DOLLARS, 50 DEAL WAS LUCRATIVE 30 MILLION DOLLARS, 50 MILLION ACRES OF WESTERN LAND TO DEVELOP MILLION ACRES OF WESTERN LAND TO DEVELOP AND SELL FOR FINANCES SO BOTH COMPANIES AND SELL FOR FINANCES SO BOTH COMPANIES WANTED THE DEALWANTED THE DEAL

POLITICAL CARTOON DURINGTHE PACIFIC SCANDAL

OPPOSITION PARTIES SHOWINGGOVERNOR GENERAL DUFFERINEVIDENCE LINKING THE CONS TO PATRONAGE.

BOTH KNEW TO GET CONTRACT NEED CONS WINBOTH KNEW TO GET CONTRACT NEED CONS WIN

DONATED TO CONSERVATIVE CAMPAIGNDONATED TO CONSERVATIVE CAMPAIGN

TORONTO SYNDICATE ORGANIZED BY SENATOR DL TORONTO SYNDICATE ORGANIZED BY SENATOR DL MACPHERSON RELIED HEAVILY ON ENGLISH MACPHERSON RELIED HEAVILY ON ENGLISH INVESTMENT THROUGH THE GRAND TRUNK SUBSIDIARYINVESTMENT THROUGH THE GRAND TRUNK SUBSIDIARY

MONTREAL GROUP LED BY SIR HUGH ALLAN RELIED MONTREAL GROUP LED BY SIR HUGH ALLAN RELIED HEAVILY ON AMERICAN MONEY THROUGH THE HEAVILY ON AMERICAN MONEY THROUGH THE NORTHERN RAILWAY CONORTHERN RAILWAY CO

ALLAN SENT TELEGRAMS SAYING HIS GROUP COULD ALLAN SENT TELEGRAMS SAYING HIS GROUP COULD FINANCE THE ELECTION FOR THE CONSERVATIVES AND FINANCE THE ELECTION FOR THE CONSERVATIVES AND OVERCOME THE WASHINGTON TREATY IF HE COULD BE OVERCOME THE WASHINGTON TREATY IF HE COULD BE PROMISED THE RAILWAYPROMISED THE RAILWAY

WHILE NO PROMISE WAS EVER MADE, ALLAN RECEIVED WHILE NO PROMISE WAS EVER MADE, ALLAN RECEIVED ENOUGH INNUENDO TO THINK HE’D SECURE THE ENOUGH INNUENDO TO THINK HE’D SECURE THE RAILWAY WITH CONSERVATIVE VICTORY RAILWAY WITH CONSERVATIVE VICTORY

TELEGRAMS FROM ALLEN TO MACDONALD SHOW TELEGRAMS FROM ALLEN TO MACDONALD SHOW THE LINKTHE LINK

NEED ANOTHER TEN THOUSAND. WILL BE LAST NEED ANOTHER TEN THOUSAND. WILL BE LAST TIME DON’T FAIL ME. ANSWER TODAYTIME DON’T FAIL ME. ANSWER TODAY

BY END ALLEN GROUP GIVES CONS 350,000 BY END ALLEN GROUP GIVES CONS 350,000 DOLLARSDOLLARS

CONSERVATIVES WIN, ALLEN GIVEN THE CONTRACT CONSERVATIVES WIN, ALLEN GIVEN THE CONTRACT TO BUILD CP RWYTO BUILD CP RWY

HOWEVER MACDONALD SAYS MUST LIMIT AMERICAN HOWEVER MACDONALD SAYS MUST LIMIT AMERICAN $ AS DOES NOT WANT FOREIGN OWNED$ AS DOES NOT WANT FOREIGN OWNED

ALLEN SHUFFLES THE COMPANY, ANGRY US ALLEN SHUFFLES THE COMPANY, ANGRY US INVESTORS GO PUBLICINVESTORS GO PUBLIC

GEORGE BROWN RUNS LEAKED STORY IN GLOBEGEORGE BROWN RUNS LEAKED STORY IN GLOBE

NEWS HITS HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1873, BECOMES NEWS HITS HOUSE OF COMMONS IN 1873, BECOMES KNOWN AS PACIFIC SCANDALKNOWN AS PACIFIC SCANDAL

PATRONAGE NOT ILLEGAL, BUT MANY CRY FOULPATRONAGE NOT ILLEGAL, BUT MANY CRY FOUL

JOHN A LOSING SUPPORT OF PARTY AND CANNOT JOHN A LOSING SUPPORT OF PARTY AND CANNOT LOSE MORE THAN FOURLOSE MORE THAN FOUR

GOV’T FALLS IN THE HOUSE, MACDONALD RESIGNS GOV’T FALLS IN THE HOUSE, MACDONALD RESIGNS AS PMAS PM

HUGH ALLEN TO THE LEFT, AND GOVERNORGENERAL LORD DUFFERIN TO THE RIGHT

GOV GEN LORD DUFFERIN MUST PICK NEW GOV GEN LORD DUFFERIN MUST PICK NEW PMPM

HESITANT ABOUT “LIBERAL” LEADER HESITANT ABOUT “LIBERAL” LEADER ALEXANDER MACKENZIE AS A COMMONERALEXANDER MACKENZIE AS A COMMONER

STILL NO OTHER CHOICE, AND DUFFERIN STILL NO OTHER CHOICE, AND DUFFERIN IMPRESSED WITH MACKENZIE AFTER IMPRESSED WITH MACKENZIE AFTER MEETING, SO ALEXANDER MACKENZIE MEETING, SO ALEXANDER MACKENZIE SWORN IN AS SECOND PM IN 1873SWORN IN AS SECOND PM IN 1873

WANTS OWN MANDATE SO ELECTION OF WANTS OWN MANDATE SO ELECTION OF 18741874

ALEXANDER MACKENZIE AND HISMORE FAMOUS DOUBLE