MAC 215 Media History Why do I see several posts about the ice bucket challenge and nothing about...
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Transcript of MAC 215 Media History Why do I see several posts about the ice bucket challenge and nothing about...
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MAC 215 Media History
Why do I see several posts about the ice bucket challenge
and nothing about Ferguson, Missouri?
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OUTLINE
Discussion Internet Origins
Internet TimelineWeb Timeline
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DISCUSSION
How might the personalized web be detrimental to diversity and tolerance?
How might social media contribute to your own self-segregation and spiral of silence?
Where do you get your news? and how might it be filtered?
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Implications of personalization
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Defining Internet– three layers
1. The physical layer (the network's hardware and wires)
2. the logical layer (the protocols that determine who connects to what)
3. the content layer (the actual material delivered by the protocols over the wires
Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
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1. The physical layer or infrastructure of new mediaTelephone systems/cable systemsInternet service providersComputer hardware (including routers,
modems)Mobile phonesComputer softwarePortals
gateway sites, search engines
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2. The logical layer of new media
Protocols/languages/file formatsHTMLPHPMP3TCP/IP
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3. Content layer
Text, images, video, software, etc.
Transformed old cultural formsweb radio, web TV, movies online, online
newspapers, web zines, itunes
Spanking new formsDigital games, blogs, tweets, re-tweets, status
updates, new video genres (remix, etc), memes
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What is the Internet?
A set of standards for interconnecting networks “A network of networks”
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Internet Timeline
1958 Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA)
1962 J.C.R. Licklider, DirectorMemo “Members and affiliates of the
intergalactic computer network”
“integrated network operation”
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Douglas Engelbert
Human Computer Interfaces: screen, keyboard, mouse
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Internet Timeline
Paul Baran, RAND Institute1961 packet switchingInterface Message
Processer(node/router)1964 distributed computer
networking - “a highly redundant system”
“to permit survivors to do all those things necessary to shuck their ashes and reconstruct the economy.”
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Distributed network
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Internet Timeline
1969 ARPANETprecursor to Internet
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ARPANET 1971
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Internet Timeline (cont)
1974 TCP (TCP/IP by 1978) Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn Enables packet switching IP – packets, TCP – connections broken and reassembled at incredible speeds, flawlessly
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Principles of Internet Architecture:
distributed (no central control)end to end principle “stupid network”
Passing of packets are neutral (though some ISPs filter
open communication protocols (language)multilayered (layers isolated)compatibility between networks
“An open system of computer communication” –Castells
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Internet Timeline (cont)
1983 ARPANET separates into MILNET and ARPA-INTERNET Domain Name System .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, .int
1984 NSF expands high speed network
1990 ARPANET decommissioned; The Internet is privatized ISPs create networks based on ARPANET’s design 1000s of ISPs cooperate with one another to create the Internet
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Internet origins and values
ARPANET cooperation, openness, consensus
Shared protocolsAgreement on technical standardsDecentralized and distributed network Run by volunteersFor freeFor the public good
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“The Internet cannot be regulated”Nicholas Negroponte in Being Digital (1995)
The Internet a volunteer baseddecentralized distributed network of networks
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Counterculture and the Internet
Access to tools of liberation
Diverse uses of computing
Alternative networks“The conceptual
forerunner of the World Wide Web” – Steve Jobs
Published by Stewart Brand1968-1972
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1980s Internet Communities
Network cultureFIDONET (1983) Alternative communitiesSharing documents
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1980s Computer culture
Hackerscomputer enthusiasts (hobbyists)
modifyinglearning by doingsharing and creating
• the Steve’s (Jobs & Wozniak)
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Internet’s values generally…
Individual freedom (autonomy)Independent thinking Sharing & cooperation w/peersInteroperability Non discrimination (net neutrality)Open access (open communication)
Right to access, right to tinker
“Information must be free”-The Internet Galaxy by Manuel Castells
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1998 ruling the root
ICANN - non profit, private corporation given authority by US Department of Commerce to
manage the Internet naming system1. Root server system management
2. IP address allocation
3. Domain name management (internet naming system)• top level domain (TLD)• country code top level domain (ccTLDs)
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Domain Name System (DNS) Tree with root at top
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Root authority
Internet goes globalroot authority is challenged
Sell to highest bidder?put under US control?
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Map of root servers
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Jon Postel (1943-1998)
documented and developed
key Internet standardsTCP/IP – basic Net protocolsSMTP – email transferDNS – name servers
ran the Internet naming & address system on a voluntary, free-of-charge, and public
interest basis
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At 5:04pm on Jan 28th 1998 Jon Postel pulls the root! Jan 29th US Gov. and Network Solutions
secures root authorityOctober 16th 1998 Jon Postel dies (some say from stress over DNS root authority)
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Critiques of ICANNAmerican dominanceUnique relationship with DoCPartnership with Network Solutions, Inc. (NSI)
the monopoly registry and dominant registrar
Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP)
ccTLD registration issuesNon transparent board selection processdecisions not a consensus of Internet communityNon representative body of global InternetToo much control by a non representative body
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Web Timeline
Tim Berners Lee Hypertext – datalinking system (1989)HTML (hypertext markup language;
1990)Browser (GUI) – Nexus (1991)
Mark AndreessenMosaic (1993; Netscape 1994) 1st popular browser
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Web 1.0 (write only web)
1995Amazon.com & e-commerce
1998 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) governs domain names (URLs)
1999p2p file sharing (via Napster)Blogger Software released
2001 Instant Messaging services flourish
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Web 2.0 (read/write web)
2005 broadband increases (dial-up declines)
Platforms for user-generated content!Wikis – Wikipedia (2001)SNSs – MySpace (2003), Facebook (2005)Photo and video sharing sites – Flickr (2004),
YouTube (2005)Smart phones – iPhone (2007)
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Democratizing effects
Interactivityparticipationaltered social relations
lowered barriers to entryremoval of intermediaries or gait-keepers
(disintermediation)
DiY ethos (do it yourself)