M5 Facies Modeling

7/21/2019 M5 Facies Modeling

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Module 5

Property Modeling



Petrel Workflow Tools

3D Grid

Construction

Structural Gridding

Stratigraphic

Modeling

Pillar Gridding

Well Log

Upscale

Facies &

Petrophysical

Modeling

Make contacts &

Volume Calculation

I n t r o t o P e t r e l

I n t e r f a c e

W o r k f l o w

E d i t o r

Property Modeling

Make HorizonsZones & Layering

3D Grid Construction: Structural Modeling

S t u d i o

3D Grid

Construction

Structural

Framework

Fault Modeling

Introduction Surfaces and

Data edit



Facies Modeling

Objectives

General Property Modeling Workflow

Discuss Different Facies Modeling Techniques

– Deterministic techniques

– Stochastic techniques.

Learn How to use Common Settings: Set filters

Learn How to use Zone Settings: Define zones

Learn How to use different Algorithms

– Sequential Indicator Simulation

– Object Modeling

– Fluvial channel

– General object modeling

– Interactive Modeling.



Property Modeling General Workflow

Less data

More uncertainty

More data

Less uncertainty

DeterministicAddressed

Pixel based

InterpolationEstimation

Object basedStochastic



Stochastic vs. Deterministic Modeling Methods

Stochastic Deterministic

Random (Seed number) It is unlikely due to unpredictable factors.

It generates different equiprobable results for

different seed numbers.

It generates the same result for a given set of initial

conditions.

Variable states are described by probability

distributions.

Variable states are described by unique values.

It does not need upscaled cells: Unconditional

modeling.

Need upscaled cells; needs more data.

Allows more complexity and variability in the model;

can help assess uncertainty.

Faster to run.



Algorithms Covered in the Course

Stochastic methods Deterministic method

Pixel based technique Object-based technique Direct addressing technique

Sequential Indicator Simulation

algorithm

Object modeling algorithm Interactive modeling drawing

Distributes the property using the

histogram. Directional settings,

such as variogram and trends, also

are honored.

Allows you to populate a discrete

property model with different

bodies of various geometries,

facies types, rules, and fractions.

Allows you to paint facies directly

on the 3D model.



Facies Modeling Dialog Box

Two main modeling settings buttons are available: (Common

and Zone settings).

Zone SettingsDefines settings for individual zones

(captured from Models pane > Zone

filter folder).

Common SettingsDefines general settings for the grid

properties to be made for all zones.



Common Settings

Use filter: Should be chosen only if a filtered part of thegrid is to be modeled.

Ensure that all cells get a value: If there is no input

data, all cells will be populated by averaging

surrounding cells.

Overwrite: Will overwrite the previous realizations with

same suffix number.

Number of realizations: When running Uncertainty

analysis, multiple realizations are made with the same

input data.

Local model update: Updates the model inside a

region, inside a property, or around a well



Zone Settings

Zone: Click to activate zonation. Choose a

zone to model from drop-down list.

Facies: If conditioning to a previous facies

model, click the Facies button.

Method: Set the appropriate method from

the drop-down list for the zone to bemodeled.

Lock: Leave zone unchanged; unlock to

activate zone settings.



Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation

Property Model (1)

1. Set an upscaled property: (U) as suffix.

4. Choose the facies from the template. Click the

Blue arrow to insert them into the model.

SIS is a pixel-based modelingalgorithm, using upscaled cells as the

basis for fraction of facies types to be

modeled. The variogram constrains

the distribution and connectedness of

each facies.

3. Set SIS as the Method for one zone.

2. Choose the zone to model and unlock it.



Create a Sequential Indicator Simulation

Property Model (2)

5. Variogram (2 methods):

• Specify Range, Nugget and Type manually.

• Click Get a variogram from Data Analysis

6. Fraction (3 methods):

• Use Global fraction from Upscaled cells.

• Use probabilities (property/trend).

• Use attribute probability curves or vertical

proportion curves from Data analysis.



Create a Fluvial Channel Model (1): Facies Bodies


• Use fraction of Channels and Levees from upscaled cells. (Gray

field is not editable.)

• Enter a fraction. (The white field is editable.)

The Object modeling method uses upscaled cells as a basis forthe fraction of facies types to be modeled. The objects follow a

strict geometry, distribution, and trend defined by the user.


2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method to use.

4. Click the Fluvial channels icon to insert a channel body.

5. Choose facies properties to match Channel and Levee.



Create a Fluvial Channel Model (2): Geometry

Channel:

Specify the width and thickness of the channel.

Thickness can be in distance units or as a fraction of the width.

Levee:

Levees are the wing shaped deposits on the side of the channel.

Specify width and thickness (smaller than channel).

Layout: Specify Orientation, Amplitude and Wavelength.

Note: Drift applies randomness to each parameter.



Create a Fluvial Channel Model (3): Trends and

Probabilities

Use volume probability:

• Use a function

• Use a surface

• Use a 3D probability property (usually a seismic attribute).

Use Channel trends:• Flow lines are digitized polygons used as fairways for the

channels to follow

• Source points are indications of paleoheighs/provenance;

where channels begin.



Create a Fluvial Channel Model (4): Background

Background facies• After the channel is defined,

choose a background facies. This

is distributed wherever channels

are not placed.

• Background can be undefined, a

single facies type, or a previously

generated property.



Create a General Object Model: Facies Bodies

The General object modeling approach creates standaloneobjects following a strict geometry defined by the user.


2. Set the zone to model and unlock it.

3. Set Object modeling as the Method for the zone.

4. Click the Add a new geometric body button. (Ellipse

geometry is chosen by default.)

5. Choose the facies type you want your body to have.


• Use fraction of upscaled cells.

• Enter a fraction (white field = editable).



Perform Interactive Modeling: (Draw Facies)

Interactive drawing of facies types that are not easily modeled.Tip: Use Simbox view and make a copy of the property.

Note: Irreversible process: This overwrites all other

facies, including upscaled cell values. No undo!

Radius

Height

Brush type

Profile

Facies type



EXERCISEFacies Modeling



Extra: Object Modeling: Fluvial Channels Result

No drift applied (0) Drift applied (>0, <1)



Facies Modeling Methods: Overview (1)

Deterministic Learning system

Estimation Direct Addressing Artificial

Indicator Kriging Asign values Interactive Neural Net

Discrete distribution of

the property honoringthe predefined

histogram

Choose from

undefined, constant,other property, surface

and vertical functions.

Allows you to paint

facies directly on the3D model.

Uses the classification

model made in the TrainEstimation model.




Deterministic Learning system

Estimation Direct Addressing Artificial

Indicator Kriging Asign values Interactive Neural Net




Stochastic

Pixel based Object based

Sequential

Indicator

Simulation

Truncated

Gaussian

Simulation

Truncated

Gaussian

Simulation with

trends

Multi-point Facies

Simulation

Object Modeling

Distributes the

property using a

histogram.

Directional settings

(e.g., variogram

and extensional

trends), also arehonored.

Used mostly with

carbonates where

facies are known to

be sequential. It

deals with large

amounts of input

data, such as globalfractions and trends.

Distributes the

facies based on a

transition between

facies and trend

direction. Trends

are converted into

probabilities tothen run TGS.

The variogram is

replaced by a training

image giving both the

facies and the relative

position to each other,

describing the spatial

correlation from one-to-multiple points.

Allows to populate a

discrete facies model

with different bodies of

various geometries,

facies and fraction.




Stochastic

Pixel based Object based

Sequential

Indicator

Simulation

Truncated

Gaussian

Simulation

Truncated

Gaussian

Simulation with

trends

Multi-point

Facies

Simulation

Object Modeling



A

B

C

Object Modeling

Adaptive Channel Modeling

Petrel 2008.1: modified to honor the channel-levee association withsubstantial well control over several layers (cross-layer).

Uses sequential Gaussian simulation.

Better to use than traditional object modeling

techniques in situations with large numbers

of well constraints and honors channel

connectivity.

In Petrel 2009.1, you condition the model

to a 3D seismic probability.



Object Modeling: Adaptive Channels

1. Property and zone selectiona. Make sure to pick the correct property; must be

upscaled, i.e., have (U) as suffix.

b. Select Object Modeling as the method for one zone.

2. Facies body:

a. Click the Adaptive channels icon to insert a

channel body.

b. Choose facies properties to match.

c. Use the fraction of the upscaled cells or enter

a value



Multi-Point Facies Simulation

Developed by Schlumberger Research (Boston) and introduced to theFacies modeling process for Petrel 2009.1.

Honors well, seismic, and probability data.

It can model complex geological features and

connectivity. It efficiently generates multi-millioncell grids.

A geological conceptual model is needed to build

a pattern that will capture the probabilities and

distribution of the facies.This training image subtitutes the variogram.

M5 Facies Modeling

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