M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module

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Anatomy and Terminology Module


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Section 1: Word Construction

Most medical terms can be broken down into two or more components or word elements. Tis

guide teaches you how to use this act to your advantage, providing you with a basic approach or

understanding unamiliar medical terms. o define an unamiliar term, you will simply:

Identiy its word elements1.

Analyze the meaning o each word element2.

Put the meanings o all the word elements together to define the word as a whole3.

In order to use this approach, you will need to be amiliar with the three basic types o word elements:

root words, suffixes and prefixes.

ROOT WORDS

Te central meaning o a term is conveyed by a word element called the root word. It is the oundation

to which other word elements are added to build a complete, meaningul word. All terms have at leastone root word.

When being connected to other word elements, root words are converted into combining orms. A

combining orm is a root word to which a combining vowel has been added in order to link the root

to a second root word or to a suffix. Te most common combining vowel is “o.” Combining orms are

typically represented by the root word, ollowed by a slash (/), ollowed by the combining vowel.

In medical terminology, root words (and their associated combining orms) usually reer to anatomic

structures or physiological concepts. Memorizing just a ew will enable you to understand a wide

variety o medical terms.


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Root Word and Combining Forms Meaning

anter/o front

arthr/o joint

bil/o bile, gall

carcin/o cancer

cardi/o heart

chol/e bile, gall

col/o colon, intestine

cysto/o urinary bladder

duoden/o duodenum

esophag/o esophagus

gastr/o stomach

gyn/o woman, female

hepat/o liver

hyster/o uterus

ile/o ileum

jejun/o jejunum

mamm/o breast

mast/o breast

muscul/o muscle

nas/o nose

nephr/o kidney

neur/o nerves

oophor/o ovaries

ovari/o ovaries

pancreat/o pancreas

peritone/o peritoneum

pharyng/o pharynx

proct/o anus

pulmon/o lungs

rect/o rectum

respir/o respiration

salping/o fallopian tube

sigmoid/o sigmoid colon

ur/o urine

ureter/o ureter

urethr/o urethra

uter/o uterus

vagin/o vagina

ven/o vein


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SUFFIXES

A suffix is a word element added afer a root word to modiy the basic meaning o the word.

Suffix Meaning

-ectomy surgical removal

-edema swelling

-esis condition

-gram record

-graphy recording

-itis inflammation

-lysis dissolution

-ology study of

-oma tumor, growth

-ostomy surgical opening

-otomy surgical incision

-pathy disease

-plasty surgical repair

-sclerosis hardening

-scopy visual exam

-stenosis narrowing


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PREFIXES

A prefix is a word element added beore one or more root words to modiy the basic meaning o the

root(s) and create a new word.

Prefix Meaning

ante- before, forward

anti- against

bi- two

brady- slow

contra- against, opposite side

di- two

electro- electrical

endo- inside, within

hemi- one-half

hyper- excessive

hypo- too little

inter- between, among

intra- within, inside

ipsi- same, same side

laparo- abdomen

macro- large

micro- small

para- beside, beyond

peri- surrounding

post- after

pre- before

pro- before, in front of

pseudo- false

quadri- four

retro- backward

semi- one-half

sub- under, beneath

supra- over, above

tachy- fast

trans- across, through

tri- three

uni- one


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WORD-BUILDING EXERCISES

Break each o the ollowing terms into its word elements. As in the examples below, draw a slash

between the letters to indicate where you think the word should be divided. Ten write the definition

or the term.

Word First Word Definition Second Word Definition Definition

cardi / ology cardi = heart ology = study of study of the heart

vascu / litis vascu = blood vessels itis = inflammation inflammation of blood vessels

bradycardia

cardiovascular

nephritis

arthroscopy

retroperitoneal

transurethral

peri-anal

transabdominal

colectomy

arthritis

mammoplasty

laparoscopy

peritonitis

ileostomy

hypothermic

postoperative

cholecystitis

gastrotomy

hyperthermic


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USING SUFFIXES IN WORD BUILDING

Use the suffixes you have learned to build medical terms describing the ollowing surgical procedures

Medical Term Definition

1. Surgical removal of the spleen

2. Surgical removal of the gall bladder

3. Surgical repair of a joint

4. Creation of an opening in the stomach

5. Surgical removal of all of the stomach

6. Visualization of the abdomen using a scope/camera

7. Surgical repair of the breast or breasts

8. Inflammation of the peritoneum

9. Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

10. Freeing up or separating of tissue from surrounding structures or organs


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Section 2: Position and Direction

DIRECTION

anteriorPositioned toward the ront

ascending Having an upward course

axillary Commonly reerred to as the underarm

descending Having a downward course

distal Farthest rom the point o reerence

inferior Situated below; in reerence to the lower surace or portion o an

organ or structure

lateral oward the side, arthest rom the middle or median

medial oward the middle

posterior Positioned toward the back

proximal Closest to the point o reerence

superior Situated above, in reerence to the upper surace or portion o an

organ or structure

transverse Having a lateral course; a eature or organ that proceeds across


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POSITION

lateral position Patient lying on side

(lef or right)

lithotomy Patient on back with legs up

in stirrups, with head tilted

down slightly

prone Patient lying on ront,

ace down

reverse Trendelenburg Patient on back with eet

tilted down and head slightly

elevated

supine Patient lying on back, ace up

Trendelenburg Patient on back with head

tilted down and eet slightly

elevated


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SELF-TEST

I a surgeon reers to something as having a lateral course, or a eature or organ that proceeds1.

across, they are reerring to which term?

transversea.

ascendingb.

descendingc.

I a clinician reers to something being situated below a particular structure, it is _________.2.

anteriora.

posteriorb.

ineriorc.

A patient in the “prone” position would be lying on his/her_________.3.

back a.

sideb.

rontc.

I the point o origin is the duodenum, the ileum is _________ in relationship.4.

distala.

proximalb.

superiorc.

mediald.


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Task:You are describing the location o particular organs or structures to a colleague. Use the “X” as

the point o origin in describing the location o the subject organ/structure; e.g., anterior, posterior,

superior, etc.

A. __________________________________

B. __________________________________

C. __________________________________

D. __________________________________

E. __________________________________

F. __________________________________


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Correctly label the ollowing patient positions

1. _________________________________

2. _________________________________

3. _________________________________

4. _________________________________

5. _________________________________

6. _________________________________


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NOTES


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Section 3: Abdominal Anatomy

antrum Distal section o the stomach

appendix Supplementary or dependent part attached to a main structure,

located in right lower quadrant

ascending colon Extending rom the cecum to the upper abdominal area, on

patient’s right

cecum Pouch or cul-de-sac o the ascending colon connected to the

distal small bowel (ileum)

colon Tis comprises the main length o the large intestine and is

responsible or water absorption. It is divided into our sections,

lies distal to the cecum, and proximal to the rectum

descending colon Extending rom the upper to the lower abdominal area, onpatient’s lef

duodenum Proximal portion o the small bowel; it connects to the distal

stomach

gallbladder Pear-shaped reservoir or bile; lies just posteriorly to the liver

hemorrhoidal or gonadal vessels Blood supply to and rom the rectum; branch off o the inerior

mesenteric artery and vein

hilum A depression or pit at that part o an organ where the major vessels and nerves enter

hiler vessels Te vessels that enter an organ through the hilum

ileum Distal portion o the small intestine

ileocecal valve Located between the ileum and cecum, it controls passage o fluid

waste rom the small bowel to the colon

ileocecal vessels Blood supply to and rom the ileum (distal small bowel) and

cecum (proximal colon), branch off o the inerior mesentericartery and vein

I MA (general) Inerior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery and vein Blood supply to and rom the lef colon, sigmoid colon, and

rectum

jejunum Small bowel that extends between the duodenum and ileum


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left colic vessels Blood supply to and rom the lef (descending) colon; branch off

o the inerior mesenteric artery and vein

liver Stores and filters blood; located in right upper quadrant

mesentery Membranous old attaching various organs to the body wall and

carrying the blood supply to these organs

middle colic vessel Blood supply to and rom the transverse colon; branches off o

the superior mesenteric artery and vein

omentum A peritoneal old extending rom the stomach to adjacent organs

in the abdominal cavity

pancreas Situated transversely behind the stomach; it produces and

secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream

pylorus Junction point between the stomach and the duodenum

pyloric sphincter A ring o muscles that controls the passage o ood rom the

stomach into the duodenum

right colic vessels Blood supply to and rom the right (ascending) colon; branch off

o the superior mesenteric artery and vein

sigmoid colon Te S-shaped end o the colon that leads into the rectum

sigmoidal vessels Blood supply to and rom the sigmoid colon; branch off o the

inerior artery and vein

small bowel A coiled 20-oot-long tube that winds rom the pyloric sphincter

o the stomach to the beginning o the large intestine, filling

much o the abdominal cavity, where the nutrients are removed

rom the bowel contents

spleen Located in the lef upper quadrant; it breaks down the red blood

cells and releases the hemoglobin

stomach Lies between the esophagus and duodenum, stores ood, located

in the upper lef quadrant

superior mesenteric artery and vein Blood supply to and rom the right colon, liver, stomach, spleen

and small bowel

transverse colon Extending rom one side o the abdomen to the other

umbilicus Te navel or belly button

viscera General term or contents o the abdomen


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Stomach in situFigure 3.1


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Arteries o stomach, liver and spleenFigure 3.2


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Figure 3.3 Greater Omentum & Abdominal Viscera


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Figure 3.4 Omentum Raised


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Mucosa and musculature o large intestineFigure 3.5


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Arteries o large intestineFigure 3.6


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Hepatic portal vein and tributaries: portocaval anastomosesFigure 3.7


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Be able to verbally trace the digestive system rom beginning to end, including all structures and

landmarks:

oral cavity •

pharynx•

esophagus•

stomach•

duodenum•

jejunum•

ileum•

cecum•

ascending colon•

hepatic flexure•

transverse colon•

splenic flexure•

descending colon•

sigmoid colon•

rectum•

anus•

Alimentary canal

Figure 3.8


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SELF-TEST

Te proximal portion o the small bowel is called the __________.1.

ileuma.

duodenumb.

jejunumc.

appendixd.

Te appendix comes off o what part o the intestines?2.

ascending colona.

cecumb.

ileumc.

descending colond.

Which organ is located in the upper lef quadrant and is responsible or disintegrating red blood3.

cells?

kidney a.

liverb.

pancreasc.

spleend.

Write the definition or each o the anatomical terms below


ileum1.

liver2.

sigmoid colon3.

Write the terms or the definitions below


1. Inflammation of the colon

2. Blood supply to and from the left colon, sigmoid and rectum

3. Surgical removal of the appendix

4. Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and surface of the abdomen, usually to

allow elimination of bowel content

5. Surgical repair of the abdomen

6. Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera


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Section 4: Pelvic Anatomy

TERMINOLOGY

anus Te sphincter muscle that regulates the lower digestive tract, just

distal to the rectum.

bladder Sac-like organ in the pelvis that stores urine until excreted

cardinal ligament ( ) Suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus; contains

the uterine artery

cervix ( ) Lower part o the uterus leading to the vagina, also reerred to as the

neck o the uterus

fallopian tube ( ) ransport tube through which the egg travels to the uterus

Infundibular Pelvic (IP) vessel Te ligament that supports and supplies the blood to the allopian

tube

inguinal Pertaining to the groin

ovarian ligament ( ) Attaches the ovaries to the allopian tubes and upper portion o the

exterior uterus

ovary ( ) Almond-shaped structure responsible or generating the egg in the

emale; one on each side o the uterus

perineum Te region between the anus and the external genitalia

prostate ( ) A donut-shaped muscular/glandular structure located beneath the

urinary bladder that surrounds the urethra

pubis Pubic bone; the bladder rests upon it

rectum Structure that stores eces and lies between the colon and the anus

round ligament ( ) Suspensory ligament or the anterolateral aspect o the uterus

ureter Narrow tube that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder

urethra Membranous tube that carries urine rom the bladder to the external

exit o the body

uterosacral ligament ( ) Fibrous ligament that anchors the posterior uterus to the pelvic wall

uterus ( ) A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped structure suspended in the pelvic

cavity by bands o connective tissue called ligaments


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ANATOMY

Pelvic contents: emaleFigure 4.1


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Female pelvic visceraFigure 4.2


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Figure 4.4 Frontal section

Uterus and adnexa: anterior view Figure 4.3


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Prostate and seminal vesicles (sagittal section)Figure 4.5


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Urethra (male): anterior view Figure 4.6


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SELF-TEST

Write the term or the definitions below

MEDICAL TERM DEFINITION

1. Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females

2. The region between the anus and external genitalia

3. Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it

4. A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity

5. Inflammation of the kidney

6. Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

7. Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera

8. Referring to the kidney

9. Transurethral resection of the prostate

Te structure that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.1.

urethraa.

ureterb.

uterusc.

prostated.

Te structure that acts as a transport tube or the emale eggs to travel to the uterus is the2.

__________.

ovary a.

cervixb.

perineumc.allopian tubed.

What is the suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus that contains the uterine3.

artery?

round ligamenta.

cardinal ligamentb.

uterosacral ligamentc.

ovarian ligamentd.

Write the definition or the terms below.


urethra1.

inguinal2.

hysteroscopy3.

perineum4.


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NOTES


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Section 5: Head and Neck Anatomy and Terminology

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

jugular Large veins that return blood to the heart rom the head and

neck

mandible Reerring to the jaw

parotid gland Gland located near the ear, just above the jaw line

parotidectomy Surgical removal o the parotid gland, usually or malignancy

sternocleidomastoid muscle One o two muscles in the neck rising rom the clavicle toward

the ear

strap muscle Te muscles on each side o the Adam’s apple that run rom the

collarbone up under the jaw

thyroid An endocrine gland in the neck, anterior to and partially

surrounding the thyroid cartilage and upper rings o the trachea

thyroidectomy Surgical removal o the thyroid gland


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ANATOMY

Facial nerve branches and parotid glandFigure 5.1


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Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves o neck Figure 5.2

anterior view


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Tyroid gland:Figure 5.3


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Head and neck ateries and nerves: anterior view Figure 5.4

Gilroy et al., Atlas of Anatomy. All rights reserved.© Thieme 2008, www.thieme.com


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Head and neck veins: left lateral view Figure 5.5


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Gilroy et al., Atlas of Anatomy. All rights reserved.© Thieme 2008, www.thieme.com


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Section 6: Other Anatomy

TERMINOLOGY

abdomen Lies between the thoracic cavity and pelvic cavity, lined by theperitoneum

aorta Te main vessel carrying oxygen-rich blood rom the heart and

lungs to the body

artery Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood rom the heart and

lungs throughout the body

Calot’s triangle Area bordered by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and

lower edge o the liver, reerenced during cholecystectomy

duct A tube or hollow structure

esophagus Passageway between pharynx and the stomach

fundus Reers to the upper portion o a hollow organ or structure; e.g.,

stomach or uterus

hemorrhoid Swollen veins in the lining o the anus, ofen causing rectal

bleeding and pain

IMA (cardiac) Internal mammary artery, located on posterior aspect o chestwall, used to bypass occluded blood vessels in the heart (CABG)

kidney Filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals rom the

blood

larynx Passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs

lumen Te inside o a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel

lymph node Bean-shaped organ that filters and cleanses the clear fluid

transported by the lymphatic vessels

peritoneum Serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls

pharynx Passageway or ood between the oral cavity and esophagus

sphincter A circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening; its

orm helps close the opening; e.g., anal sphincter


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thorax Part o the body between the neck and respiratory diaphragm,

encased by the ribs; i.e., the chest

vein Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood rom the body back

to the heart and lungs

vena cavaLarge vein running along the right side o the spine that returnsthe deoxygenated blood rom the body back to the heart and

lungs

vessel Any channel or carrying fluid, such as blood


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Kidneys in situ: anterior view Figure 6.1


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Gross structure o the kidney Figure 6.2


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SELF-TEST

Write the definition or each o the terms below

Anatomy Definition

larynx

esophagus

sphincter

peritoneum

duct

kidney

artery

vein

lumen

fundus

IMA (general)

Te term or high blood pressure is ________.1.

extensiona.

hypotensionb.

hypertensionc.

normotensiond.

Te term intra-abdominal reers to structures ________ the abdomen.2.

outsidea.

insideb.

abovec.

below d.

All o the ollowing prefixes are used to describe a structure’s location except ________.3.

endo -a.

poly -b.

inter -c.sub -d.

Te suffix -pathy means ________.5.

deficiency a.

disease (any type)b.

tumor (or other type o growth)c.

nourishment or developmentd.


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NOTES


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Section 7: Terminology

ablation Removal o dead or diseased tissue, or the destruction o its

unction

abscess Collection o pus, usually as a result o inection

acute A condition that has a sudden onset or lasts a short period o

time

adhesion A fibrous band or structure by which structures abnormally

adhere or stick together

anastomosis Te joining o two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped

structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel

anemic A condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells

anomaly Deviation rom what is accepted as normal

aneurysm Swelling o a blood vessel at a weakened point in the vessel wall

aspirate o withdraw air or fluid, usually by a needle

avascular Reers to tissue having no blood vessels or inadequate blood

supply

benign

Reers to a tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread toother sites

bifurcate o divide or separate into two parts

bile Te yellow-green secretion o the liver that aids in digestion

chronic Reers to long duration and requent occurrence

costal Pertaining to the rib

distended Being enlarged

edema Swelling caused by a collection o large amounts o fluid in tissue

embolus A mass o undisolved matter present in a vessel. Emboli may

be solid, gas, or liquid (e.g., air-embolus—an air bubble in the

patient’s vein)

endoscope A scope that allows the surgeon to view virtually any structure in

the body


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extra-peritoneal Outside the peritoneal cavity; e.g., the kidneys lie extra-

peritoneally (outside the peritoneal cavity on the patient’s

posterior side)

extubate Removal o a tube; e.g., removal o the endotracheal tube rom

the patient’s mouth/throat

fistulaAn abnormal passage rom one structure/organ to another orrom one structure/organ to the surace o the body

hematoma Collection o blood that has escaped rom the vessels and

become trapped in the tissue o the skin or in an organ; e.g., a

blood blister or blood clot

in vitro Biological process perormed in the laboratory rather than in the

body

in vivo Biological process perormed in the body

incision A cut made into body tissue with a surgical scalpel

indication A sign or reason or prescribing a treatment or medication or

disease

intra-muscular Within the muscle

intravenous Reers to the inside o a vein

intubate Insertion o a tube into any hollow organ, as into the larynx or

trachea (endotracheal tube in patient’s mouth/throat)

ischemia emporary lack o blood supply to an area

lesion A pathological change in tissue, an injury, wound or any other

tissue damage

ligation or ligate o tie or bind with a ligature; e.g., suture, clips and staplers

(mechanical) or LigaSure™ and ultrasonics (energy-based)

lipoma A benign tumor containing at

malignant Te process o disease that is severe, progressive and does not

respond to treatment

metastasis Te process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other

organs

mobilization o ree up rom surrounding or attached structures or organs


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morsilate o chew-up or break down into small pieces; e.g., to morsilate

a large structure or organ, enabling it to be removed through a

small incision

necrosis Te death and breakdown o tissue

occlusion Blockage, as in an artery

palliative erm or soothing and/or relieving

palpate o examine by hand, exerting light pressure with the fingers or

the purpose o eeling or examining

pedicle A stem-like narrow part o a structure, a narrow strip o flap

tissue through which a structure receives its blood supply

peristalsis Involuntary muscular contractions occurring in a tubular

structure or organ; how ood is moved through the intestines

pronate Te act o turning so as to ace down; e.g., turning your hand so

the palm is acing downward

renal Relating to the kidneys

resection Surgical removal o a structure or organ

stenosis Narrowing or stricture o a canal or duct

stoma Any opening between two structures or on the surace o a

structure; e.g., the opening between two portions o the intestinein an anastomosis

stricture Narrowing o a canal, duct or other passage

subcostal Pertaining to below the rib

supinate Te act o turning so as to ace up; e.g., turning your hand so the

palm is acing upward

transection Cutting o tissue

tumor An abnormal mass o tissue within the body


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SELF-TEST

Write the terms or the definitions below


1. Being enlarged

2. Refers to the cutting of tissue

3. Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs

4. Refers to the biological process performed in the body

5. The death and breakdown of tissue

6. Narrowing of a canal, duct or other passage

7. Collection of pus, usually as a result of infection

8. Swelling caused by a collection of large amounts of fluid in tissue

9. Refers to long duration and frequent occurrence

10. A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites

11. The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel

Write the definitions or the each o the ollowing medical terms


1. peristalsis

2. aspirate

3. lipoma

4. anemic

5. sub-costal

6. hematoma

7. resection

8. palpate

9. lesion

10. ischemia


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Section 8: Surgical Procedures

abdominal perineal resection Surgical removal o affected colon, rectum and anus.

Indication – cancer of the lower rectum

appendectomy Surgical removal o the appendix

cholecystectomy Surgical removal o the gallbladder; i the procedure is perormed

through a tube placed into the abdomen, it is called laparoscopic

cholecystectomy

colectomy Surgical removal o all or part o the colon, ofen to treat patients

with chronic colitis or Crohn’s disease

colostomy Surgical creation o an opening between the colon and the

surace o the abdomen, usually to allow elimination o the eces

into a bag attached to the skin

cystectomy Surgical removal o the urinary bladder

esophagogastrectomy Surgical removal o diseased portions o the esophagus and

stomach

gastrectomy Surgical removal o the stomach

gastrotomy Creating a hole in the wall o the stomach

hemorrhoidectomy Surgical removal o hemorrhoids

hysterectomy ( ) Surgical removal o the uterus; surgery may be trans-abdominal

(AH) or vaginal (VH)

laparoscopy Visual examination o the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope

low anterior resection Surgical removal o affected distal colon and portion o proximal

rectum.

Indication – cancer

mammoplasty ( ) Surgical reconstruction o one or both breasts (bilateral)

mastectomy ( ) Surgical removal o the breast

nephrectomy Surgical removal o the kidney

Nissen fundoplication Surgical wrapping o the stomach around the esophagus and

suturing it to itsel, usually to prevent gastric reflux


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oophorectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both ovaries; i both ovaries are

removed, the procedure is called a bilateral oophorectomy

orchiectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both testes

prostatectomy ( ) Surgical removal o all or part o the prostate gland

radical cystectomy ( ) Resection o the urinary bladder, distal ureters, pelvic lymphnodes, and prostate

( ) Resection o the urinary bladder, distal ureters, urethra,

uterus, cervix, proximal third o the vagina

radical hysterectomy ( ) Surgical removal o uterus, allopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all

recognizable lymph nodes

radical mastectomy ( ) Resection o the breast and axillary lymph nodes

salpingectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both allopian tubes

sigmoidectomy Surgical removal o the sigmoid colon

Indication – cancer

splenectomy Surgical removal o the spleen

transplantation Surgical implantation o an organ or structure rom a compatible

donor into a recipient

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

(TURP) ( )

Surgical removal o all or part o the prostate gland by placing

a special prostatectomy endoscope (resectoscope) through theurethra and removing pieces o the prostate gland through this

tube

Whipple procedure Resection o the head o the pancreas, the entire duodenum,

portion o the jejunum, distal third o the stomach and lower

hal o the common bile duct with reestablishment o biliary,

pancreatic and gastrointestinal tract systems


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SELF-TEST

Procedure Definition (include all structures being removed)

1. laparoscopy

2. low anterior resection

3. Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope

4. Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually for

gastric reflux

5. cystectomy

6. hemicolectomy

7. lap-cholecystectomy

8. Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

9. Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland

10. splenectomy

11. mastectomy12. Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus

13. Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes


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Section 9: Medical Conditions

cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterized by the destruction o liver cells,

eventually leads to impaired liver unction and jaundice

colitis Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection

Crohn’s disease ype o chronic inflammatory bowel disease, usually affects the

distal ileum, but may affect any part o the GI tract rom the lips to

the anus

cystitis Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection

diverticulosis Condition characterized by the presence o diverticula (abnormal

outpouchings o the intestinal wall); i the diverticula are inflamed,

the condition is called diverticulitis

endometriosis When ragments o the lining o the uterus migrate out through

the allopian tubes into the pelvis, becoming implanted in the

peritoneum and causing severe pain

gastritis Inflammation o the stomach, usually due to irritation, inection or

stress

gastroenteritis Inflammation o the stomach and small intestine, usually due to

irritation or inection

hemorrhoidSwollen, varicosed veins that protrude rom the rectum and/oranorectal canal; may be internal or external

hepatitis Inflammation o the liver, usually caused by viral inection; the

inection is generally transmitted through blood products or sexual

contact

hernia Te protrusion o an organ or structure through weakened

abdominal tissue or membrane

nephritis Inflammation o the kidney, usually due to inection

nephroma umor arising rom kidney tissue

pancreatitis Inflammation o the pancreas, ofen resulting in damage to the tissue

by digestive enzymes

peritonitis Inflammation o the peritoneum, usually due to inection

prolapse Slipping o the uterus or rectum rom its usual position, usually due

to stretching o the supportive ligaments


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SELF-TEST

Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection, is called _________.1.

prolapsea.

hepatitisb.

cystitisc.

A tumor rising rom the kidney is called a _________.2.

nephritisa.

nephromab.

nephrotomy c.

Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection, is called _________.3.

colitisa.

colectomy b.

colpotomy c.

Crohn’s diseased.A slipping o the uterus rom its usual position due to a stretching o the supportive ligaments is4.

known as _________.

herniaa.

prolapseb.

pronatec.


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1. lateral

2. lithotomy

3. reverse Trendelenberg

4. supine

5. Trendelenberg

6. prone


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SECTION 4: PELVIC ANATOMY


1.ovaries Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females

2.perineum The region between the anus and external genitalia

3.pubis Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it

4.uterus A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity

5.nephritis Inflammation of the kidney

6.cystectomy Surgical removal of the urinary bladder

7.ureteroscopy Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera

8. renal Referring to the kidney

9.TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate

Te structure that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.1.

urethraa.

ureterb.uterusc.

prostated.

Te structure that acts as a transport tube or the emale eggs to travel to the uterus is the2.

__________.

ovary a.

cervixb.

perineumc.

fallopian tubed.

What is the suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus that contains the uterine3.

artery?

round ligamenta.

cardinal ligamentb.

uterosacral ligamentc.

ovarian ligamentd.


urethra1. membranous tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external exit

of the body

inguinal2. pertains to the groin

hysteroscopy3. visualization of the uterus using a scope/camera

perineum4. the region located between the anus and the external genitalia


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SECTION 5: HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY AND TERMINOLOGY

Te generic term or jaw is the __________.1.

torsoa.

crucibleb.

tactilec.

mandibled.

Te gland located just above the jaw near the ear is the __________.2.

tricuspida.

carotidb.

parotidc.

thyroidd.

I a surgeon is surgically removing the endocrine gland in the neck that surrounds the upper rings3.

o the trachea, he or she is perorming a __________.

parotidectomy a.

thyroidectomyb.

septoplexy c.

Te muscles that lie on each side o the Adam’s apple and run rom the collar bone up under the4.

jaw are known as the __________.

lat musclesa.

flap musclesb.

strap musclesc.

Te term or any o the large vessels that return blood to the heart rom the head and neck is5. __________.

carotida.

jugularb.

epiploicc.

mesentericd.


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SECTION 6: OTHER ANATOMY

Anatomy Definition

larynx passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs

esophagus passageway between the pharynx and the stomach

sphincter a circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening

peritoneum serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls

duct a tube or hollow structure

kidney filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals

artery vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and lungs to the body

vein vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and lungs

lumen the inside of a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel

fundus the upper portion of a hollow structure or organ; e.g., uterus or stomach

IMA (general) inferior mesenteric artery

Te term or high blood pressure is ________.1.

extensiona.

hypotensionb.

hypertensionc.

normotensiond.

Te term intra-abdominal reers to structures ________ the abdomen.2.

outsidea.

insideb.

abovec.

below d.

All o the ollowing prefixes are used to describe a structure’s location except ________.3.

endo -a.

poly -b.

inter -c.

sub -d.

Te suffix -pathy means ________.5.

deficiency a.

disease (any type)b.

tumor (or other type o growth)c.

nourishment or developmentd.


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SECTION 7: TERMINOLOGY


1.distended Being enlarged

2. transection Refers to the cutting of tissue

3.metastasis Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs

4. in vivo Refers to the biological process performed in the body

5.necrosis The death and breakdown of tissue

6.stricture Narrowing of a canal, duct or other passage

7.abscess Collection of pus, usually as a result of infection

8.edema Swelling caused by a collection of large amounts of fluid in tissue

9.chronic Refers to long duration and frequent occurrence

10. benign A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites

11. anastomosis The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel


1. peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions occuring in a tubular structure

2. aspirate to withdraw air or fluid

3. lipoma a benign tumor containing fat

4. anemic a condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells

5. sub-costal below the rib

6. hematoma collection of blood that has escaped from vessels and become trapped in the tissue

of the skin or in an organ

7. resection the surgical removal of an organ or structure

8. palpate to examine by hand; light pressure with the fingers

9. lesion pathological change in tissue, an injury or wound to tissue

10. ischemia temporary lack of blood supply to an area


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SECTION 8: SURGICAL PROCEDURES

Procedure Definition (include all structures being removed)

1. laparoscopy visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera

2. low anterior resection surgical removal of the affected distal colon and portion of the proximal

rectum

3.sigmoidoscopy Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope

4.Nissen fundoplication Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually

for gastric reflux

5. cystectomy surgical removal of the urinary bladder

6. hemicolectomy surgical removal of half the colon

7. lap-cholecystectomy resecting the gall bladder using laparoscopic approach

8.TAH-BSO Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries

9.prostatectomy Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland

10. splenectomy surgical removal of the spleen

11. mastectomy surgical removal of the breast

12. abdominal perineal resection Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus

13. radical hysterectomy Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes


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SECTION 9: MEDICAL CONDITIONS

Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection, is called _________.1.

prolapsea.

hepatitisb.

cystitisc.

A tumor rising rom the kidney is called a _________.2.

nephritisa.

nephromab.

nephrotomy c.

Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection, is called _________.3.

colitisa.

colectomy b.

colpotomy c.

Crohn’s diseased.

A slipping o the uterus rom its usual position due to a stretching o the supportive ligaments is4.

known as _________.

herniaa.

prolapseb.

pronatec.


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M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module

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Transcript of M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module