M11_Plastic Solar Cell
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Transcript of M11_Plastic Solar Cell
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NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF
ENERGY
PLASTIC SOLAR CELL
Mr.Harshad.A.Devre. Mr.V!as.V.Ad"e
Se#$%d &ear Me#ha%#a! Se#$%d &ear Me#ha%#a!
'.'.(.I.E.E.R. '.'.(.I.E.E.R.
E-)a!*-HARSHVILAS+&ah$$.#$) E-)a!*-v!harsh+,)a!.#$)
ASTRACT
Crre%/ s$!ar 0$1er /e#h%$!$,& has
!//!e #ha%#e /$ #$)0e/e 1/h 2$ss!
2e!s $r !ar,e e!e#/r# ,rds. T$da&3s
s$!ar #e!!s are s)0!& %$/ e22#e%/
e%$,h a%d are #rre%/!& /$$ e40e%sve
/$ )a%2a#/re 2$r !ar,e-s#a!e
e!e#/r#/& ,e%era/$%. H$1ever5
0$/e%/a! adva%#e)e%/s %
%a%$/e#h%$!$,& )a& $0e%
/he d$$r /$ /he 0r$d#/$% $2 #hea0er
a%d s!,h/!& )$re e22#e%/ s$!ar #e!!s.
S#e%/s/shave %ve%/ed a 0!as/# s$!ar
#e!! /ha/ #a% /r%/he s%6s 0$1er %/$
e!e#/r#a! e%er,&5 eve% $%a #!$d&
da&. The 0!as/# )a/era! ses
%a%$/e#h%$!$,& a%d #$%/a%s /he 2rs/
s$!ar #e!!s a7!e /$ har%ess /he s%6s
%vs7!e5 %2rared ra&s.
'e&($rds*
P!as/# S$!arCe!!5 Na%$ Te#h%$!$,&
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INTRODUCTION
Crre%/ )ea%s $2 e%er,& 0r$d#/$% a!!
have e%vr$%)e%/a! dra17a#"s. These
dra17a#"s %#!de /he da))%, $2
rvers5 /he #rea/$% $2 %#!ear 1as/e5
a%d /he 0$!!/$% ass$#a/ed 1/h 2$ss!
2e!s. The 7rea"/hr$,h has !ed
/he$rs/s /$ 0red#//ha/ 0!as/# s$!ar
#e!!s #$!d $%e da& 7e#$)e2ve /)es
)$re e22#e%/ /ha% #rre%/ s$!ar #e!!
/e#h%$!$,&. L"e 0a%/5 /he #$)0$s/e
#a% 7e s0ra&ed $%/$ $/her )a/era!s
a%d sed as0$r/a7!e e!e#/r#/&. A
s1ea/er #$a/ed % /he)a/era! #$!d
0$1er a #e!! 0h$%e $r $/her 1re!ess
dev#es. A h&dr$,e% 0$1ered #ar
0a%/ed 1/h /he 2!) #$!d 0$/e%/a!!&
#$%ver/e%$,h e%er,& %/$ e!e#/r#/&
/$ #$%/%a!!&re#har,e /he #ar6s
7a//er&.The resear#herse%vs$% /ha/
$%e da& 8s$!ar 2ar)s8 #$%ss/%, $2 /he
0!as/# )a/era! #$!d 7e r$!!ed a#r$ssdeser/s /$ ,e%era/e e%$,h #!ea%
e%er,& /$
s00!& /he e%/re 0!a%e/6s 0$1er
%eeds.8The s% /ha/ rea#hes /he Ear/h6s
sr2a#e de!vers 9:5::: /)es )$re
e%er,& /ha% 1e #$%s)e58
sad Ted Sar,e%/5 a% e!e#/r#a! a%d#$)0/er e%,%eer%, 0r$2ess$r a/ /he
U%vers/& $2 T$r$%/$. F$r de#ades5
s$!ar-#e!! resear#hers have /red/$
deve!$0 #hea0er a!/er%a/ves /$ s!#$%.
The0r$7!e) has 7ee% e22#e%#&* $/her
)a/era!s;s/ d$%3/ ,e%era/e e%$,h
e!e#/r#/&. /Se)e%s3s a#heve)e%/
ear!er /hs &ear $2 /heh,hes/
e22#e%#& /$ da/e % 0!as/# s$!ar #e!!s
#$!d #ha%,e /ha/. The Se)e%s des,%
#$)7%ed /1$ $2 /he )$s/ )0$r/a%/
adva%#es% )a/era!s s#e%#e % /he
0as/
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$/ $2 se)#$%d#/%, )a/era!5
sa!!& s!#$%. (he% !,h/ h/s /he
#e!!s5 /he& a7s$r7 e%er,& /h$,h
0h$/$%s. Ths a7s$r7ed e%er,& "%$#"s
$/ e!e#/r$%s % /he s!#$%5 a!!$1%,
/he) /$ 2!$1. & add%, d22ere%/
)0r/es /$ /he s!#$% s#h as
0h$s0h$rs $r 7$r$%5 a% e!e#/r# 2e!d
#a% 7e es/a7!shed. Ths e!e#/r# 2e!d
a#/s as a d$de5 7e#ase / $%!& a!!$1s
e!e#/r$%s /$ 2!$1 % $%e dre#/$% =F,.
9>. C$%se?e%/!&5 /he e%d res!/ s a
#rre%/ $2 e!e#/r$%s5 7e//er "%$1% /$ s
as e!e#/r#/&
.Da.$2 a 0h$/$v$!/a# s$!ar #e!!
=F,.9>
C$%ve%/$%a! s$!ar #e!!s have /1$ )a%
dra17a#"s* /he& #a% $%!& a#heve
e22#e%#es ar$%d @: 0er#e%/ a%d /he&
are e40e%sve /$ )a%2a#/re. The 2rs/
dra17a#"5 %e22#e%#&5 s a!)$s/
%av$da7!e 1/h s!#$% #e!!s. Ths s
7e#ase /he %#$)%, 0h$/$%s5 $r !,h/5
)s/ have /he r,h/ e%er,&5 #a!!ed /he
7a%d ,a0 e%er,&5 /$ "%$#" $/ a%
e!e#/r$%. I2 /he 0h$/$% has !ess e%er,&
/ha% /he 7a%d ,a0 e%er,& /he% / 1!!
0ass-/hr$,h. I2 / has )$re e%er,&
/ha% /he 7a%d ,a05 /he% /ha/ e4/ra
e%er,& 1!! 7e 1as/ed as hea/. These
/1$ e22e#/s a!$%e a##$%/ 2$r /he !$ss
$2 ar$%d : 0er#e%/ $2 /he rada/$%
e%er,& %#de%/ $% /he #e!!=F,.9>
C$%se?e%/!&5 a##$rd%, /$ /he
La1re%#e er"e!e& Na/$%a!
La7$ra/$r&5 /he )a4)) e22#e%#&
a#heved /$da& s $%!& ar$%d @B
0er#e%/ . Mass-0r$d#ed s$!ar #e!!s are
)#h !ess e22#e%/ /ha% /hs5 a%d
sa!!& a#heve $%!& /e% 0er#e%/
e22#e%#&. Na%$/e#h%$!$,& ),h/ 7e
a7!e /$ %#rease /he e22#e%#& $2 s$!ar
#e!!s5 7/ /he )$s/ 0r$)s%,
a00!#a/$% $2 %a%$/e#h%$!$,& s /he
red#/$% $2 )a%2a#/r%, #$s/.
Che)s/s a/ /he U%vers/& $2
Ca!2$r%a5 er"e!e&5 have ds#$vered
a 1a& /$ )a"e #hea0 0!as/# s$!ar #e!!s
/ha/ #$!d 7e
0a%/ed $% a!)$s/ a%& sr2a#e. These
%e1 0!as/# s$!ar #e!!s a#heve
e22#e%#es $2
$%!& 0er#e%/ Ths /e#h%$!$,& has /he
0$/e%/a! /$ d$ a !$/ 7e//er. There s a
0re//& #!ear 0a/h 2$r s /$ /a"e /$ )a"e
/hs 0er2$r) )#h 7e//er. These %e1
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0!as/# s$!ar #e!!s /!e /%& %a%$r$ds
ds0ersed
P#/re $2 a s$!ar #e!!5 1h#h
/!es %a%$r$ds /$ #$%ver/
!,h/ %/$ e!e#/r#/&
These %e1 0!as/# s$!ar #e!!s /!e
/%& %a%$r$ds ds0ersed 1/h% % a
0$!&)er. The %a%$r$ds 7ehave as
1res 7e#ase 1he% /he& a7s$r7 !,h/
$2 a s0e#2# 1ave!e%,/h /he& ,e%era/e
e!e#/r$%s. These e!e#/r$%s 2!$1 /hr$,h
/he %a%$r$ds %/! /he& rea#h /he
a!)%) e!e#/r$de 1here /he& are
#$)7%ed
/$ 2$r) a #rre%/ a%d are sed as
e!e#/r#/&
F,.@ Da,ra) $2 a %a%$ s$!ar
#e!!
Ths /&0e $2 #e!! s #hea0er /$
)a%2a#/re /ha% #$%ve%/$%a! $%es
2$r /1$ )a% reas$%s. Frs/5 /hese
0!as/# #e!!s are %$/ )ade 2r$) s!#$%5
1h#h #a% 7e ver& e40e%sve. Se#$%d5
)a%2a#/r%, $2 /hese #e!!s d$es %$/
re?re
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r$$)s $r va#) #ha)7ers !"e
#$%ve%/$%a! s!#$% 7ased s$!ar #e!!s.
I%s/ead5 /hese 0!as/# #e!!s #a% 7e
)a%2a#/red % a 7ea"er. UC
er"e!e& ,rada/e s/de%/ (e%d&
H&%h sa&s5 (e se a )#h dr/er
0r$#ess5 a%d /ha/ )a"es /
#hea0.A%$/her 0$/e%/a! 2ea/re $2
/hese s$!ar #e!!s s /ha/ /he %a%$r$ds
#$!d 7e /%ed3 /$ a7s$r7 var$s
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s,%2#a%/!& %#rease /he e22#e%#& $2
/he s$!ar #e!! 7e#ase )$re $2 /he
%#de%/ !,h/ #$!d 7e /!ed.
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A##$rd%, /$ a @::9 re0$r/5 The
S$#a! I)0!#a/$%s $2 Na%$s#e%#e
a%d Na%$/e#h%$!$,&5 7& /he Na/$%a!
S#e%#e F$%da/$%5 2 /he e22#e%#&
$2 0h$/$v$!/a# #e!!s 1as )0r$ved 7&
2a#/$r $2 /1$ s%, %a%$/e#h%$!$,&5
The r$!e $2 s$!ar e%er,& 1$!d ,r$1
s7s/a%/a!!&.I% add/$% /$ /he
U%vers/& $2 Ca!2$r%a er"e!e&5a
1e!!-"%$1% #$)0a%& %a)ed '$%ar"a
Te#h%$!$,es s a!s$ 0rs%, /he se
$2 %a%$/e#h%$!$,& /$ )0r$ve s$!ar
e%er,&. I% 2a#/5 /he& are a!read&
)a%2a#/r%, a 0r$d#/ #a!!ed5
P$1er P!as/# 1h#h a7s$r7s 7$/h
s%!,h/ a%d %d$$r !,h/ a%d #$%ver/s
/ %/$ e!e#/r#/&. F$r 0a/e%/ reas$%s5
/her /e#h%$!$,& s "e0/ se#re/5 7/ /he
7as# #$%#e0/ s /ha/ P$1er P!as/# s
)ade s%,%a%$s#a!e //a%) d$4de
0ar/#!es #$a/ed % 0h$/$v$!/a# d&es5
1h#h ,e%era/e e!e#/r#/& 1he% /he&
a7s$r7 !,h/. A##$rd%, /$ E%,%eer
Ma,a%e5 '$%ar"a has a!read&5 7!/
2!!& 2%#/$%a! s$!ar #e!!s /ha/ have
a#heved e22#e%#es $2 ar$%d .
F/re
des,%s are a!read& %der1a& 1h#h
%#!des /%%, /he %a%$r$ds /$ a7s$r7
#er/a% 1ave!e%,/hs $2 !,h/ % $rder /$
e40!$/ a ,rea/er ra%,e $2 /he #$!$r
s0e#/r). I)0r$ve)e%/s s#h as /hs
#$!d )a"e / 0$ss7!e /$ )a%2a#/re
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e22#e%#& as #rre%/ /e#h%$!$,&. S%#e
/he )a%2a#/r%, #$s/ $2 #$%ve%/$%a!
s$!ar #e!!s s $%e $2 /he 7,,es/
dra17a#"s5 /hs %e1 /e#h%$!$,& #$!d
have s$)e )0ressve e22e#/s $% $r
a!& !ves. A!/h$,h /hs %e1
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s$#e/& 1$!d s/!! 7e /re)e%d$s. I/
1$!d he!0 0reserve /he e%vr$%)e%/5
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have a 1de arra& $2 #$))er#a!
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#a0a7!/es. N$1 I 1!! e4a)%e ea#h
$2 /hese )0!#a/$%s % 2r/her de/a!.
I%e40e%sve s$!ar #e!!s5 1h#h 1$!d
/!e %a%$/e#h%$!$,&5 1$!d he!0
0reserve /he e%vr$%)e%/. A##$rd%,
/$ E%,%eer Ma,a%e5 '$%ar"a
Te#h%$!$,es s a!read& 0r$0$s%,5
#$a/%, e4s/%, r$$2%, )a/era!s
1/h /s 0!as/# 0h$/$v$!/a# #e!!s . I2
/ 1ere %e40e%sve e%$,h /$ #$ver a
h$)e3s e%/re r$$2 1/h s$!ar #e!!s5
/he% e%$,h e%er,& #$!d 7e #a0/red
/$ 0$1er a!)$s/ /hee%/re h$se. I2
)a%& h$ses dd /hs /he% $r
de0e%de%#e $% /he e!e#/r# ,rd =2$ss!
2e!s> 1$!d de#rease a%d he!0 /$
red#e 0$!!/$%. S$)e 0e$0!e have
eve% 0r$0$sed #$ver%, #ars 1/h s$!ar
#e!!s $r )a"%, s$!ar #e!! 1%d$1s.
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Eve% /h$,h /her e22#e%#& s %$/
ver& ,rea/5 2 s$!ar #e!!s 1ere
%e40e%sve5 /he% e%$,h $2 /he)
#$!d 7e sed /$ ,e%era/e s22#e%/
e!e#/r#/&. Ne1 /e#h%$!$,& % s$!ar
#e!!s 1$!d a!s$ have )!/ar&
)0!#a/$%s. The U.S. Ar)& has
a!read& hred '$%ar"a Te#h%$!$,es /$
he!0 des,% a 7e//er 1a& /$ 0$1er /her
s$!ders3 e!e#/r#a! dev#es. A##$rd%,
/$ Da%e! M#Gah%5 '$%ar"a3s
e4e#/ve v#e 0resde%/5 8A re,!ar
2e!d s$!der #arres 9.B 0$%ds $2
7a//eres %$1. A
s0e#a! $0era/$%s s$!der has a !$%,er
/)e $/5 has /$ #arr& 9:0$%ds $2
e?0)e%/5 : /$ : 0$%ds $2 1h#h
are 7a//eres.8 I2 %a%$/e#h%$!$,& #$!d
7e sed /$ #rea/e %e40e%sve a%d
reas$%a7!& e22#e%/ s$!ar #e!!s5 /
1$!d ,rea/!& )0r$ve
s$!ders3)$7!/&.I%e40e%sve s$!ar
#e!!s 1$!d a!s$ he!0 0r$vde
e!e#/r#/& 2$r rra! areas $r /hrd 1$r!d
#$%/res. S%#e /he e!e#/r#/& de)a%d
% /hese areas s %$/ h,h5 a%d /he areas
are s$ ds/a%/!& s0a#ed $/5 / s %$/
0ra#/#a! /$ #$%%e#/ /he) /$ a%
e!e#/r#a! ,rd. H$1ever5 /hs s a%
dea! s/a/$% 2$r s$!ar e%er,&. I2 /
1ere %e40e%sve e%$,h5 / #$!d 7e
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dev#es5 a%d eve% #$$"%, . I/ 1$!d
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2$r )!!$%s5 0$ss7!& eve% 7!!$%s $2
0e$0!eJ F%a!!&5 %e40e%sve s$!ar #e!!s
#$!d a!s$ rev$!/$%e /he e!e#/r$%#s
%ds/r&. S$!ar #e!!s #$!d 7e
)7edded %/$ #!$/h%, a%d 7e
0r$,ra))ed3 /$ 1$r" 2$r 7$/h %d$$r
!,h/ a%d s%!,h/. I%2a#/5 '$%ar"a
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deve!$0%, a 0h$/$v$!/a# 2a7r#3 /ha/
#$!d 7e 1$ve% %/$ #!$/h%, ..
A!/h$,h s$!ar #e!!s are %$/ e22#e%/
e%$,h /$ re0!a#e !ar,e-s#a!e e!e#/r#
,rds5 /here are )a%& $00$r/%/es 2$r
/he) /$ 7e sed 2$r !$1 0$1er dev#es.
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e22#e%/ =!$1 0$1er> s$!ar #e!! 1$!d
have $% s$#e/& are /re)e%d$s. I/
1$!d he!0 0reserve /he e%vr$%)e%/5
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1/h e!e#/r#/&5 a%d /ra%s2$r) /he
e!e#/r$%#s %ds/r&. These dra)a/#
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%a%$/e#h%$!$,&5 1$!d ,rea/!& #ha%,e
a%d eve% )0r$ve s$#e/&.
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'$%ar"a6s Te#h%$!$,&
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deve!$0)e%/ a%dadva%#e)e%/ $2
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7rea"/hr$,h 7& deve!$0%,
0h$/$v$!/a# #e!!s $% !$1er #$s/5
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ra/her /ha% $% ,!ass.'$%ar"a3s
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1der ra%,e $2 /he !,h/ s0e#/r) /ha%
#$%ve%/$%a! s$!ar #e!!s5 vs7!e a%d
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s%!,h/5 #a% 7e sed /$,e%era/e
0$1er. '$%ar"a3s %a%$)a/era!s
a7s$r7 s%!,h/ a%d %d$$r !,h/. Ths
!,h/
e%er,& /rave!s /hr$,h /he e!e#/r#a!!&
a#/ve )a/era!s a%d a seres $2
e!e#/r$des a%d s #$%ver/ed %/$
e!e#/r#a! e%er,&. '$%ar"a3s %?e
0h$/$ rea#/ve )a/era!s #a% 7e 0r%/ed
$r #$a/ed %e40e%sve!& $%/$ 2!e47!e
s7s/ra/es s%, r$!!-/$-r$!!
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0a0er. Ks/ as %e1s0r%/ #a% %#!de
/e4/5 )a,es5 a%d a vare/& $2 #$!$rs5
'$%ar"a3s 0h$/$v$!/a# ) a/era!s #a%
%#!de a ra%,e $2 #$!$rs a%d 0a//er%s.
I% add/$%5 '$%ar"a3s )a/era!s #a% 7e
0r$d#ed 1/h var&%, de,rees $2
/ra%s!#e%#& s$ /he& #a% 7e #s/$)ed
2$r se % %e1 0r$d#/s a%d )ar"e/s.
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e%a7!es 0r$d#/$% /$ s#a!e eas!& a%d
res!/s % s,%2#a%/!& red#ed #$s/s
$ver 0rev$s ,e%era/$%s $2 s$!ar
#e!!s. The 0r$#ess s
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0r%/%, )a#h%es a%d /e#h%$!$,es.
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a%d sed vr/a!!& a%&1here5 e%a7!%,
0r$d#/$% eve% % re,$%s 1here
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