M. TECH BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF … · 2019-05-20 · MTech (BME) 2016-18 Page 1/ 22...

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M. TECH – BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

The aim of the post-graduate program in Biomedical Engineering is to integrate

technology with the medical sciences in such a manner that the synergistic relationship between

them can help evolve a better system for medical diagnosis, treatment, research and support

systems. It is envisaged that at the end of the program, the student would be in a position to

understand the fundamental biological and engineering processes involved as well as to develop

creative ideas for the early detection and identification of various biological signals. It is also

expected that the student of the program would be able to come up with algorithms for the

successful and objective interpretation of biological data. The course deals with biomedical

electronics, the quantitative and analytical skills required to interpret the data acquired and the

processing of medical data including imaging and enhancement techniques. It is intended to

equip the engineer with the skills, knowledge and jargon required to interact knowledgeably with

medical practitioners so that both professions may benefit. It goes without saying that the

program is interdisciplinary, drawing content from a variety of areas like chemistry, medicine,

physics, electronics and mechanical engineering, to name a few.

Medical practice has become highly sophisticated, relying heavily on machines, for

diagnosis and support. Modern hospitals therefore, require competent biomedical engineers, who

can help the medical personnel, communicate with the highly complex equipment and make

sense of the bewildering variety of information provided by them. Biomedical engineers are also

in demand with equipment manufacturers, who require experts who are well versed with both

the engineering and medical aspects of their equipment. Moreover, with the increase in

automation and computerization of medical diagnosis and treatment, biomedical engineering

offers ample scope for research in diverse areas like instrumentation, signal and image

processing, biomaterials and biomechanics. As such, a student of the post-graduate program in

biomedical engineering can expect to have bright career prospects, be it in the industry,

academia or research. Amrita University, with its world-class facilities, multi-disciplinary

programs, highly qualified, diverse and motivated faculty, is ideally equipped to offer an

advanced program in this cutting-edge area of technology.

It is expected that at the end of the program, the student would be equipped with the

knowledge and the skills required to become a truly world-class biomedical engineer, ready to

embark on a career in either the industry or to undertake independent research.

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CURRICULUM

First Semester

Course

Code Type Course L T P Cr

16BM601 FC Anatomy and Physiology 3 0 0 3

16BM602 FC Biomedical Signal Analysis 3 0 1 4

16BM611 SC Biomedical Instrumentation 4 0 0 4

16BM612 SC Embedded Systems for Biomedical Applications 1 0 2 3

16BM613 SC Biomaterials 3 0 0 3

16BM661 SC Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory 0 0 1 1 16HU601 HU Cultural Education* P/F

Credits 18

*Non-Credit Course

Second Semester

Course


16BM621 SC Research Methodology and Medical Ethics 1 0 0 1

16BM622 SC Biomedical Image Processing 3 0 1 4

16BM623 SC Biosensors 3 0 0 3

16BM624 SC Biomechanics 3 0 0 3

E Elective I 3 0 0 3

E Elective II 3 0 0 3

16EN600 HU Technical Writing* P/F Credits 17

*Non-Credit Course

Third Semester

Course


E Elective III 3 0 0 3

16BM691 SC Internship 2

16BM662 SC Open / Live-in Labs 1

16BM797 P Prototyping of Biomedical Sub-systems 3

16BM798 P Dissertation 8 Credits 17

Fourth Semester

Course


16BM799 P Dissertation 14 Credits 14

Total Credits: 66

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List of Courses Foundation Core

Course

Code Course L T P Cr

16BM601 Anatomy and Physiology 3 0 0 3

16BM602 Biomedical Signal Analysis 3 0 1 4

Subject Core

Course


16BM611 Biomedical Instrumentation 4 0 0 4

16BM612 Embedded Systems for Biomedical Applications 1 0 2 3

16BM613 Biomaterials 3 0 0 3

16BM621 Research Methodology and Medical Ethics 1 0 0 1

16BM622 Biomedical Image Processing 3 0 1 4

16BM623 Biosensors 3 0 0 3

16BM624 Bio Mechanics 3 0 0 3

16BM661 Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory 0 0 1 1

16BM662 Open / Live-in Labs 1

16BM691 Internship 2

Elective Subjects

Course


16BM750 Biophotonics 3 0 0 3

16BM751 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipment 3 0 0 3

16BM752 Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 3 0 0 3

16BM753 Drug Designing and Delivery Systems 3 0 0 3

16BM754 Advanced Signal Processing 3 0 0 3

16BM755 Tissue Engineering 3 0 0 3

16BM756 Biofluid Mechanics 3 0 0 3

16BM757 Biomedical Nanotechnology 3 0 0 3

16BM758 Methods for Medical Diagnostics 3 0 0 3

16BM759 Laser Instrumentation for Biomedical Applications 3 0 0 3

16BM760 Biostatistics 3 0 0 3

16BM761 Virtual Instrumentation for Medical Systems 2 0 1 3

16BM762 Special Topics in Biomedical Image Processing 3 0 0 3

16BM763 Mammogram Image Analysis 3 0 0 3

16BM764 Medical Imaging Techniques 3 0 0 3

16BM765 Special Topics in Biomedical Instrumentation 3 0 0 3

16BM766 BioMEMS 3 0 0 3

16BM767 Microwave Biomedical Technology 3 0 0 3

16BM768 Special Topics in Biomedical Engineering 3

16BM77x Certification in relevant, programme-approved NPTEL/GIAN

courses 3

Project Work

Course Code Course L T P Cr

16BM797 Prototyping of Biomedical Sub-systems 3

16BM798 /

16BM799 Dissertation 22

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16BM601 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand the function and operation of various organs and systems in the human

body

To understand the origin and nature of various biological signals

Introduction to general human anatomy, nomenclature, surface anatomy, gross location of

various systems; Embryology - development of various tissues and formation of organs,

anatomy that can go wrong during development - congenital anomalies; Basic physiology at

cellular level - functions of each cellular organ; Cell biology, homeostasis, biopotentials,

transport mechanisms; Musculosketal system: classification and identification of major bones,

joints and muscles, mechanism of action, biomechanics of muscles, action potential;

Cardiovascular system: location, position, parts of heart - internal and external anatomy,

conducting system of heart, major blood vessels of body, its function and position, blood flow,

cardioelectrical activity, regulation of arterial pressure; Respiratory system: location,

structure / parts and function of lung, bronchus, pleura; mechanism of respiration, control of

breathing; Digestive system (gastrointestinal system): Location, structure / parts, function of

stomach, small intestine, large intestine; motility, secretion, absorption; other related

structures / function - liver, spleen and pancreas, connecting tubes and vessels; Urinary system -

Kidney - location, anatomy, function - filtration, body fluid balance, control of minerals; Genital

system - genital organs and functions in male and female, female breast - anatomy and function;

Central nervous system & spine - parts of brain, functions of brain at cerebrum, cerebellum

midbrain, pons, medulla. Spine: vertebral column, spinal cord, nerves; Head / neck / face

system : major parts of face and related bones, and structures, salivary glands, thyroid, lymph

nodes, muscles of mastication; Measurement of testing of various parameters that define the

function of each organ system – eg. lab tests of blood, urine and other samples;

Anatomical/structure evaluation methods correlation including: Radiology and Imaging

techniques, Histology, Cytology

TEXTBOOKS / REFERENCES:

1. Marieb E and Hoehn K, Human Anatomy & Physiology, Tenth Edition, Benjamin

Cummings, 2014.

2. Saladin K S, Human Anatomy, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2011.

3. Guyton A C and Hall J E, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Thirteenth Edition, Elsevier

Saunders, 2015.

4. Johnson L, Essential Medical Physiology, Third Edition, Elsevier Academic Press, 2006.

Outcomes:

Basic understanding of various parts of the human anatomy

Knowledge of the various physiological systems

16BM602 BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL ANALYSIS 3-0-1-4

Objectives:

Knowledge of the application of digital signal processing in the analysis of biomedical

signals or biosignals

To learn about analog-to-digital conversion, sampling, windowing, filtering, spectral

analysis, wavelet, time-frequency and classification

To learn how to calculate, simulate and analyze various biosignals measured from the

human body

Signals - Continuous and Discrete - Sampling and quantization - Operations on Signals; Signal

Spaces - Representation of signals - Time domain, Frequency domain, Polynomial

representation; Vector Spaces - Basis - Dimension - Orthogonality; Linear Transformation and

inverse – Fourier Decomposition and Analysis; Power spectrum estimation – Periodiogram –

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Eigen decomposition; Multirate signal processing – decimation – interpolation – Polyphase

representations – CIC filters; Filtering – IIR Filters - FIR filters – Finite word length effects;

Introduction to Biomedical Signals - Concurrent, Coupled, and Correlated Processes – Noise

Process - Filtering for Removal of Noise and Artifacts -Event Detection.


1. Rangayyan R M, Biomedical Signal Analysis - A Case-Study Approach, Second Edition,

Wiley -IEEE Press, 2015.

2. Suresh R. Devasahayam , Signals and Systems in Biomedical Engineering: Signal

Processing and Physiological Systems Modeling, Second Edition, Springer 2013.

3. Moon T K and Stirling W C, Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal

Processing, Prentice Hall, 2000.

4. Hayes M H, Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modelling, John Wiley and Sons

Inc, 2002.

Outcomes:

The student will be able to

Analyze bioelectric signals and measurements using analog-to-digital conversion,

sampling, re-sampling and windowing

Apply cross-correlation and covariance biosignal processing techniques in the analysis of

recorded electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic biosignals

Manage digital filtering, noise reduction, classical and modern spectral analysis, wavelet

and time-frequency

16BM611 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 4-0-0-4

Objectives:

To understand the nature and origin of various bioelectric signals

To understand the operation of various building blocks of biomedical circuits

To understand the operation of different biomedical equipment

Biosignals: Cell potential – Sodium channel, Action potential, Electrocardiograph,

EEG / EMG / ERG, Typical Characteristics, Electrodes, Body / Electrode / Instrument interface;

Error Analysis: Classification, Propagation of Errors; Operational Amplifiers: Requirements,

Differential Pair (BJT), Differential Amplifier; Typical Op-amp (A 741): Input impedance,

Input offset voltage and current, Bias Current; Operational Amplifier Circuits: Inverting

Amplifier, Non-inverting amplifier, Current Source, Comparator, Precision Rectifier, Integrator,

Phase-Sensitive Detector, Isolation Amplifier, Wein Bridge Oscillator, RC Phase-shift

amplifier, Astable Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator, Timer – 555, Low-pass Filter,

High-pass filter, Band-pass / Band-reject filters, Notch Filter; Instrumentation Amplifier:

Characteristics and requirements, Single op-amp, Dual op-amp, Triple op-amp, Linear Gain

Control; Medical Systems - Sources of artifacts / consequences, Lithotriptor, Thermograph,

ECG machine, Endoscope, Haemodialysis machine, Heart-Lung machine, Pulse Oximeter, De-

fibrillator, Holter monitor, Infusion pumps, Sphygmomanometer, Incubators, Cardiac

Catheterisation Lab.


1. Webster J G, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fourth Edition, Wiley,

1998.

2. Kutz M, Biomedical Engineering and Design Handbook, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill,

2009.

3. Bronzino J, Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation: Basic Concepts and

Applications, PWS Engineering, 1986.

4. Franco S, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, Third

Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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5. Sedra A and Smith K C, Microelectronic Circuits, Seventh Edition, Oxford University

Press, 2014.

Outcomes:

Better understanding of bioelectric signals

Ability to design, analyse and troubleshoot simple biomedical circuits

Understanding of the operation of biomedical equipment

16BM612 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1-0-2-3

Objectives:

To introduce the basic concepts of Embedded Systems

To provide a platform to understand the concepts of Real Time Operating Systems

To learn and practice Real Time Embedded System Development

Introduction to Embedded Systems, Examples of embedded system, their characteristics and

their typical hardware components, Software Embedded into a system embedded software

architecture , Processor and Memory organization Structural Units in a processor, Processor

Selection for an embedded system, complex system design and processors, design process,

formalization of system design, classification of embedded system, skills required for embedded

system designer, Memory devices, Memory selection for an embedded system, Allocation of

Memory to program segments and blocks and memory map of a system, Direct Memory access,

Interfacing processor, memories and I/O devices; Devices and Buses for Device networks: I/O

devices, Timer and counting devices, Serial Communication devices using the ‘I2C’,‘CAN’ and

Advanced I/O Buses between the networked multiple Devices, host system or computer parallel

communication between the networked I/O Multiple Devices using the PCI, PCI-X and

advanced buses; Device Drivers and Interrupts Servicing Mechanism: Device drivers, Parallel

port device drivers in a system, serial port device Drivers in a system, device drivers for internal

programmable timing devices, Interrupt servicing (handling) mechanism, Deadline and Interrupt

Latency; Program Modeling concepts in Single and Multiprocessor: Modeling process for

software analysis before implementation, models for event control programs and multiprocessors

systems, software development process lifecycle, analysis, design and implementation, software

testing, project management and maintenance; Real Time Operating System and inter-process

communications: Concepts of RTOS, I/O subsystems, network operating systems, real time and

embedded operating systems, interrupt routines in RTOS, task scheduling models, multitasking,

shared data problems, inter-process communication, starvation and dead lock.


1. Ayala K J, The 8051 Microcontroller, Third Edition, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd.,

2007.

2. Valvano J W, Embedded Microcomputer Systems - Real Time Interfacing, Third Edition,

Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., 2012.

3. Vahid F and Givargis T, Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware / Software

Introduction, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi, 2010.

Outcomes:

Students will be able design basic Embedded Systems

Students will be able to develop Embedded Applications in Embedded C Language

Students will be able to configure the peripherals in PIC Microcontroller which are

required for their application

16BM613 BIOMATERIALS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

Understand the basic concepts of materials structure and properties

Understand protein adhesion, host responses, and material biocompatibility of biomaterials

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Understand how materials are used for various biomedical applications

Introduction to Biomaterials - Basics of Material Structure, Overviews of Metals, Polymers,

Ceramics and Natural Materials used in Biomedical Engineering; Properties and

Characterization of Materials; Proteins, Adhesion and Cell Structure, Host Responses,

Biocompatibility, Degradation of Biomaterials, Testing of Biomaterials; Applications -

Cardiovascular, Orthopedic, Ophthalmologic, Dental Implants, Sutures, Burn Dressings,

Adhesives & Sealants, Bioelectrodes, Biomedical Sensors & Biosensors, Tissue Engineering and

Scaffolds Product Development And Regulation.

TEXT BOOKS / REFERENCES:

1. Ratner B D, Hoffman A S, Schoen F J and Lemons J E, Biomaterials Science: An

Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Third Edition, Academic Press, 2012.

2. Hill D, Design Engineering of Biomaterials for Medical Devices, John Wiley, 1998.

3. Park J B and Lakes R S, Biomaterials: An Introduction, Plenum Press, 1992.

Outcomes:

Understanding of materials structure and properties

Understanding of host responses and biocompatibility

Familiarity with some biomedical applications of materials

16BM661 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 0-0-1-1

Differential Amplifier; Current Sources; Operational amplifiers - Characterisation and Simple

Circuits; Instrumentation Amplifiers; Multivibrators and Timers; ECG Pre-amplifier.

16BM621 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND MEDICAL ETHICS 1-0-0-1

Objectives:

To understand the process of research

To know how to go about communicating the results of research

To understand the need for ethical research

To understand the issues involved in clinical trials and research involving human

volunteers

Research Methodology – Selection of project domain – Topic – Literature Survey – Research

Process – Research paper – Publication types – Quality Metrics – Impact Factor – Indexing –

Citations – Project Proposal – Presentation – Report preparation; Research Ethics – Conflict of

interest, Mentoring, Plagiarism, Case Studies and Presentations; Medical Ethics – Moral, legal,

social, religious and cultural contexts, Information and Consent, Truthfulness, Voluntariness,

Confidentiality, End-of-life ethics, Genetics and Biotechnology, Children and pregnant women,

Clinical trials


1. Das R and Das P N, Biomedical Research Methodology: Including Biostatistical

Applications. New Dehi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 2011.

2. Kothari C R and Garg G, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Third

Edition, New Age International, 2014.

3. Singer P and Viens A M, (Eds.), The Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics, Cambridge

University Press, 2008.

4. Louis G E, Ethics in Engineering Research and Practice, University of Virginia, 2010.

5. Shamoo A and Resnik D B, Responsible Conduct of Research, Second Edition, Oxford


Outcomes:

Understanding of the process involved in research

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Understanding of how to conduct a survey of the literature

How to make use of relevant tools

To recognize and understand potential sources of conflict in research

To recognize the ethical issues involved in conducting research in biomedical engineering

16BM622 BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3-0-1-4

Objectives:

To introduce various imaging modalities for biomedical applications and properties of

resulting images

To introduce basic image processing algorithms

To learn different feature extraction methods and classification algorithms

Sources of Medical Images - Introduction to X-ray, CT, PET, MRI, and ultrasound images,

Properties, Advantages and disadvantages; Image Enhancement - Enhancement in spatial and

frequency domains, Applications: Noise reduction in Nuclear Medicine Imaging, Contrast

enhancement of mammograms; Morphological Image Processing - Binary and gray-scale

morphological operations, Morphological algorithms, Applications: Enhancement of masses in

mammograms; Image Segmentation - Global thresholding, Adaptive thresholding, Region

growing, Region splitting and merging, Edge detection Applications: Detection of calcifications

in mammograms, Detection of the spinal canal; Pattern classification and diagnostics - Feature

extraction, Feature selection, Supervised and Unsupervised classification, Bayes classifier,

Neural network and Fuzzy classification, Support vector machines, Applications: Classification

of breast masses. The course also has a laboratory component where the student will apply the

algorithms and techniques learnt, on various biomedical images of interest.


1. Meyer-Baese A, Pattern Recognition in Medical Imaging, Academic Press, 2003.

2. Dougherty G, Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications, Cambridge University

Press, 2009.

3. Gonzalez R C and Woods R E, Digital Image Processing, Third Edition, Prentice Hall,

2007.

4. Rangayyan R M, Biomedical Image Analysis, Fifth Edition, CRC Press, 2005.

5. Deserno T M, Biomedical Image Processing, Springer, 2011.

6. Wolfgang Berkfellner, Applied Medical Image Processing: A Basic Course, Second

Edition, CRC Press, 2014.

Outcomes:

Students will be able to choose appropriate image processing algorithms for different kinds

of biomedical images

Students will be able to perform operations including enhancement and segmentation, on

biomedical images

Students will be able to extract suitable features from biomedical images and employ them

for pattern recognition

16BM623 BIOSENSORS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

Understanding of the operation of different biosensors

Understanding of various characterisation techniques

Familiarisation of Lab-on-a-Chip concepts

Introduction to biosensor - classification based on the signal transduction and biorecognition

element; Enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors, DNA and protein based sensors -

immunosensors; Principle, fabrication and working of optical biosensors - direct and indirect

detectors - surface Plasmon-electroluminescence; Electrochemical biosensors: construction and

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working of potentiometric, amperometric and impedemetric sensors; Development and

applications of piezoelectric sensors. Optical and electrochemical sensors for glucose, vitamins,

cholesterol, dopamine, nitric oxide, nitrates, and pesticides; Biochips and electrochemical

microarrays - lab-on-a-chip. Biosensing using nanomaterials. Biocompatibility of sensors; PCR

Principles - Bioreactors.

TEXTBOOKS / REFERENCES: 1. Zhang X, Ju H and Wang J, Electrochemical Sensors, Biosensors and Their Biomedical

Applications, Academic Press, 2008.

2. Grundler P, Chemical Sensors – An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Springer-

Verlag, 2007.

3. Merkoci A, Biosensing Using Nanomaterials, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

4. Rasooly A and Herold K E (Eds), Biosensors and Biodetection: Methods and Protocols

Volume 503: Optical-Based Detectors, Springer-Verlag, 2009.

5. Rasooly A and Herold K E (Eds), Biosensors and Biodetection: Methods and Protocols

Volume 504: Electrochemical and Mechanical Detectors, Lateral Flow and Ligands for

Biosensors, Springer-Verlag, 2009.

Outcomes:

Familiarisation with various biosensors

Understanding of the operation and characterisation of electrochemical sensors for

different biomarkers

16BM624 BIOMECHANICS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To introduce the basic concepts of viscoelasticity, mechanical properties and behaviour of

skeletal tissues

To provide the basic knowledge of linear and angular kinematics and kinetics and instruct

how to apply them to gait analysis and sports biomechanics

To learn the mechanics of skeletal joints and use them to find the unknown forces at the

joints for various static and dynamic human activities

Elements of Rheology and principles of continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity, generalized

theory of elasticity; Structure, properties and mechanics of soft and hard tissues (bones,

cartilage, muscles, tendon and ligaments); Anatomical positions, planes and axes, Segments of

human body: segmental parameters, centre of mass and centre of gravity; Biomechanical

analysis of human motion: linear and angular kinematics, linear and angular kinetics;

Classification of joints, Mechanics of joints in lower and upper extremities, Mechanics of spine;

Estimation of muscle forces, joint reaction forces and moments; Computational

modeling / design / analysis of artificial joints / implants / prosthesis / orthosis.


1. Margareta Nordin and Victor H. Frankel, Basic Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal System,

Fourth Edition, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2012.

2. Fung Y C, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, Second Edition,

Springer-Verlag, 1993, Special Indian Edition by New Age International, 2007.

3. Susan J. Hall, Basic Biomechanics, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2011.

4. Nihat Ozkaya, Margareta Nordin, David Goldsheyder, Dawn Leger, Fundamentals of

Biomechanics - Equilibrium, Motion, and Deformation, Third Edition, Springer, 2012.

5. Ming Zhang and Yubo Fan, Computational Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System,

CRC Press, 2014.

Outcomes:

Students will be able to understand the viscoelastic properties and behaviour of biological

tissues

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Students will be able to understand the basic structure, function and mechanical properties

of basic skeletal tissues

Students will be able to analyze human body motions and apply to gait analysis, sports

biomechanics

Students will be able to analyze the muscle and joint reaction forces at a skeletal joint for

various static and dynamic human activities

Students will be able to model, design and analyze artificial

joints / implants / prosthetics / orthotics

16EN600 TECHNICAL WRITING P/F

Objectives:

To understand the importance of technical communication and its different forms

Familiarisation with different forms of technical communication and their requirements

Familiarisation with the various requirements and resources for technical writing

Technical terms – Definitions - extended definitions - grammar checks - error detection –

punctuation - spelling and number rules - tone and style - pre-writing techniques - Online and

offline library resources - citing references - plagiarism - Graphical representation -

documentation styles - instruction manuals - information brochures - research papers,

proposals - reports (dissertation, project reports etc.) - Oral presentations.


1. Hirish H L, Essential Communication Strategies for Scientists, Engineers and

Technology Professionals, Second Edition, IEEE Press, New York, 2002.

2. Anderson P V, Technical Communication: A Reader-Centred Approach, Eighth Edition.

Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Reprint 2010.

3. Strunk Jr. W and White E B, The Elements of Style, Alliyan and Bacon, New York, 1999.

Outcomes:

Understanding of the different styles of various technical bodies

Knowledge of the various tools available for technical writing

16BM750 BIOPHOTONICS 3-0-0-3

Objective:

To understand light-tissue interaction and the various techniques /equipment for its study

Introduction; Light-Matter interaction; Rayleigh and Mie Scattering; Spectroscopy -

Fluorescence, Raman, CARS, ESS; Ballistic Imaging – Confocal, Non-linear, OCT and Doppler

OCT; Radiation transfer and diffusion; Diffuse Optical Tomography; Glucose diagnostics;

Optical Tweezers; Photoacoustic Tomography, Photoplethysmography (PPG).


1. Prasad P, Introduction to Biophotonics, Wiley-Interscience, 2003.

2. Vo-Dinh T, Biomedical Photonics Handbook, Second Edition, CRC Press, 2014.

3. Collins J, Biophotonics: Spectroscopy, Imaging, Sensing, and Manipulation, Springer,

2011.

4. Popp J and Strehle M, Biophotonics: Visions for Better Health Care, Wiley-VCH, 2006.

5. Popp F A, Dualibe C V and Beloussov L V (Eds.), Integrative Biophysics: Biophotonics,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

Outcomes:

Understanding of the characteristics of light-tissue interaction

Knowledge of the various methods / equipment for studying light-tissue interaction

Knowledge of the use of optical techniques for measuring certain biomedical parameters

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16BM751 DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENT 3-0-0-3

Objective:

Study the various diagnostic and therapeutic equipment used in hospitals / biomedical

laboratories

Analytical Instrumentation – UV / Visible Spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption

Spectrophotometer, Mass Spectrophotometer, Automated biochemical Analysis system, Gas

Chromatography – Liquid Chromatography, Blood Gas Analyzer, Blood Cell Counter, Auto

Analyzer; CO2 incubators, Cryo Centrifuges; Intensive Coronary Care Units - Central

Monitoring system, Drug Delivery Systems, Intelligent Drug Delivery, Neurological

Instrumentation,Respiratory Care Unit Equipment, Nebulizers, Mechanical Ventilators, CPAP

Devices; Advanced Life Support Systems - Cardiac Life Support Equipment, Pediatric

Advanced Life support & Neonatal Resuscitation; Operation Theatre Equipment - Surgery

Equipment, Electrosurgical Units; Laser Surgery - CO2, Nd YAG, Ruby, Argon, Krypton

Lasers; Endoscopy - Types, Rigid, Flexible, Illuminations and Image transmission systems;

Laparoscopy; Perfusion Equipment - Anaesthesia, Ventilators, Heart Lung machine, Fumigators;

Radio Therapy - Cobalt Unit, Ionization Chambers, Geiger-Muller Counters, Gas proportional

counters, Scintillation Counters, Solid State Radiation Detectors, Linear Accelerators


1. Khandpur R, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition, Tata McGraw-

Hill, 2003.

2. Bronzino J, Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation: Basic Concepts and

Applications, PWS Engineering, 1986.

3. Carr J and Brown J M, Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Fourth

Edition, Pearson, 2008.

4. Webster J G, Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Volume 1, John

Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2011.

5. Webster J G, Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design, Fourth Edition, Wiley,

2010.

Outcomes:

Knowledge of the function of various diagnostic and therapeutic equipment

Familiarity with their operation, through hospital visits

16BM752 NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand the different methods for studying the properties of nanomaterials

To understand the various methods for characterizing nanomaterials

To understand the process of nanomaterial synthesis

Introduction to Nanomaterials: Size dependence of properties – Surface to volume ratio and

Quantum confinement; Microscopic techniques to study nano structures - SEM, AFM, TEM and

STM; Spectroscopic techniques to characterize nanostructures - Raman, XPS, Auger, EDAX;

Synthetic approaches: Colloidal, Self-Assembly (Self assembled monolayers-SAMs) and

electrostatic self-assembly, electrochemical methods (cathodic and anodic processes), sol-gel,

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique, chemical vapour deposition, plasma arcing and ball milling,

lithography; Electrical, optical, mechanical, chemical and magnetic properties of nanomaterials;

Carbon Clusters: Synthesis, properties and biomedical applications of Fullerenes, Carbon

nanotubes and Graphenes. Quantum Dots, wells and wires (metallic and semiconducting) -

Preparation, properties and biomedical applications; Dendrimeric structures and their

applications; Biofunctionalisation of nanomaterials - Surface Plasmon resonance – Fluorescence

Resonance energy transfer (FRET).

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1. Nabok A, Organic and Inorganic Nanostructures, Artech House, Inc., 2005.

2. Ju H, Zhang X and Wang J, NanoBiosensing, Principles, Development and Application,

Springer, 2011.

3. Mozafari M R (Ed.), Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications,

Springer, 2007.

4. Wang Z L (Ed.), Characterisation of Nanophase Materials, Wiley VCH, 2000.

Outcomes:

Understanding of the properties of nanoparticles and their characterisation

Knowledge of the process of synthesizing nanomaterials

Knowledge of possible biomedical applications of nanomaterials

16BM753 DRUG DESIGNING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand the basics of drug design

To understand the different methods for simulating drug molecules and criteria for

selecting them

To understand the fundamentals of drug administration and delivery systems

Introduction - Drug-likeness, Source of drugs, drug-designing strategy, DNA-based drug

designing, RNA-based drug designing, Protein-based drug designing, Pathway based drug

designing. Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) - Sequence and structural analysis, Active

sites, molecular interaction, Docking studies, Molecular dynamic simulation and Monte-Carlo

simulation techniques. Electrostatic complementarity - Master equation approach, Poisson-

Boltzmann calculation, Correlation of electrostatic potential, Regression analysis of free energy;

Drug administration and drug effectiveness - Diffusion and drug dispersion, diffusion in

biological systems, drug permeation through biological barriers, drug transport by fluid motion,

pharmacokinetics of drug distribution, ADMETox. Drug delivery systems - Drug modification,

controlled drug delivery systems, computational drug delivery, FEM based modeling of drug

delivery. Case studies - Drug designing, controlled delivery of systematic therapy.


1. Saltzman W.M, Drug Delivery-Engineering Principles for Drug Therapy, Oxford


2. Vinter J G and Gardner M, Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, CRC Press, 2001.

3. Smith D A, Van de Waterbeemd H and Walker D K, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

in Drug Design, Wiley-VCH, 2001.

Outcomes:

Knowledge of the fundamentals of drug design and simulation

Knowledge of different methods of drug study and characterisation

16BM754 ADVANCED SIGNAL PROCESSING 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To learn advanced transform techniques like wavelets and DCT

To learn statistical parametric and non-parametric modeling of biosignals and power

spectrum estimation techniques

To learn various feature extraction techniques for evaluating the biosignals

To learn classification techniques for applying in certain diagnosis

Multi-resolution Signal and Noise analysis: Signal analysis, DCT, STFT, WT; Spectral

Estimation: parametric and non-parametric methods; Signal Modelling: auto-regressive, moving-

average, auto-regressive and moving-average, linear predictive modeling and application to the

biosignals; Linear and Nonlinear Filtering: mean-average filter, median filter, derivative filter,

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FIR and IIR filters (low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass, and notch), Weiner filter, LMS and

Kalman filtering algorithms, SVD filtering and homomorphic signal processing; Bio-signal

Processing: Independent and Principal Component Analyses (ICA and PCA) and use in bio-

signal separation; introduction to detection, estimation, and classification problems, Feature

Extraction: temporal and spectral features, DCT features, STFT features, wavelet features,

higher order statistics (HOS), and information-theoretic features; Event Detection and

Classification: classifiers (Euclidean and Mahalonobis distances, Linear discriminants, SVM,

NN, GMM, KLD). Computer aided diagnostic system: ECG beat recognition, heart sound and

murmurs classification, Brain disorders, EMG signal filtering, and HRV analysis; Biosignal

Compression: lossless, DCT and DWT.


1. Oppenheim A V, Schafer R W and Buck J R, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Third

Edition, Prentice Hall, 2009.

2. Rangayyan R M, Biomedical Signal Analysis - A Case-Study Approach, Second Edition,

Wiley -IEEE Press, 2015.

3. Kay S M, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing; Practical Algorithm

Development, Vol . III, Prentice Hall, 2013.

4. Begg R, Palaniswami M and Lai D T H, Computational Intelligence in Biomedical

Engineering, CRC Press, 2007.

Outcomes:

The student will be able to

Apply digital filtering and classical spectral analysis to evaluate the biosignals

Apply modern spectral analysis, wavelet and time-frequency analysis on various biosignals

To apply appropriate feature extraction techniques for evaluating the signals

Apply a range of classification techniques

16BM755 TISSUE ENGINEERING 3-0-0-3

Objectives

To understand cellular organisation and Morphogenesis

To understand scaffolding materials and processing technologies

To understand various tissue engineering models

Definitions; Goals of tissue engineering; Biology for tissue engineering: Cellular organization,

Organization of cells into higher-ordered structures, Cell-ECM interactions, Matrix molecules

and ligands, Signaling for tissue engineering, Morphogenesis, Cell differentiation. Control of

tissue development: Mechanochemical switching between growth and differentiation, regulation

and growth factors. Biomaterials in tissue engineering: Cell interaction with polymers, matrix

effects, scaffolding materials, scaffold processing technologies – salt leaching, polymer phase

separation, solid freeform fabrication, gas foaming, electrospinning, self assembly, ceramic

scaffold processing; Material modification and properties. Models for tissue engineering

(selected case studies will be covered): Issues in kinetics, transport and mechanics; Molecular

interactions with cells, molecular and cell transport through tissues, cell and tissue mechanics -

Tissue engineering applications (selected case studies will be covered): Cardiovascular systems,

tendons and ligaments, bones, cornea, periodontia, craniofacial structures, red-blood cell

substitutes, nerve regeneration, insulin replacement, fetal tissue engineering, renal replacement,

stem cells in tissue engineering.


1. Lanza R P, Langer R and Vacanti J (Eds.), Principles of Tissue Engineering, Fourth

Edition, Academic Press, 2014.

2. Ma P X and Elisseeff J (Eds.), Scaffolding in Tissue Engineering, CRC Press, 2006.

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Outcomes:

Knowledge of cellular organisation, morphogenesis and cell differentiation

Knowledge of scaffolding materials and processing

Knowledge of tissue engineering models

16BM756 BIOFLUID MECHANICS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To learn the basics of fluid flow – properties and effect of temperature and pressure

To learn about various kinds of fluid flow

Knowledge of fluid transport in biological systems

To learn about transport of gases and nutrients

Introductory Fluid mechanics – Types of fluids, fluid properties, Effect of temperature and

pressure on fluid properties, Conservation relations and boundary conditions, Fluid statics,

modes of fluid transportation, laminar and turbulent flows, Application of momentum balances -

Flow between fixed and moving parallel plates, flow through cylindrical pipe, flow through

annulus, flow between rotating cylinders, Internal vs. External flows, boundary layer formation

and boundary layer theory, flow around a fixed cylinder and sphere, flow around a slowly

rotating sphere, Friction loss in flow through pipes, Transport through porous media.

Introduction to Biological systems – Constituents and properties of blood, Cell Structure,

Relative importance of convection and diffusion, Transport within the cell, Transport across cell

membrane, Transcellular transport, Physiological transport systems – cardio vascular systems,

Respiratory system, Gastrointestinal tract, Liver Kidneys, Integrated organ function. Fluid flow

in veins, arteries and tissues – Oscillating flow in circular tubes, Entrance effects in circular

tubes, flow in rigid and flexible tubes, flow in a collapsing pipe subjected external force and

pressure correlations, Flow in branching arteries, Flow in sudden contraction enlargements as

applied to cardiovascular systems, and Flow through pipe varying in diameter, Arterial fluid

dynamics and hemodynamics – Heart valve hemodynamics, Fluid dynamics of Reconstructive

surgery for congenital heart diseases, Heart pumping capacities for all the above studies. Heat

and Mass Transport in Biological Systems – Transport of gases and vital nutrients in between

blood and tissues, Oxygen-Hemoglobin equilibrium, Oxygen delivery to tissues, Drug transport

in solid tumors.


1. Kleinstreuer C, Biofluid Dynamics: Principles and Selected Applications, CRC/Taylor

and Francis, 2006.

2. Truskey G A, Yuan F and Katz D F, Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems, Second

Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.

3. Cooney D O, Biomedical Engineering Principles: An Introduction to Fluid, Heat and

Mass Transport Processes, M. Dekker, 1976.

4. Sharma K L, Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering: Artificial Organ Design

and Development and Tissue Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 2010.

Outcomes:

Knowledge of the basics of fluid flow

Understanding of the different forms of fluid transport in biological systems

16BM757 BIOMEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand the characteristics of nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots and

nanoprobes

To understand the use of nanoparticles as biosensors

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Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine – Self-assembled Organic nanotubes - Self assembled

Gold Nano particles with organic linkers - Nano wires for biomolecular sensing –

Nucleoprotein-based membrane systems - Quantum dots - Nanopore methods for DNA detection

and sequencing - nanoimaging - Three-Dimensional Aberration-Corrected Scanning

Transmission Electron Microscopy for Biology - Development and Modeling of a Novel Self-

Assembly Process for Polymer and Polymeric Composite Nanoparticles - Optical

Nanobiosensors and Nanoprobes. Biomolecule Sensing Using Surface Plasmon Resonance -

Enzyme Quantum Dots as Tracers for DNA Electrochemical Sensing Systems - Nanobiosensors:

Carbon Nanotubes in Bioelectrochemistry - Nanoparticles in Medical Diagnostics and

Therapeutics - Microtubule-Dependent Motility during Intracellular Trafficking of Vector

Genome to the Nucleus: Sub-cellular Mimicry in Virology and Nanoengineering - Gene

Detection and Multispectral Imaging Using SERS. Nanoprobes and Nanostructures - Integrated

Cantilever-Based Biosensors for the Detection of Chemical and Biological Entities


1. Malsch N H, Biomedical Nanotechnology, Taylor and Francis, 2005.

2. Lockwood D J, Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology, Kluwer Academic

Publishers, 2004.

3. Vo-Dinh T, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine – Methods, Devices and

Applications, CRC Press, 2003.

4. Mozafari R M, Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications, Springer,

2007.

5. Ratner M and Ratner D, Nanotechnology – A Gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea,

Prentice Hall, 2002.

Outcomes:

Knowledge of the use of nanostructures for biomedical applications

16BM758 METHODS FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand the relevance of clinical tests in proper diagnosis

To understand the use of some common haemotological and biochemical tests

Introduction to Diagnostics – History, Mechanisms of disease, Blood Composition, Blood

Collection procedures, Blood Cell Development, White blood cells, Red blood cells,

hemoglobin / hematocrit, platelets, Other hematology tests, Coagulation, Urinalysis - kidney

function, chemical tests, occult blood, Blood Chemistry – Overview, glucose, metabolic tests,

hormones, enzymes, tests for cardiac muscle injury, lipids, Genetic testing, Forensics,

Cytology / Histology / Pathology, Arterial Blood Gases / electrolytes, Endoscopic studies,

Medical Imaging - Radiography, CT Scan, MRI, Sonography, Special Organ Study – Heart,

Brain, Lungs, Nuclear medicine.


1. Fischbach F and Dunning M B, A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, Ninth

Edition, Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.

2. Pagana K and Pagana T J, Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference, Eleventh

Edition, Elsevier Mosby, 2013.

3. Wilson D, McGraw-Hill’s Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests, McGraw-Hill,

Medical Pub. Division, 2008.

4. Chernecky C C and Berger B J, Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, Sixth

Edition, Saunders, 2013.

5. Dirckx J, Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures in Medicine, Health Professions

Institute, 2004.

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Outcomes:

Ability to recognize the range of certain haemotological and biochemical parameters

Understanding of the importance of clinical and diagnostic tests

16BM759 LASER INSTRUMENTATION FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To understand laser-tissue interaction

To understand the operation of laser equipment and their application

Basic optical theory - nature of electromagnetic radiation, interaction of radiation with matter,

reflection, refraction, polarization, Laser fundamentals, laser beam characteristics, Q-switching,

mode locking, continuous wave, beam quality (laser cavity modes), types of lasers, energy and

power; Laser interaction - Absorption, reflection, refraction and polarization, optical properties

of materials, tissues – laser interaction with tissues - pathology of laser reaction in tissues -

thermal effects non thermal reactions of laser radiation; Laser instrumentation - Doppler

flowmetry - Laser flow cytometry - single cell separation - micro irradiation, Laser fluorescent

micro irradiation - Laser eye instrumentation; Laser tissue transillumination & diaphanography -

Speckle interferometry, reflectance in tumour diagnostics, holography - Application Safety with

biomedical Lasers.


1. Niemz M H, Laser-Tissue Interactions: Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition,

Springer, 2014.

2. Tuchin V V, Tissue Optics: Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical

Diagnosis, Third Edition, SPIE Publications, 2015.

3. Goldman L, The Biomedical Laser Technology and Clinical Applications, Springer-

Verlag, 1981.

4. Wolbarsht M L, Laser Applications in Medicine and Biology, Springer, 1991.

Outcomes:

Understanding of the interaction between lasers and tissue

Knowledge of the operation of some laser-based biomedical equipment

16BM760 BIOSTATISTICS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

Recognise different kinds of data in public health and clinical studies

Interpret differences in data distributions

Understanding of standard methods of data collection, manipulation and analysis

Understanding of the basic principles and uses of linear regression models

Probability in the Health Sciences – Measurement and Measurement Sciences, Sampling and

Statistical Inference, Frequency Distribution, Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion;

Bayes’ Theorem and Screening Tests; Probability Distributions – Poisson, Binomial and

Normal; Observational Data – Description and Analysis, Random Sampling; Population

parameters and sample statistics; Measures of dispersion; Comparison with hypothetical value;

two or more paired or unpaired groups, Measures of association, prediction of values; Estimation

and Testing of Hypotheses, Regression and Correlation; Analysis of Variance


1. Daniel W W, Biostatistics : Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences,

Ninth Edition, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2010.

2. Glantz S A, Primer of Biostatistics, Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill Medical Pub., New

York, 2011.

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Outcomes:

Ability to organize, summarise and display quantitative data

Ability to carry out and interpret different tests of statistical significance

16BM761 VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEDICAL SYSTEMS 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To learn the fundamentals of Virtual Instrumentation

To learn to acquire, analyse and present biomedical data using LabVIEW

Concepts of Virtual instrumentation systems; Data Acquisition and Analysis using LabVIEW;

Design and implementation of virtual instrumentation systems for ECG, Pulse Oximetry and

EEG signal acquisition and analysis.


1. Gupta S and John J, Virtual Instrumentation Using LabVIEW, Second Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 2010.

2. Bishop R, LabVIEW 2009: Student Edition, Prentice Hall, 2010.

3. Olansen J B and Rosow E, Virtual Bio-Instrumentation: Biomedical, Clinical and

Healthcare Applications in LabVIEW, Prentice Hall, 2002.

4. Relevant Data Sheets and User Manuals

Outcomes:

Ability to acquire, analyse and present data using LabVIEW

Development of simple biomedical data acquisition systems, using LabVIEW

16BM762 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING 3-0-0-3

(Pre-requisite: 16BM622 BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING)

Objectives:

To introduce image restoration and advanced image segmentation techniques

To understand in detail, the features useful for representing and describing regions of

interest in biomedical images

To learn image processing applications, including reconstruction and registration that deal

with multiple images

Image Restoration - Spatial filtering, Frequency domain filtering, Inverse filtering, Wiener

filtering, Constrained least squares filtering, Geometric mean filter, Wavelet filtering,

Applications: Restoration of Nuclear Medicine and SPECT images; Image Segmentation -

Morphological watersheds, Markov random fields, Gaussian mixture models, Active contours,

Applications: Detection of breast boundary in mammograms, Detection of masses in breast

ultrasound images; Image Representation and Description - Shape and Texture features, oriented

patterns, Applications: Analysis of breast masses, Analysis of ligament healing; Image

Reconstruction from Projections - The Fourier slice theorem, Back projection, Algebraic

reconstruction techniques, Application: Analysis of tumors in Neuroblastoma; Image

Registration - Linear transformation, Non-linear transformation, Non-rigid transformation,

Feature-based and voxel-based registration, Application: Analysis of bilateral asymmetry in

mammograms.



2007.

2. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis and Machine

Vision, Third Edition, Cengage Learning, 2007.

3. A. Ardheshir Goshtasby, 2-D and 3-D Image Registration for Medical, Remote Sensing,

and Industrial Applications, John Wiley and Sons, 2005.

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Outcomes:

Students will be able to restore biomedical images from their noisy versions

Students will be able to apply advanced segmentation techniques to accurately segment

regions of interest in biomedical images

Students will be able to identify and extract appropriate features to represent different

kinds of biomedical conditions

Students will be able to reconstruct 3D images from 2D slices

Students will be able to register intra-modality/inter-modality images for advanced

processing

16BM763 MAMMOGRAM IMAGE ANALYSIS 3-0-0-3

(Pre-requisite: 16BM622 BIOMEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING)

Objectives:

To introduce the various indications of breast cancer on mammography

To introduce the standards for breast cancer representation and diagnosis

To understand the advantages of computer aided diagnosis (CAD)

To learn various image processing algorithms that can be applied for mammogram

analysis

X-ray imaging - Breast cancer and mammography - Indicators of breast cancer: Masses,

Microcalcifications, Architectural distortion, Bilateral asymmetry - Breast Imaging-Reporting

and Data System (BIRADS) standardization - Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) of breast cancer

- Pre-processing in mammograms - Detection of suspicious regions - Shape and texture analysis

of masses and microcalcifications - Analysis of oriented patterns for characterization of bilateral

asymmetry and architectural distortion - Image registration for bilateral analysis - Information

fusion in mammograms - Pattern classification and diagnostic decision - Measures of diagnostic

accuracy - Content-based retrieval and analysis in mammograms.


1. Tinku Acharya and Ajoy K Ray, Image Processing- Principles and Applications, Wiley,

2005.


2007.


4. Robin N. Strickland (Eds.), Image-Processing Techniques for Tumor Detection, CRC

Press, 2002.

5. F. Diekmann (Eds.), Digital Mammography, U. Bick, Springer, 2010.

Outcomes:

Students will be able to apply appropriate algorithms for processing mammograms

Students will be able to build CAD systems for breast cancer detection and diagnosis

Students will be able to propose new techniques for automated breast cancer diagnosis,

aiming better performance

16BM764 MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

To lay the engineering foundations for the understanding of planar X-ray, X-ray CT,

planar scintigraphy, SPECT and PET, ultrasound imaging and MRI

To introduce in detail the physics, instrumentation, image characteristics, clinical

applications and recent developments of each medical imaging modalities

To provide the basic understanding of patient safety and quality in medical imaging

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Introduction to medical imaging signals and systems; General image characteristics; Planar X-

ray, X-ray Computed tomography (CT), Nuclear medicine (Planar Scintigraphy, PET and

SPECT), Ultrasound imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): basic physical principles,

image formation, instrumentation, data acquisition strategies, image characteristics like SNR,

spatial resolution and CNR, clinical applications, recent developments of each modality.

TEXTBOOKS / REFERENCES: 1. Andrew G. Webb, Introduction to Biomedical Imaging, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002.

2. Nadine Barrie Smith and Andrew Webb, Introduction to Medical Imaging: Physics,

Engineering and Clinical Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

3. Jerrold T. Bushberg, J. Anthony Seibert, Edwin M. Leidholdt Jr. and John M. Boone, The

Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, Third Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,

2011.

4. Paul Suetens, Fundamentals of Medical Imaging, Second Edition, Cambridge University

Press, 2009.

5. Jerry L. Prince, Jonathan Links, Medical Imaging Signals and Systems, Second Edition,

Pearson, 2014.

Outcomes:

Students will be able to recognise the need for different imaging modalities and understand

the terminology of biomedical imaging

Students will be able to understand the basic physics and engineering of each modality

Students will be able to know the clinical application of each modality and possibly

suggest the most suitable modality for a given clinical case

Students will be able to know the recent developments taking place in each medical

imaging modality

16BM765 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 3-0-0-3

(Pre-requisite: 16BM611 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION)

Objectives:

To understand the challenges in biomedical signal measurement

To understand various protection mechanisms and other signal conditioning circuits in

biomedical devices / systems

Biomedical Transducers – Signals and Noise in Measurement, Measurement System

Characteristics, Accuracy, Error and Calibration, Measurement of Pressure, Flow, Motion, Force

and Temperature; Grounding; Protection Circuits; Isolation; Active Filters – Low-pass, High-

pass, Band-pass and Notch; Analog to Digital Converters – Dual Slope, -.


1. Northrop R B, Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical

Instrumentation, Second Edition, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2012.

2. Togawa T, Biomedical Transducers and Instruments, Second Edition, Boca Raton, CRC

Press, 2011.

3. Webster J G, Medical Instrumentation - Application and Design, Third Edition, Wiley,

New York, 2009.

4. Pallas-Areny R and Webster J G, Sensors and Signal Conditioning, Vol. 1, Second

Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 2001.

5. Selected Papers from IEEE Transactions

Outcomes:

Knowledge of various sensors used for measuring different physiological parameters

Ability to design various protection and signal conditioning circuits for biomedical devices

16BM766 BIOMEMS 3-0-0-3

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Objectives:

Understanding of fluid low at micro level

Understanding of MEMS design, fabrication processes and packaging

Exposure to the use of MEMS for biomedical and chemical sensing

Introduction to BioMEMS and Microsystems technology: Biochips / biosensors and introduction

to device fabrication, Introduction to Cell biology; DNA & Protein chemistry, Microfluidics;

Biochip Sensors & detection methods; Potential of Micro-fluidics and introductory continuum

mechanics at small scales, Microarrays and Lab-on-chip devices, Introduction to MEMS Design;

Micro-fluidics: Continuum mechanics at small scales: Basics of micro-fluidics; Gas Flows;

Liquid flows; Boundary conditions; low Reynold's number flows; Entrance effects, surface

tension; Electro-kinetic techniques like electrophoresis; Electro-osmosis and dielectrophoresis;

Micro-fluidics for internal flow control (micropumps and micro-valves, devicebuilding and

characterization); Micromixer design and characterization, Micro-fluidics for life sciences and

chemistry; Microsystems-fabrication processes: Review of basic fabrication processes for

silicon: Introduction to microelectronic fabrication; Optical lithography; Photo-resists; Non

optical lithography techniques; LIGA processes. Design Considerations: Vacuum science and

plasmas; Etching techniques; Physical vapor deposition (evaporation and sputtering); Chemical

vapor deposition; Review of basic fabrication processes for polymers : Polymer materials for

micro-systems; Polymeric micromachining technology like soft lithography; Bulk and surface

micromachining; Replication technologies - Laser machining, Micro-stereo lithography, Micro-

molding; Assembly and packaging of micro-systems; Biocompatibility of materials and

processes. Overview of Lab-on-chip technology / biomedical and chemical sensors, specific

cases: Integrated gene analysis systems; Petri dish on a chip technology (Integrated trapping,

culture, growth, lysis and analysis of pathogenic bacteria); Single cell and single molecule

analysis using lab-on-chip techniques. Pharmaceutical analysis using lab-on-chip technology.

Biomedical and chemical sensors: Electrochemical. Optical (labeled and unlabeled).

Piezoelectric sensors.


1. Madou M J, Fundamentals of Microfabrication, Second Edition, CRC Press - Taylor and

Francis Group, Florida, 2002.

2. Wang W, Soper S A (Ed.), BioMEMS Technologies and Applications, CRC Press -

Taylor and Francis Group, Florida, 2006.

3. Bashir R, Werely S T and Ferrari M, Biomolecular Sensing, Processing and Analysis,

Springer Science and Business Media LLC, New York, 2006.

4. Nguyen N T and Werely S T, Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidics, Artech

House Inc., Massachusetts, 2006.

5. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P and Sand G, Molecular

Biology of the Cell, Taylor and Francis Group, Florida, 2002.

Outcomes:

Knowledge of MEMS design requirements and fabrication processes

Knowledge of the use of MEMS for biomedical and biochemical sensing

16BM767 MICROWAVE BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 3-0-0-3

Objectives:

Understanding of the basics of microwave radiation and propagation

Understanding the electrical properties of biological tissues

Understanding the effect of microwave radiation on tissues

Introduction to electromagnetic spectrum – applications of electromagnetic frequency bands –

concept of low, high and radio frequency – microwave band and characteristics – Microwave

propagation – conductors, insulators and dielectrics – conductivity, permittivity and permeability

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of tissues - propagation mechanism – transmission line principles. Electrical properties of

biological materials – penetration of waves in to biological tissues – microwave heating –

Diagnostic Techniques employing electromagnetic waves - EMI/EMC Principles for Biomedical

Equipment design - EM Absorbers - Exposure guides and standards

TEXTBOOKS/REFERENCES:

1. Vorst A V, Rosen A and Kotsuka Y, RF / Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues,

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2006.

2. Kraus J D and Fleisch D A, Electromagnetics with Applications, Fifth Edition, McGraw-

Hill India, 2010.

3. Paul C R, Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility, Second Edition, Wiley India

Private Limited, November 2010.

Outcomes:

Understand the Concept of Field – Medium parameters

Understand Plane Wave model and Wave – Medium Interaction

Construct Wave propagation Model for a biological tissues

Ability to analyze wave-tissue interaction and interpret its relevance

16BM768 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 3-0-0-3

Objective:

To motivate and encourage the students to take part in Design / Paper / Poster Contests of

International standing, of relevance to Biomedical Engineering

The student may be allowed to credit a First / Second Place / Best Paper Award at programme

approved, National / International Contests / Conferences / Journals in the area of Biomedical

Engineering, in lieu of Elective III offered in the third semester. The student will have to seek

the prior approval of the Programme Coordinator / Department Chair, in writing, before

submitting the idea / proposal for the contest. The Award will have to be announced in time for

the deadline of the registration of courses, for the third semester.

Outcome:

Motivate and encourage out-of-the-box thinking

Exposure to the state-of-the-art in the field

16BM77X [------------] 3-0-0-3

Objective:

To encourage the use of online courses

To make use of the vast resources of the Internet, to learn at a different pace

The student may be allowed to credit any course - relevant to Biomedical Engineering - leading

to a Certificate offered by agencies like NPTEL / GIAN or equivalent, in lieu of Elective III

offered in the third semester. The student will have to seek the prior approval of the Programme

Coordinator / Department Chair, in writing, before registering for such online courses. The

request for such registration shall include the curriculum / syllabus of the course, the lecture plan

and examination schedule, where applicable and shall be submitted for approval to the

Programme Coordinator, at least a month before the deadline for the registration of courses, for

the third semester. The third semester Gradesheet of such a student, shall indicate the name of

the course as mentioned in the Certificate, with the course code 16BM77X, where ‘X’ will

indicate the serial order of such courses as they are registered.

Outcomes:

Exposure to specialized subjects and topics beyond the expertise of the University

Value addition to the students

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16BM691 INTERNSHIP 0-0-0-2

The student shall, at the end of the second semester, in consultation with the Faculty Advisor /

Co-ordinator, undertake an internship for a minimum duration of five consecutive weeks, in a

reputed hospital, company or laboratory involved with biomedical instrumentation or

biotechnology. This is intended to orient the student for a suitable specialization as well as

his/her choice of electives and project in the remaining two semesters. At the end of the

internship, the student will be evaluated on the basis of a written report, submitted in the

specified format as well as a Viva-Voce examination to be conducted by a panel, consisting of a

minimum of two faculty members. The evaluation will be reflected in the credits / grade sheet of

the third semester.

16BM662 OPEN / LIVE-IN LABS 0-0-0-1

The Open Lab / Live-in Labs aims at helping the student to design, develop and realize new

experiments relevant to the Biomedical Engineering program. It seeks to provide students an

exposure to seek / observe real world biomedical problems through Live-in Labs and to develop

appropriate technical solutions. It will enable the students to conceptualise, design and develop

prototype systems for medical applications. A review team will conduct a one-time evaluation of

the authenticity of the project / Lab experiment options/ utilization of existing lab tools / manual

preparation / demonstration of hardware/software.

16BM797 PROTOTYPING OF BIOMEDICAL SUB-SYSTEMS 0-0-0-3

During the third semester, the student shall expand on the ideas and concepts of instrumentation,

learnt in the first two semesters, to design, analyse, simulate and prototype a system to be used

for biomedical applications. The project will be evaluated periodically throughout the semester.

16BM798 / 799 DISSERTATION 0-0-0-22

In Phase 1 of the Dissertation, the student will, with the help of a senior faculty member, identify

a particular problem of interest in biomedical engineering and over the period of the third

semester, study the state-of-the-art in the area of interest and develop a new technique /

algorithm / circuit / device to obtain demonstrably better results than those presently available.

This phase of the Dissertation will be evaluated on the basis of periodic reviews conducted

throughout the semester and a Viva Voce examination to be conducted in December, which shall

be attended by the Program Co-ordinator and at least one other faculty member. Phase 1 of the

dissertation will be for 8 credits.

During the second phase of the Dissertation, the student shall continue with the work initiated in

Phase 1, in order to achieve the stated objectives of the project. At the end of this phase, the

student shall submit a dissertation in the prescribed format, detailing the work done, the results

obtained and the inferences thereof, along with an appropriate bibliography. The project will be

evaluated on the basis of periodic reviews conducted throughout the semester and a final

examination at the end of the fourth semester, which shall be attended by at least one eminent

academician / researcher / technologist in the areas of biomedical instrumentation / engineering,

from outside the University. Phase 2 of the Dissertation will be worth 14 credits.

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