M Simpson SCRI Forum BIM Structural Design Arup

What does BIM mean for Structural Engineers?

Defining the need for BIM

Cost

TimeFeasibility Concept

Design

DetailedDesign

Construction

To cost of post construction change is many times the cost of change during design

Post Construction

This must be avoided

Egan stated that up to 30% of construction is rework

This is the ideal place for change to occur, ie where

it is cheap!

How Cost Changes with Time

HandoverAs BuiltConstructionDesign

Current Practice

Concept

Ex

am

pl e

,Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle

?

Dat

a, In

form

atio

n &

Kn

ow

led

ge

Date atrophy during project lifecycle due to:• Information exchange via 2D drawings/Sketches/Reports/Conversations...• Upfront simulation is limited and for some disciplines simulation is not accurate• We start the final production phase commence before design is complete.• Often without production of prototypes (Most buildings are unique!)

Today's trends & Tomorrow’s challenges.

Today’s Trends Tomorrow’s Challenges

We live on a planet with finite resources. Scarcity of resources is resulting in rising material and energy costs.

Efficiency must be improved in terms of resources & energy consumed during whole life of the project including construction.



Desire for sustainable development means that economic decisions are taken with environmental and social issues

Projects must provide best value; socially, economically and environmentally.

+ =+

Three planets needed to support current EU consumption



Globalisation of the design and construction market will change the way we work.

Project teams must have the tools to enable effective management and collaboration within globally distributed teams



Economic and political drivers will change procurement methods such as PFI, PPP, D&B

Project teams require better information during the bidding process in order to make confident decisions



The consumer/end user is more discerning in terms of desires and expectations

Projects must be delivered on time and budget, no matter how complex.

Façade Design

Quantities Extraction

Fractured Processes within the Construction Industry

Defining BIM

Ove Arup

“The term ‘Total Architecture’ implies that all relevant design decisions have been considered together and have been integrated into a whole by a well organised team empowered to fix priorities”

Sir Ove Arup – The Key Speech - 1970

“This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely –be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth, for striving for artistic wholeness or excellence depends on it, and for our own sake we need the stimulation produced by excellence”

“This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely –be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth

"BIM involves representing a design as objects – vague and undefined, generic or product-specific, solid shapes or void-space oriented (like the shape of a room), that carry their geometry, relations and attributes.”

* Representing design as objects

Defining BIM

"The process of BIM is revolutionary because it provides the opportunity to migrate from practices that are centred around human craftsmanship to a more augmented and modern machine craftsmanship - and all that this might imply."

* Transition: Traditional to Digital

Defining BIM

“A coordinated digital dataset that contains appropriate computable information necessary to design, build, operate and ultimately decommission a project”

* A shared knowledge resource

Defining BIM

“Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the process of generating and managing building data during its life cycle.”

* Parallels with PLM

Defining BIM

Is BIM a Virtual Prototype?

Virtual – (adj) not physically existing as such but made by software to appear to do so

Prototype – (noun) the first example of something from which all later forms are developed

The sum is more than the individual parts:• Prototype • Philosophy• Set of standard procedures or process

A 3D model that…

• Contains no object attributes• Has no parametric intelligence• Is composed of only 2D CAD references• Is not geometrically accurate• Cannot be shared• or requires another party to duplicate information or processes• and allows you to bodge things

...Is not BIM!

Information Communication

Technology

Project Information

Management

Building Information Model (Management)

Project Team members need coordinated up to date information to be able to do modelling & calculations

Project Team members need carry out tasks in such a way that they are easily coordinated, recorded and verified

Project Team members need to be able to exchange and stored project data quickly and with confidence

Geometrical & Technical

Simulations(Virtual Prototype)

BIM

BIM is....

Defining the framework for BIM

Task

ProcessInputs Output

Process is essential to successful BIM

Main Players at the Design Stage

Structural model

MEP Services model

Architectural model

• Framing elements• Foundations• Typical details

• Walls & ceilings• Room spaces• Materials and finishes

• Space reservation• Plant rooms• Plant systems

Architect

Main Players at the Design Stage

• Building Setting Out• Spatial Planning

Structural Engineer

• Adds building elements & foundations• Main concrete walls & floor slabs

• Adds walls, soffits, false floors Architect

MEPEngineer

• Adds space reservation for main service routes & Plant Rooms

Many Project Stakeholder

Asset Management

Supply Chain Management

4D Modelling Engineering Optimisation

Whole life costing

Interior Design &

Fit out

Façade Design

Quantities Extraction

Building Information Modelling/

ManagementBuilding Services Architectural

Design

Clash detection & coordination

Structural Design

Adaptive Survey & Drawing

Digital Fabrication

Real time value Engineering

Real-time progress reporting

& RFI

Unified Approach to BIM(M)

HandoverAs BuiltConstruction

Object included in handover data set with corresponding population of AIM .

As -built changes incorporated & data set updated as necessary .

Object data fields completedprogressively . Schedules & takeoffs .

Object carried into design development . 3D view for spatial fit . Schedules & take-offs.

Library object used in concept GA - simple plan view

Design

Whole Lifecycle Information Management

Current Practice

Concept

Ex

am

pl e

,Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle

?

Dat

a, In

form

atio

n &

Kn

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... and the Structural Process

Key Components of Structural BIM

• Process Mapping

• Parametric Modelling

• Component & Adaptive Modelling

• Data Exchange

• Optimisation

DP/Rhino

DP/Revit

Structural Process Map

Process mapping essential to:

• Understanding the process

• Identify blockages and re-work

• Improving efficiency

• Managing changes

• Resource planning

• Facilitate research and implementation of new technology

Structural Process Map

Parameter– noun

“a constant or variable term in a function that determines the specific form of the function

but not its general nature”

Parametric Modelling

L-SystemsBiomechanical parametrics

Parametric Modelling = DNA for buildings

Structural System

Loading

Circulation

Thermal Performance

Acoustic Performance

Roof truss geometry

Parametric Modelling on Stockholmsarenen

Parametric Modelling = DNA for buildings

Component & Adaptive Modelling

If Parametric Modelling is DNA,

Component Modelling is the Skeleton that everything else hangs from.

The change from representing a building as a series of 2D images to a collection of components is the most important paradigm in the road to BIM

P(x,y,z)

Q(x,y,z)

Adaptive ModellingThe continued use of parametric associative component models during construction

Data Exchange

Data Exchange – FC Shakhtar

Data Exchange

Global Geometric Model

FC Shakhtar

Structural geometric model

Data Exchange

FC Shakhtar

CatiaGeometry

Data attributesLoading etc

VB.NetManagement App

Proprietary .faf file

Section data.mdb fileMS Access

VB MacrosData input

VB MacrosData generation

Data management

MS Excel

data.xls file

VB MacrosData generation

GSAanalysis

data.txt file

MS Excel

FC Shakhtar

Structural data map

Data Exchange

FC Shakhtar

Structural analysis model

Data Exchange

FC Shakhtar

Interoperability

Data Exchange

Large Analytical Models

Automated Design of Elements

Spreadsheets

Hard Code

Optimisation

• Optimisation for Minimum Weight• Optimisation for No of Elements

Structural Optimisation

PROCESS INTEGRATION

• Automated data flow between CAD / CAE applications

• Applications available over computer network

DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

• Bespoke computational algorithms

• Methods demonstrated to be superior to other published methods

• Scalable to large problems

• Can be implemented in a parallel computing environment

Sample Integrated Process Flow

Computing tasks


KEY

Systemcycle (shape)

=

=

Subspacecycle (sizing)

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

MODEL

GEOMETRYMODEL

node coord.

SUBSPACEOPTIMIZER:

MEMBER SIZING

memb. sizes

steel weight,

memb. stress,displacement

shape param.

SYSTEM OPTIMIZER:

SHAPE

steel weight,

crit. constraint


PROBLEM FORMULATON: SPACE FRAME SIZING OPTIMIZATION

OBJECTIVES

• Minimize steel weight

VARIABLES

• 1955 member size variables (~20 size choices)

CONSTRAINTS

• Strength (BS5950 2000)

• Deflection (SPAN / 360 for SLS)

• Architectural requirements

x y

z

DESIGN LAYER

Scale: 1:727.8

xy

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: "upper plane"

Scale: 1:992.5

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: 2456

Scale: 1:7.091

x y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: 1939 1940

Scale: 1:17.88

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: 2106 2107

Scale: 1:12.60

Universal Beam

(UB) Section

Rectangular Hollow

Section (RHS)

Circular Hollow

Section (CHS)

Roof space frame sizing optimization

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: "bottomSurf_real"

Scale: 1:985.4

Area, A: 1250. cm²/pic.cm

700.0 cm²

600.0 cm²

500.0 cm²

400.0 cm²

300.0 cm²

200.0 cm²

100.0 cm²

80.00 cm²

60.00 cm²

40.00 cm²

20.00 cm²

0.0 cm²

BASELINE DESIGN

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: "upper plane"

Scale: 1:985.4


700.0 cm²

600.0 cm²

500.0 cm²

400.0 cm²

300.0 cm²

200.0 cm²

100.0 cm²

80.00 cm²

60.00 cm²

40.00 cm²

20.00 cm²

0.0 cm²

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Member list: "bottomSurface"

Scale: 1:993.8


700.0 cm²

600.0 cm²

500.0 cm²

400.0 cm²

300.0 cm²

200.0 cm²

100.0 cm²

80.00 cm²

60.00 cm²

40.00 cm²

20.00 cm²

0.0 cm²

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Member list: "topSurface"

Scale: 1:993.8


700.0 cm²

600.0 cm²

500.0 cm²

400.0 cm²

300.0 cm²

200.0 cm²

100.0 cm²

80.00 cm²

60.00 cm²

40.00 cm²

20.00 cm²

0.0 cm²

OPTIMIZED DESIGN

Top Surface

Bottom Surface

x

y

z

ANALYSIS LAYER

Element list: "steel roof"

Scale: 1:1264.


2000. cm²

1500. cm²

1000. cm²

500.0 cm²

400.0 cm²

300.0 cm²

200.0 cm²

100.0 cm²

50.00 cm²

0.0 cm²

IncreasingSteelArea

Roof space frame sizing optimization

Defining the Barriers

Barriers to change

• The Client’s Business Model• How does the client make money? • What is the drivers for the clients business? • What are the reasons behind the project?

• The Client’s Financial Model• How does the client fund the project? • How is cash flow controlled?

• Empty Site Syndrome• Why is there pressure to start before the design is complete? • Who has set the completion date and why?

Barriers to change

• Design management and tendering process• How can late change be reduced by bringing suppliers and fabricators in much earlier into the design process

• Resistance to front end loading or investment in technology• It easier to see the headline figures instead of the savings. Why?

• Professional Indemnity• Lawyers!!!! Enough said!

• Aversion to Innovation• Why are you innovating on my project?

The AEC IndustryBraking the Barriers

“BIM…is seen as having the

greatest potential to transform

the habits…of the industry.”

- Low Carbon Construction IGT

Emerging Professions

• The Technology ManagerResponsible for setting up ICT, Modelling and Simulation strategies for the whole project team from feasibility through to operation.

• The ToolmakerResponsible to creating bespoke tools and interfaces to allow exchange of ideas, information and data between different project team members.

• The ModellerResponsible for creating accurate geometry and component based models required for the virtual prototype or embedding knowledge required for simulation

• The ResearcherTo bridge the gap between theory and application and speed up implementation

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One Final Thought:

• In 1988 it employed 145,300 people and made a profit of $1.17bn on $13.3bn revenue

• In 2009 it employed 19,900 people and made a quarterly loss of $111m

• Who?

• Kodak

• Why?

• The rise of the Digital Camera (even though they invented it in 1975)

M Simpson SCRI Forum BIM Structural Design Arup

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