M ission Swa ch h B h a ra t - indiancc.mygov.in
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Swachh Bharat Mission Swachh Bharat Mission ( SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a count ry- wide campaign init iat ed by t he Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and improve solid wast e management . It is a rest ruct ured version of t he Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets. [2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and 2024-25. [4]
Transcript of M ission Swa ch h B h a ra t - indiancc.mygov.in
Swachh Bharat Mission
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country- wide campaign init iated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecat ion and improve solid waste management . It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.[2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted t ill October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and 2024-25.[4]
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Slogan One step towards cleanliness.
Country India
Status Phase 1 ended, phase 2 launched[1]
Website swachhbharat.mygov.in (http://swachhbharat. mygov.in/)
mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nat ions in 2015.
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it t ranslates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat , New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India part icipat ing in 4,043 cit ies, towns, and rural communit ies. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.[7]
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Minist ry of Drinking Water and Sanitat ion; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Minist ry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[8][9][10][11]
As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches to sanitat ion (CAS) at the village level.[7]
Other act ivit ies included nat ional real- t ime monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizat ions such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH Pune (Solid Waste Collect ion and Handling).[12]
The government provided subsidy for construct ion of nearly 110 million toilets between 2014 and 2019,[13][5] although some Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them.[14] The campaign was crit icized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets.[15] Some people were stopped from defecat ing in open and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits.[16]
Coverage about open defecat ion and contaminat ion of drinking and bathing water in India prompted government to take measures to deal with the problem.[17][18][19] In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of people pract icing open defecat ion, around 530 million people.[20]
Previous sanitation campaigns
A formal sanitat ion programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitat ion Programme in 1986, Total Sanitat ion Campaign (TSC) in 1999 and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012.[26][27][28][29] A limited randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the TSC programme did modest ly increase the number of households with lat rines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecat ion. However, there was no improvement in the health of children."[30][31] The earlier "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitat ion program was hampered by the unrealist ic approach.[32][33][34] Consequent ly, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[24] The rural household toilet coverage in India increased from 1% in 1981 to 11% in 1991, to 22% in 2001, to 32.7% in 2011.[35]
Since 2014, the Government of India, has made remarkable st rides in reaching the Open Defecat ion Free targets. 36 states and union territories, 706 dist ricts and over 603,175 villages have been declared open defecat ion free as of Jan 2020.[36] India has made rapid progress in ending open defecat ion across the Country which is having a huge impact on improving water, sanitat ion and hygiene (WASH). The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has changed the behaviour of hundreds of millions of people with respect to toilet access and usage. 500 million people have stopped defecat ing in the open since 2014, down from 550 million to less than 50 million today.
India's prime minister Modi at a rally to promote Swachh Bharat Mission
Components
The core object ives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecat ion and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas. Eliminat ion of open defecat ion was to be achieved through construct ion of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit lat rines), toilets and public toilets.[37] For improving solid waste management , cit ies were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.[37]
The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.[6]
Finance
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over 620 billion (US$8.7 billion).[11][38] The government provides an incent ive of 12,000 (US$170) for each toilet constructed by a rural family.[17] An amount of 90 billion (US$1.3 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[23][39] The World Bank provided a US$1.5 billion loan and $25 million in technical assistance in 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitat ion init iat ion.[22] The programme has also received funds and technical support from the World Bank, corporat ions as part of corporate social responsibility init iat ives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[21]
Selected public figures and brand ambassadors
Structure
Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
One of the posters from cartoon based campaign by MCG drawn by the Cartoonist Shekhar Gurera
Early 2014 Late 2014 2015 2017 and 2018
Prime Minister Modi selected the following public figures to propagate this campaign:[40][41]
Sachin Tendulkar (Cricketer)
Baba Ramdev(Yoga guru)
Salman Khan (Actor)
Vidya Balan (Actress)
Amitabh Bachchan (Actor)
Brand ambassadors nominated by Prime Minister Modi in 2 Oct 2014:
Sourav Ganguly (Cricketer)
Sonal Mansingh (Classical dancer)
Ramoji Rao (Eenadu group)
Aroon Purie (India Today group)
On 8 November 2014, Prime Minister carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[42][43]
Akhilesh Yadav (Polit ician)
Manoj Tiwari (Polit ician)
On 5 January 2015, the minister in- charge nominated followed Telugu icons as brand ambassadors.[44][45]
Rajyogini (Brahmakumaris Dadi Janki)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Humpy Koneru
Galla Jayadev
J. Rameshwar Rao
Shivlal Yadav
From later dates the following public icons & celebrit ies were nominated as Nat ional Brand Ambassadors by Prime Minister Modi to join and support the Swachh Bharat Mission:
Shilpa Shetty (Actress), from February 2017[48]
Raveena Tandon (Actress), from February 2017
Sanjay Dutt (Actor), from 2018
Juhi Chawla (Actress), from 2018
Shekhar Gurera[49]
Shahrukh Khan (Actor), from 2018
Dr D.P. Sharma (Academician & IT Scient ist ), from September 2017[50][51][52]
Akshay Kumar ( Indian film Actor and Producer )
Lakshmi Manchu[47]
Other notable activities
Anushka Sharma and the Vice President of India M V Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[54]
Prime Minister Modi nominated a number of organisat ions in October 2014 to be "brand ambassadors", including the Inst itute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to lakhs of people in the city. More than 3 million government employees and school and college students part icipated in the drive on the occasion.[55][56]
A Swachh Bharat Run, at tended by 1,500 runners, was organized at the Rashtrapat i Bhavan on 2 October 2014.[57][58]
Kunwar Bai Yadav lived in a village in Dhamtari dist rict and sold seven of her goats to raise the money to build a toilet at her house at age 106 in 2016. She was declared a mascot of the campaign and visited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Inspired by the Clean India Mission, a robot named Swachh Bot was built by a maker community in Chennai to clean the wastes on Besant Nagar beach.[17][59]
Planned initiatives
The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of waste from Government offices.[61] The Minist ry of Railways planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automat ic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[62][63] The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development , Government of India by part icipat ing in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[64][65]
Indian Naval Academy cadets taking part in Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organisat ions for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission.[66] For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advert isements.[67]
In 2017, the nat ional sanitat ion coverage rose to 65% from 38.7% on Oct 2, 2014 before the start of the campaign.[68] It was 90% in August 2018.[69] 35 states/Union Territories, 699 dist ricts and 5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecat ion Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019.
The cit ies and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 percent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 percent door-to-door solid waste collect ion stood at 50 percent . The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than a lakh. The number of schools with separate toilet facilit ies for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 percent) to almost one million (91 percent).[68]
Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey
Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Minist ry of Urban Development and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitat ion survey across several hundred cit ies to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of compet it ion among the cit ies. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters:
Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collect ion and t ransportat ion
Individual household latrines coverage in rural India.
Open defecat ion free and toilets
Capacity building and eLearning
Informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion, and behavior change
According to the dashboards maintained by respect ive minist ries, more than 100 million individual household level toilets have been constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in urban areas. In addit ion, nearly 6 million community and public toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequent ly, 4,234 cit ies and more than 600,000 villages across the country have declared themselves open defecat ion free (ODF).[71]
Further, more than 81.5 thousand wards in urban areas now have100% door to door collect ion of solid waste and nearly 65 thousand wards pract ice 100% segregat ion of waste at source. Of the
Impacts
Sunita Devi who was inspired by the campaign won the Nari Shakti Puraskar award in 2019 for constructing toilets in Jharkhand.[70]
nearly 150 thousand metric tonnes of solid waste generated in urban areas, 65% is being processed.
An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, reported that overall nat ional rural "household access to toilet " coverage increased to 62.5% and usage of toilets to 91.3%, with Haryana topping the nat ional ranking with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets of 100%.[72]According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million. [73] The World Bank reports that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it .[74]There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according the the world bank 96% of Indians used he toilets they had. World Health Organizat ion (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission.[75] According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by Nat ional Stat ist ical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had access to toilets as of 2018. Though this was at odds with the Indian government 's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had access to toilets, NSO's numbers st ill indicated a significant improvement over the situat ion during the previous survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets.[76]
A study by Ashoka University concluded that the construct ion of toilets under the program led to a reduct ion in incidence of sexual assault against women.[77]
Data from the Nat ional Family Health Surveys (NFHS) demonstrate the increase in access to improved sanitat ion due to SBM. Post 2015, 3.4% households gained access to better sanitat ion as compared to just 1.5% earlier[78]
The mission is noted as the world’s largest sanitat ion program. It claimed to have provided millions of people access to toilet and brought about a change of behavior towards its usage.[79]
Many argue that it has not really eliminated open defecat ion as rapidly as the government claims.[80][81][82] However, It significant ly did accelerate the pace of decline in open defecat ion.[83]
Political sponsorship
The SBM received polit ical sponsorship from Prime Minister Modi who started talking about sanitat ion even before he was elected as the Prime Minister.[84] He made a call to address the
Allocation of funds
Construct ing toilets became the mission's singular focus, even though the core object ives were eliminat ion of open defecat ion and improving solid waste management . Funds for solid waste management under the mission were diverted towards toilet construct ion.[87] Allocat ions for other sectors were also drast ically reduced. Though behavioral change is one of the goals of the mission, only 1% of the mission’s out lay was spent on educat ion and awareness.[88][89] Most of the allocat ion for the category, “informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion”, that was to be used for awareness generat ion was spent towards print , radio and television advert isements.[89][87] No part of the Central Government ’s allocat ion was spent on awareness generat ion at the grass roots.[87][89]
Target driven approach
The mission was implemented with a target driven approach; villages, dist ricts, towns and cit ies and even states declared themselves open defecat ion free (ODF) based on achievement of construct ion targets.
The SBM has also been crit icized for being subsidy-driven rather than community-driven.[90]
Inappropriate containment system
For lack of sewerage systems, most of the toilets constructed under the mission rely on single pit or twin pits or sept ic systems for containment of faecal sludge. However, their appropriateness for the local context was not considered in the haste of achieving construct ion targets. For example, most of the 7.85 million toilets constructed at an est imated cost of INR 94,205 million in the 15 extreme flood-prone dist ricts of Northern Bihar become unusable during the annual floods.[91] Besides the toilet itself being inaccessible, the containment st ructure is also inundated with flood waters making it unusable.[91]
Survey results
Even though eliminat ion of open defecat ion was the core object ive of the mission, it was never monitored by either of the Minist ries. They both kept a t rack of toilets constructed and funds spent .[83] Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different from that reported by Government sponsored surveys.[93] Researchers found divergence between findings of the Nat ional Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Nat ional Annual Rural Sanitat ion Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a few months apart .[83]
Interconnected challenges
By adding millions of on-site sanitat ion systems and not considering fecal sludge management , it will further add to pollut ion of the rivers in India.[94]
There is skept icism about the success of SBM which relates to sanitat ion workers. The people who make India clean, the sanitat ion workers, remain "invisible in the part icipat ion, process or consequences of this nat ional level movement".[95]:7 In 2015, one year after the launch of the program, hundreds of thousands of Indian people were st ill employed as manual scavengers in emptying bucket toilets and pit lat rines.[96][97][98] Many cont inueto work on contractual arrangements without safety of their job and benefits that would accrue from a government job. The SBM has instead burdened the contractual sanitat ion workers to keep public places clean while keeping it voluntary for the public to deface public places by urinat ing, defecat ing or lit tering them.[92]
A report by WSSCC in 2019 found that the impact of the SBM for the most vulnerable was limited. The report stated that "Barriers due to physical disabilit ies, social/economic disparit ies, geography, sexual orientat ion, gender and caste were not addressed."[99]
Irregularit ies with regards to the funds have been reported. In Odisha hundreds of beneficiaries have filed complaints that money has been siphoned off without construct ing the toilets.[100] In Madhya Pradesh almost half a million Swachh Bharta toilets have "vanished" in a mult i billion rupees scam.[101] In Bihar crores of rupees meant for Swachh Bharat Mission were siphoned off by Government officials in collusion with banks[102] Police complaints were filed against those who have misused Swachh Bharat funds for personal household expenses.[103]
Digital India
Electronic toilet
List of cleanest railway stat ions in India
Toilet : Ek Prem Katha, a feature film
Water supply and sanitat ion in India
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2. https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/restructuring-of-the-nirmal- bharat-abhiyan-into-swachh-bharat-mission-114092401443_1.html
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See also
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22. "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission" (http://economictimes.com/ne ws/economy/finance/india-world-bank-sign-1-5-billion-loan-pact-for-swachh-bharat-mission/articlesho w/51617391.cms) , The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
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1. "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting 'zero-value goods' from government offices and buildings" (http://e conomictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/swachh-bharat-cpwd-begins-lifting-zero-value-goods-from- government-offices-and-buildings/articleshow/52300749.cms) , The Economic Times, 17 May 2016
2. " 'Railway Budget Aligned to PM Modi's Vision for Digital India' " (http://www.newindianexpress.com/nati on/Railway-Budget-Aligned-to-PM-Modis-Vision-for-Digital-India/2016/03/05/article3311810.ece) , The New Indian Express, 5 March 2016
3. "When Swachh Bharat met Digital India: Now solar-powered trash cans to send alerts when full" (http:// economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/when-swachh-bharat-met-digital-india-now-solar-powered- trash-cans-to-send-alerts-when-full/articleshow/51449593.cms) , The Economic Times, 18 March 2016
4. Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya (http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_documen t/Eng_Swachch%20Bharat%20Swachch%20Vidhalaya.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201 41029203025/http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Eng_Swachch%20Bh arat%20Swachch%20Vidhalaya.pdf) 29 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
. "Digital India Week: Digital Locker, MyGov.in, and other projects thact were unveiled" (http://indianexpres s.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/projects-and-policies-launched-at-digital-india-week) , The Indian Express, 5 July 2015
7. "Swachh Bharat goes hi-tech, govt to track toilet use with iPads" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/natio nal/swachh-bharat-goes-hitech-govt-to-track-toilet-use-in-realtime/article6742186.ece) . The Hindu. 31 December 2014.
. "At The Half-way Mark" (http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/at-the-half-way-mark-4774 680/) , The Indian Express, 31 July 2017
70. "Award for woman who took up a trowel to turn mason" (https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkh and/award-for-jharkhand-woman-who-took-up-a-trowel-to-turn-mason-build-toilets/cid/1685553) . www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
71. https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx
75. "How Swachh Bharat transformed the way public hospitals function" (https://m.hindustantimes.com/in dia-news/how-swachh-bharat-transformed-the-way-public-hospitals-function/story-fPgFK331o3JLIPHG cc0GQN.html) , Hindustan Times, 29 September 2018
7. Jebaraj, Priscilla (24 November 2019). "Open defecation-free India: National Statistical Office survey debunks Swachh Bharat claims" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/open-defecation-free-india-n ational-statistical-office-survey-debunks-swachh-bharat-claims/article30070689.ece) . The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 25 November 2019.
77. Mahajan, Kanika; Sekhri, Sheetal (November 2020). "Access to Toilets and Violence Against Women" (htt ps://ideas.repec.org/p/ash/wpaper/44.html) .
79. "Findings of annual rural sanitation survey questionable" (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/waste/ findings-of-annual-rural-sanitation-survey-questionable-63472) . www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
1. Pareek, Shabdita (13 November 2017). "UN Dismisses Swachh Bharat Saying It Has Failed To Eliminate Manual Scavenging From India" (https://www.scoopwhoop.com/un-dismisses-swachh-bharat/) . ScoopWhoop. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
2. SHARMA, NIDHI (5 June 2018). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Where progress on paper hits quicksand of ground reality" (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/swachh-bharat-abhiya n-where-progress-on-paper-hits-quicksand-of-ground-reality/articleshow/64455082.cms) . The Economic Times. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
3. Hathi, Payal; Srivastav, Nikhil (1 October 2018). "Why we still need to measure open defecation in rural India" (https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/why-we-still-need-to-measure-open-defe cation-in-rural-india.html) . Ideas for India. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
4. "Make toilets before temples: Narendra Modi redefines his brand of 'Hindutva' " (https://www.indiatoday.i n/featured/story/narendra-modi-toilets-before-temples-manthan-convention-speech-213014-2013-10- 02) . India Today. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
5. "Narendra Modi launches Clean India Campaign by sweeping street" (https://www.scmp.com/news/asi a/article/1608164/narendra-modi-launches-clean-india-campaign-sweeping-street) . South China Morning Post. 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
. http://accountabilityindia.in/sites/default/files/pdf_files/SBM.pdf
91. Prasad, Eklavya (27 July 2020). "Why alluvial flood plains of north Bihar need alternative sanitation system" (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/rural-water-and-sanitation/why-alluvial-flood-plains-of-no rth-bihar-need-alternative-sanitation-system-72494) . www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
92. Bathran, Ravichandran (21 August 2018). "What Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ignores" (https://www.thehind u.com/opinion/op-ed/what-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-ignores/article24738978.ece) . The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 31 January 2021.
93. Alexander, Sneha (9 January 2019). "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Why India's toilet data is too good to be true" (https://www.livemint.com/Politics/d0gb1cTpVnVwJaUQIPIaaP/Swachh-Bharat-Abhiyan-Why-India s-toilet-data-is-too-good-t.html) . Livemint. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
94. "Blind spot in Namami Gange" (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/water/blind-spot-in-namami-g ange-56619) . www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
9. "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging" (http://www.hindustantimes.co m/comment/the-humiliation-continues/article1-1368562.aspx) . hindustantimes. 13 July 2015.
97. Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging" (htt p://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Census-raises-stink-over-manual-scavenging/articleshow/19 794299.cms) . The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
9. "Manual scavenging still a reality" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manual-scavenging-still-a-r eality-socioeconomic-caste-census/article7400578.ece) . The Hindu. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
99. WSSCC (2019) CONSULTATION ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF SWACHH BHAARAT MISSION TOWARDS ACHIEVING SDG-6 IN INDIA FOR THOSE FURTHEST BEHIND (https://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/file s/uploads/2020/07/LNOB-India-Summit-Summary.pdf) .
100. "Swachh Bharat Scam - Beneficiaries File Complaint" (https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/swachh-bharat-s cam-100-beneficiaries-file-complaint-against-bdo-in-odisha-495852#:~:text=BDO%20In%20Odisha-,Swac hh%20Bharat%20'Scam'%3A%20100%20Beneficiaries%20File,Complaint%20Against%20BDO%20In%20O disha&text=Nabarangpur%3A%20A%20case%20was%20lodged,allocated%20under%20Swachh%20Bhar at%20Mission.) . Odisha TV. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
SBM Rural (Gramin) (ht tp://swachhbharat .mygov.in/)
SBM Urban (ht tp://swachhbharaturban.gov.in/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Swachh_Bharat_Mission&oldid=1037694170"
103. "Swachh Bharat Scam - Toilet Money Used for Household Expenses" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/ mumbai-news/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-scam-9-spend-54-000-meant-for-building-toilets-on-household-ex penses/story-JKOvAG0eALBHlWvMwDfBeN.html) . Hindustan Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
External links
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, or Clean India Mission is a country- wide campaign init iated by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecat ion and improve solid waste management . It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended targets.[2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted t ill October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020–21 and 2024-25.[4]
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Slogan One step towards cleanliness.
Country India
Status Phase 1 ended, phase 2 launched[1]
Website swachhbharat.mygov.in (http://swachhbharat. mygov.in/)
mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United Nat ions in 2015.
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it t ranslates to "Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat , New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India part icipat ing in 4,043 cit ies, towns, and rural communit ies. At a rally in Champaran, the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched on 10 April 1916.[7]
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Minist ry of Drinking Water and Sanitat ion; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by the Minist ry of Housing and Urban Affairs.[8][9][10][11]
As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or "Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and community approaches to sanitat ion (CAS) at the village level.[7]
Other act ivit ies included nat ional real- t ime monitoring and updates from non-governmental organizat ions such as The Ugly Indian, Waste Warriors, and SWaCH Pune (Solid Waste Collect ion and Handling).[12]
The government provided subsidy for construct ion of nearly 110 million toilets between 2014 and 2019,[13][5] although some Indians especially in rural areas choose to not use them.[14] The campaign was crit icized for using coercive approaches to force people to use toilets.[15] Some people were stopped from defecat ing in open and threatened with withdrawal from government benefits.[16]
Coverage about open defecat ion and contaminat ion of drinking and bathing water in India prompted government to take measures to deal with the problem.[17][18][19] In 2014, India was the country with the highest number of people pract icing open defecat ion, around 530 million people.[20]
Previous sanitation campaigns
A formal sanitat ion programme was first launched in 1954, followed by Central Rural Sanitat ion Programme in 1986, Total Sanitat ion Campaign (TSC) in 1999 and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in 2012.[26][27][28][29] A limited randomized study of eighty villages in rural (Madhya Pradesh) showed that the TSC programme did modest ly increase the number of households with lat rines, and had a small effect in reducing open defecat ion. However, there was no improvement in the health of children."[30][31] The earlier "Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan" rural sanitat ion program was hampered by the unrealist ic approach.[32][33][34] Consequent ly, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[24] The rural household toilet coverage in India increased from 1% in 1981 to 11% in 1991, to 22% in 2001, to 32.7% in 2011.[35]
Since 2014, the Government of India, has made remarkable st rides in reaching the Open Defecat ion Free targets. 36 states and union territories, 706 dist ricts and over 603,175 villages have been declared open defecat ion free as of Jan 2020.[36] India has made rapid progress in ending open defecat ion across the Country which is having a huge impact on improving water, sanitat ion and hygiene (WASH). The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has changed the behaviour of hundreds of millions of people with respect to toilet access and usage. 500 million people have stopped defecat ing in the open since 2014, down from 550 million to less than 50 million today.
India's prime minister Modi at a rally to promote Swachh Bharat Mission
Components
The core object ives of the first phase of the mission were to reduce open defecat ion and improve management of municipal solid waste in both urban and rural areas. Eliminat ion of open defecat ion was to be achieved through construct ion of individual household level toilets (often twin pit pour flush pit lat rines), toilets and public toilets.[37] For improving solid waste management , cit ies were encouraged to prepare detailed project reports that are bankable and have a financial model.[37]
The second phase on the other hand focuses on sustaining gains of the first phase and improving management of the solid and liquid wastes.[6]
Finance
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over 620 billion (US$8.7 billion).[11][38] The government provides an incent ive of 12,000 (US$170) for each toilet constructed by a rural family.[17] An amount of 90 billion (US$1.3 billion) was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India.[23][39] The World Bank provided a US$1.5 billion loan and $25 million in technical assistance in 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitat ion init iat ion.[22] The programme has also received funds and technical support from the World Bank, corporat ions as part of corporate social responsibility init iat ives, and by state governments under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.[21]
Selected public figures and brand ambassadors
Structure
Manisha Koirala at Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in November 2014
One of the posters from cartoon based campaign by MCG drawn by the Cartoonist Shekhar Gurera
Early 2014 Late 2014 2015 2017 and 2018
Prime Minister Modi selected the following public figures to propagate this campaign:[40][41]
Sachin Tendulkar (Cricketer)
Baba Ramdev(Yoga guru)
Salman Khan (Actor)
Vidya Balan (Actress)
Amitabh Bachchan (Actor)
Brand ambassadors nominated by Prime Minister Modi in 2 Oct 2014:
Sourav Ganguly (Cricketer)
Sonal Mansingh (Classical dancer)
Ramoji Rao (Eenadu group)
Aroon Purie (India Today group)
On 8 November 2014, Prime Minister carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state.[42][43]
Akhilesh Yadav (Polit ician)
Manoj Tiwari (Polit ician)
On 5 January 2015, the minister in- charge nominated followed Telugu icons as brand ambassadors.[44][45]
Rajyogini (Brahmakumaris Dadi Janki)
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Humpy Koneru
Galla Jayadev
J. Rameshwar Rao
Shivlal Yadav
From later dates the following public icons & celebrit ies were nominated as Nat ional Brand Ambassadors by Prime Minister Modi to join and support the Swachh Bharat Mission:
Shilpa Shetty (Actress), from February 2017[48]
Raveena Tandon (Actress), from February 2017
Sanjay Dutt (Actor), from 2018
Juhi Chawla (Actress), from 2018
Shekhar Gurera[49]
Shahrukh Khan (Actor), from 2018
Dr D.P. Sharma (Academician & IT Scient ist ), from September 2017[50][51][52]
Akshay Kumar ( Indian film Actor and Producer )
Lakshmi Manchu[47]
Other notable activities
Anushka Sharma and the Vice President of India M V Naidu picked up a broom to help clean the cyclone-hit port city of Visakhapatnam, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, as part of the cleanliness campaign.[54]
Prime Minister Modi nominated a number of organisat ions in October 2014 to be "brand ambassadors", including the Inst itute of Chartered Accountants of India, Eenadu and India Today as well as the dabbawala of Mumbai, who deliver home-made food to lakhs of people in the city. More than 3 million government employees and school and college students part icipated in the drive on the occasion.[55][56]
A Swachh Bharat Run, at tended by 1,500 runners, was organized at the Rashtrapat i Bhavan on 2 October 2014.[57][58]
Kunwar Bai Yadav lived in a village in Dhamtari dist rict and sold seven of her goats to raise the money to build a toilet at her house at age 106 in 2016. She was declared a mascot of the campaign and visited by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
Inspired by the Clean India Mission, a robot named Swachh Bot was built by a maker community in Chennai to clean the wastes on Besant Nagar beach.[17][59]
Planned initiatives
The Government appointed CPWD with the responsibility to dispose of waste from Government offices.[61] The Minist ry of Railways planned to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automat ic laundries, bio-toilets, dustbins in all non-AC coaches.[62][63] The Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign was launched by the Minister of Human Resource Development , Government of India by part icipat ing in the cleanliness drive along with the school's teachers and students.[64][65]
Indian Naval Academy cadets taking part in Swachh Bharat Mission, 2016
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Mobile app is being used by people and Government organisat ions for achieving the goals of Swachh Bharat Mission.[66] For this the government of India is bringing awareness to the people through advert isements.[67]
In 2017, the nat ional sanitat ion coverage rose to 65% from 38.7% on Oct 2, 2014 before the start of the campaign.[68] It was 90% in August 2018.[69] 35 states/Union Territories, 699 dist ricts and 5.99 lakh (599,000) villages were declared Open Defecat ion Free (ODF) by 25 September 2019.
The cit ies and towns which have been declared ODF stood at 22 percent and the urban wards which have achieved 100 percent door-to-door solid waste collect ion stood at 50 percent . The number of Swachhagrahi volunteers working across urban local bodies rose to 20,000, and those working in rural India rose to more than a lakh. The number of schools with separate toilet facilit ies for girls rose from 0.4 million (37 percent) to almost one million (91 percent).[68]
Swachh Survekshan annual cleanliness survey
Swachh Survekshan, commissioned by Minist ry of Urban Development and carried out by Quality Council of India, is an extensive sanitat ion survey across several hundred cit ies to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of compet it ion among the cit ies. The performance of each city is evaluated on six parameters:
Municipal solid waste, sweeping, collect ion and t ransportat ion
Individual household latrines coverage in rural India.
Open defecat ion free and toilets
Capacity building and eLearning
Informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion, and behavior change
According to the dashboards maintained by respect ive minist ries, more than 100 million individual household level toilets have been constructed in rural areas, and 6 million household toilets in urban areas. In addit ion, nearly 6 million community and public toilets have also been constructed in the urban areas. Consequent ly, 4,234 cit ies and more than 600,000 villages across the country have declared themselves open defecat ion free (ODF).[71]
Further, more than 81.5 thousand wards in urban areas now have100% door to door collect ion of solid waste and nearly 65 thousand wards pract ice 100% segregat ion of waste at source. Of the
Impacts
Sunita Devi who was inspired by the campaign won the Nari Shakti Puraskar award in 2019 for constructing toilets in Jharkhand.[70]
nearly 150 thousand metric tonnes of solid waste generated in urban areas, 65% is being processed.
An independent survey released by Quality Council of India in August 2017, reported that overall nat ional rural "household access to toilet " coverage increased to 62.5% and usage of toilets to 91.3%, with Haryana topping the nat ional ranking with 99% of households in rural areas covered and usage of toilets of 100%.[72]According to UNICEF The number of people without a toilet reduced from 550 million to 50 million. [73] The World Bank reports that 96% of Indians who have a toilet use it .[74]There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according the the world bank 96% of Indians used he toilets they had. World Health Organizat ion (WHO) has in its report stated that at least 180,000 diarrhoeal deaths were averted in rural India since the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission.[75] According to a survey carried out in 2018 and published in 2019 by Nat ional Stat ist ical Office (NSO), 71% of rural households had access to toilets as of 2018. Though this was at odds with the Indian government 's claim in 2019 that 95% of rural households had access to toilets, NSO's numbers st ill indicated a significant improvement over the situat ion during the previous survey period in 2012, when only 40% of rural households had access to toilets.[76]
A study by Ashoka University concluded that the construct ion of toilets under the program led to a reduct ion in incidence of sexual assault against women.[77]
Data from the Nat ional Family Health Surveys (NFHS) demonstrate the increase in access to improved sanitat ion due to SBM. Post 2015, 3.4% households gained access to better sanitat ion as compared to just 1.5% earlier[78]
The mission is noted as the world’s largest sanitat ion program. It claimed to have provided millions of people access to toilet and brought about a change of behavior towards its usage.[79]
Many argue that it has not really eliminated open defecat ion as rapidly as the government claims.[80][81][82] However, It significant ly did accelerate the pace of decline in open defecat ion.[83]
Political sponsorship
The SBM received polit ical sponsorship from Prime Minister Modi who started talking about sanitat ion even before he was elected as the Prime Minister.[84] He made a call to address the
Allocation of funds
Construct ing toilets became the mission's singular focus, even though the core object ives were eliminat ion of open defecat ion and improving solid waste management . Funds for solid waste management under the mission were diverted towards toilet construct ion.[87] Allocat ions for other sectors were also drast ically reduced. Though behavioral change is one of the goals of the mission, only 1% of the mission’s out lay was spent on educat ion and awareness.[88][89] Most of the allocat ion for the category, “informat ion, educat ion and communicat ion”, that was to be used for awareness generat ion was spent towards print , radio and television advert isements.[89][87] No part of the Central Government ’s allocat ion was spent on awareness generat ion at the grass roots.[87][89]
Target driven approach
The mission was implemented with a target driven approach; villages, dist ricts, towns and cit ies and even states declared themselves open defecat ion free (ODF) based on achievement of construct ion targets.
The SBM has also been crit icized for being subsidy-driven rather than community-driven.[90]
Inappropriate containment system
For lack of sewerage systems, most of the toilets constructed under the mission rely on single pit or twin pits or sept ic systems for containment of faecal sludge. However, their appropriateness for the local context was not considered in the haste of achieving construct ion targets. For example, most of the 7.85 million toilets constructed at an est imated cost of INR 94,205 million in the 15 extreme flood-prone dist ricts of Northern Bihar become unusable during the annual floods.[91] Besides the toilet itself being inaccessible, the containment st ructure is also inundated with flood waters making it unusable.[91]
Survey results
Even though eliminat ion of open defecat ion was the core object ive of the mission, it was never monitored by either of the Minist ries. They both kept a t rack of toilets constructed and funds spent .[83] Therefore, the reality reported by independent surveys was very different from that reported by Government sponsored surveys.[93] Researchers found divergence between findings of the Nat ional Family Health Survey (NFHS) and Nat ional Annual Rural Sanitat ion Survey (NARSS); both conducted by the Government only a few months apart .[83]
Interconnected challenges
By adding millions of on-site sanitat ion systems and not considering fecal sludge management , it will further add to pollut ion of the rivers in India.[94]
There is skept icism about the success of SBM which relates to sanitat ion workers. The people who make India clean, the sanitat ion workers, remain "invisible in the part icipat ion, process or consequences of this nat ional level movement".[95]:7 In 2015, one year after the launch of the program, hundreds of thousands of Indian people were st ill employed as manual scavengers in emptying bucket toilets and pit lat rines.[96][97][98] Many cont inueto work on contractual arrangements without safety of their job and benefits that would accrue from a government job. The SBM has instead burdened the contractual sanitat ion workers to keep public places clean while keeping it voluntary for the public to deface public places by urinat ing, defecat ing or lit tering them.[92]
A report by WSSCC in 2019 found that the impact of the SBM for the most vulnerable was limited. The report stated that "Barriers due to physical disabilit ies, social/economic disparit ies, geography, sexual orientat ion, gender and caste were not addressed."[99]
Irregularit ies with regards to the funds have been reported. In Odisha hundreds of beneficiaries have filed complaints that money has been siphoned off without construct ing the toilets.[100] In Madhya Pradesh almost half a million Swachh Bharta toilets have "vanished" in a mult i billion rupees scam.[101] In Bihar crores of rupees meant for Swachh Bharat Mission were siphoned off by Government officials in collusion with banks[102] Police complaints were filed against those who have misused Swachh Bharat funds for personal household expenses.[103]
Digital India
Electronic toilet
List of cleanest railway stat ions in India
Toilet : Ek Prem Katha, a feature film
Water supply and sanitat ion in India
1. "Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2 launched with an outlay of Rs 1.4 lakh crore" (https://www. cnbctv18.com/politics/swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-phase-2-launched-with-an-outlay-of-rs-1-4-lakh- crore-5423831.htm) . cnbctv18.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
2. https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/restructuring-of-the-nirmal- bharat-abhiyan-into-swachh-bharat-mission-114092401443_1.html
3. https://www.livemint.com/Politics/ghYnnKN03hSqre4cwSrwqN/Nirmal-Bharat-Abhiyan-failed-to-achieve- its-desired-targets.html
. GoI (2020). Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase 2: Operational guidelines. Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jalshakti.
See also
. "Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti" (https://swachhbharatmission.gov.in/sbmcms/index.htm) .
9. "Swachh Bharat campaign should become mass movement: Narendra Modi" (http://economictimes.indi atimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/swachh-bharat-campaign-should-become-mass-movement-naren dra-modi/articleshow/42916831.cms) . The Economic Times. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
11. "Swachh Bharat: PM Narendra Modi launches 'Clean India' mission" (http://zeenews.india.com/news/indi a/swachh-bharat-pm-narendra-modi-launches-clean-india-mission_1479062.html) . Zee News. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
12. "SWACH" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090822014831/http://swachcoop.com/) . Archived from the original (https://swachcoop.com/) on 22 August 2009.
15. "Swachh Bharat Mission: other name for coercion and deprivation" (https://www.downtoearth.org.in/cov erage/governance/swachh-bharat-mission-the-other-name-for-coercion-and-deprivation-60351) . www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
1. Spears, Dean; Ghosh, Arabinda; Cumming, Oliver (2013). "Open Defecation and Childhood Stunting in India: An Ecological Analysis of New Data from 112 Districts" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article s/PMC3774764) . PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e73784. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...873784S (https://ui.adsabs.harvar d.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...873784S) . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073784 (https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjo urnal.pone.0073784) . PMC 3774764 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774764) . PMID 24066070 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24066070) .
21. "Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January" (http://articles.economictime s.indiatimes.com/2015-02-17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-toilet s) . timesofindia-economictimes.
22. "India, World Bank sign $1.5 billion loan pact for Swachh Bharat Mission" (http://economictimes.com/ne ws/economy/finance/india-world-bank-sign-1-5-billion-loan-pact-for-swachh-bharat-mission/articlesho w/51617391.cms) , The Economic Times, 30 March 2016
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1. "Swachh Bharat: CPWD begins lifting 'zero-value goods' from government offices and buildings" (http://e conomictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/swachh-bharat-cpwd-begins-lifting-zero-value-goods-from- government-offices-and-buildings/articleshow/52300749.cms) , The Economic Times, 17 May 2016
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1. Pareek, Shabdita (13 November 2017). "UN Dismisses Swachh Bharat Saying It Has Failed To Eliminate Manual Scavenging From India" (https://www.scoopwhoop.com/un-dismisses-swachh-bharat/) . ScoopWhoop. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
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92. Bathran, Ravichandran (21 August 2018). "What Swachh Bharat Abhiyan ignores" (https://www.thehind u.com/opinion/op-ed/what-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-ignores/article24738978.ece) . The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X) . Retrieved 31 January 2021.
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97. Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging" (htt p://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Census-raises-stink-over-manual-scavenging/articleshow/19 794299.cms) . The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
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SBM Rural (Gramin) (ht tp://swachhbharat .mygov.in/)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Swachh_Bharat_Mission&oldid=1037694170"
103. "Swachh Bharat Scam - Toilet Money Used for Household Expenses" (https://www.hindustantimes.com/ mumbai-news/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-scam-9-spend-54-000-meant-for-building-toilets-on-household-ex penses/story-JKOvAG0eALBHlWvMwDfBeN.html) . Hindustan Times. 22 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
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