M IDTERM R EVIEW
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MIDTERM REVIEWIntroduction to Psychology (PSYC E-15)Todd Farchione, Ph.D.Tommy Chou, M.A.
Broad TerminologyIdiographic vs. Nomothetic
Idiographic: Study of individualsNomothetic: Study of groups and general laws
Holistic vs. ReductionisticHolistic: Understanding concepts/systems as a wholeReductionistic: Understanding concepts/systems as interacting parts
Descriptive vs. ExperimentalDescriptive data presents characteristicsExperimental data evaluates the results of a controlled change
Research MethodsOperationalization
Creating measurable, objective definitions of variables, esp. in experimental design
Independent and Dependent VariablesIndependent Variables (IV): what you change (in a controlled manner)Dependent Variables (DV): what you observe to note the results of changes IV’s
Research Design: A Continuum of Structure
Less Structured More Structured
Naturalistic Observation
Covert non-participationOvert non-participationCovert participationOvert participation
Case Study
EclecticClinicalObservationalPsychometricArchival
Survey
QuestionnaireInterviewNon-reactiveArchivalPhysical Traces
Experiment
Classical experimentFactorial designQuasi-experimentalSingle-subject design
Idiographic/nomotheticQL
IdiographicQL
NomotheticQT
NomotheticQT
Greater structure in the research method generally yields greater precision in psychological measurement. Without intrusion into the daily activities of the participants, naturalistic observation can be employed in a case study, the survey, and quasi-experimental design
Report FormatsN/A Narrative style APA poster APA article
Biological PsychologyPhrenology
Previously held beliefs that the shape of the skull could indicate various personality traits
Current perspectives in biological psychology
Specific regions and structures found in the brain account for specific functionsStructures bridged by parts such as the corpus collosum
Be sure to understand the major structures and functions of the brain!
PsychoanalysisTwo meanings:
Theory of personalityMethod of therapy
Parts of the psycheId: lower-order desires and drivesEgo: moderates id, superego, and realitySuperego: “moral compass”
Behaviorism, Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s dogFour major components:
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)Stimulus that naturally produces response (food)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)Stimulus that does not naturally produce response, but can after pairing with US (bell)
Unconditioned Response (UR)Natural response to US (salivation in response to food)
Conditioned Response (CR)Response to CS, which occurs even with removal of US (salivation in response to bell)
Behaviorism, Operant Conditioning
B.F. SkinnerThree major components
Discriminative stimulus (SD)Stimulus preceding response
Operant response (RO)Target behavior
Response stimulus (SR)Reinforcement or punishment, depending on the operant response
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning, Response Stimuli
Reinforcement vs. PunishmentReinforcement acts to increase frequency of target behaviorPunishment decreases unwanted behaviors
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement/PunishmentPositive: adds a stimulus (reinforcement: prize; punishment: electric shock)Negative: removes a stimulus (reinforcement: alarm; punishment: privileges)
Shaping, prompting, modeling, flooding, and other methods used in conditioning are important as well; be sure to know these concepts!
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous vs. IntermittentFixed Ratio: Applying reinforcement after a specific number of responses. Variable Ratio: Applying reinforcement after a variable number of responses.Fixed Interval: Applying reinforcer after a specific amount of time. Variable Interval: Applying reinforcer after a variable amount of time