M ATTER Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 2012.
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Transcript of M ATTER Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 2012.
MATTER CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED IT JUST CHANGES FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER.
((MATTER GETS RECYCLED))
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
THEORY OF KINETIC ENERGY
1. ATOMS ARE ATOMS ARE ALWAYS MOVING 2. THE MORE ENERGY THE MORE ENERGY ADDED TO TO THE ATOMS, THE THE ATOMS, THE FASTER & & FARTHER APART THEY MOVE APART THEY MOVE
ENERGY ADDED ENERGY ADDED
MATTER Matter can be described by using
physical and chemical properties. These are characteristics the matter has that make it unique.
Physical Properties: Are properties that can be observed or measured. (color, mass, length, volume, density, state, etc).
Physical Properties can be either: Observable or Measurable
OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIESObservable Physical Properties:
Properties you can use your senses to get information about an object.
If you can describe the matter based on what it looks, feels, smells or tastes like, you are describing the physical properties.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Malleability: the ability of a substance
to be pounded into thin sheets.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Color: The color of object can be seen and is a physical property of matter.
Color can help identify a substance. For example, sulfur is usually yellow in color, iodine is usually red in color.
Sulfur Iodine
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Smell: The smell or odor an object gives off can also help identify a substance.
For example, sulfur has a rotten egg smell, vinegar has a very acidic smell, and chlorine has a very strong bleach smell.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Conduction of heat or electricity: The ability for heat and electricity to pass through an object easily.
Metals are usually the best conductors of heat and electricity.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Insulator of electricity or heat: when an object passes heat and electricity poorly.
Nonmetals are usually good insulators.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Ductility: the ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire.
Metals usually are ductile.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Solubility: The ability to dissolve in a nother substance.
Examples: sugar dissolves in water.
EXAMPLES OF OBSERVABLE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
State of Matter: Matter can either be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma. We observe this by using our senses.
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 MATTER CAN BE FOUND IN 4 STATES (PHASES)
SOLIDSOLIDLIQUIDLIQUIDGASGASPLASMAPLASMA
State of matter is a physical property!!!!
http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/
PARTICLES of a SOLID (Physical Property)Pattern: ATOMS (PARTICLES) ARE ARRANGED
CLOSELY PACKED TOGETHERMovement: VIBRATEShape/Volume: HAS FIXED SHAPE & FIXED
VOLUME
–THE OBJECT IS HARDERTHE OBJECT IS HARDER– THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO
BREAK THEM APARTBREAK THEM APART– THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO THE MORE ENERGY NEEDED TO
CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A CHANGE FROM A SOLID TO A
LIQUIDLIQUID
In Solids, the particles are very tightly packed SO:
The particles in a LIQUID:Pattern: noneMovement: atoms roll or slide over each
other and move faster than a solid.Shape: No fixed shape, takes shape of
containerVolume: Fixed
The particles in a GAS:
Pattern: noneMovement:
PARTICLES MOVE VERY FAST & AS FAR APART AS THEY CAN GET
Shape: NO FIXED SHAPE, takes shape of container
Volume: No fixed volume
The particles in PLASMA:Pattern: noneMovement: Particles move very fast
and are therefore very HOTShape/Volume: NO FIXED SHAPE OR
VOLUMEFacts: Most common state of matter in
the universe. Most Uncommon state of matter on Earth. Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and stars (Sun)
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measurabe Properties: Properties that must
be measured with a tool (ruler, beaker, graduated cylinder, scale, etc.).
Ruler
Graduated Cylinder
Beaker
Triple Beam Balance
Scale
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Mass: is the amount of matter that something is made of.
Calculate: Using a triple beam balance or a scale.
Unit: in science ALWAYS use grams (g) or kilograms (kg).
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Weight: is the amount gravity is pulling on an
object. Different on the MOON!!! Other wise it is measured the same as MASS!!
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Volume: the amount of space an object
takes up. Measured by: different for regular solid, irregular
solid and liquids. Examples of Regular Solids: any solid you can
measure the length, width and height of.
Examples of Irregular Solids: any solid you cannot measure the length, width and height of.
Examples of Liquids: any object that has no definite shape but does have a definite volume.
Measuring the Volume of Liquids: How to calculate: Use a graduate cylinder to find the
volume at the meniscus.
Material: graduated cylinder, beaker, flask
How to read a graduated cylinderHow to read a graduated cylinder Must be at eye level to read.Must be at eye level to read.
Must read to bottom of the curveMust read to bottom of the curve. MENISCUS - bottom of the curve.
Unit: mL or L
Measurable Properties of Matter
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Measuring Volume of Regular Solids: measure the length, width and height with ruler and multiply them together.
Length X Width X Height = Volume of Regular Solid
cm X cm X cm = cm3
*ALWAYS USE CENTIMETERS IN SCIENCE!!!!
UNIT: cm3
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measuring Volume of Irregular Solids: Water
displacement. Put water into a graduated cylinder and record volume. Place irregular solid into cylinder with water and record second volume. Subtract the two amounts.
Initial volume (water only) – volume with irregular solid = volume of solid
UNIT: measured in mL but, since it is a solid use cm3. 1 mL = 1 cm3
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Density: the amount of matter in a given
space or volume. Density is used to describe matter because everything has a different density.
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF MATTER Measure by: dividing and objects mass by it’s
volume. Calculate: Density = Mass/Volume
mD = -------
V
Mass divided by Volume
UNIT: since mass is measured in grams and volume is measured in cm3 or mL the unit for density has to have those two units.
So, the unit for density is g/mL or g/cm3.
D
m
V
BELLRINGER
Calculate the density for the following objects:a.Mass= 10 Volume= 5b.Mass= 16 Volume= 8c.Mass= 5 Volume= 10d.Mass= 12 Volume= 12
Which object is water? Which object willfloat in water? Which objects will sink in water?
2g/ml sinker
2g/cm3 sinker
0.5g/ml floater
1g/cm3 water
DENSITY OF WATER!!!!!
The density of water is ALWAYS 1.0 g/mL.
Anything less than 1.0 g/mL will FLOAT.
Anything greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink.
Why are some objects less dense than other objects?
As the molecules of a substance spread apart, the density of the substance is lowered.
What causes molecules to spread?
Adding energy so the movement of the molecules increases.
Objects float in other substances because they are less dense than the
substance they are floating in.
Why does ice float in water? They are both the same substance, right?
Notice how tightly packed the atoms are in the liquid water vs the solid water?
The spaces between the atoms make solid water less dense. Is this true for all solids?
NO WAY!!! This is a unique quality of water. Most solids are always more dense than their liquid forms.
Why does this happen?
Hot air balloon rises
Basketball goesflat in winter
Perfume can be smelled all over the room
Atmospherechanges as you climb a mountain
DENSITYWhen does an objects density change?If heat is added or taken away!!!!
HEAT – spreads out molecules – LESS dense
Take AWAY heat – molecules come together – MORE dense.
Hot objects are less dense than cool objects!!!!