Lymphocytes and Immunity Clinical Pathology Ms. Canga.
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Transcript of Lymphocytes and Immunity Clinical Pathology Ms. Canga.
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Lymphocytes and ImmunityClinical Pathology Ms. Canga
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Reading AssignmentA&P book: pp. 237 – 246Lab Pro book: pp. 45, & 48-49
◦(There are some very helpful pictures on these pages as well!)
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Lymphocytes……are the predominant WBC in ___________ and
___________.…are the only WBC with no _________________
capabilities.…can constantly recirculate between ____________
and ____________.…may survive for _________ or even ____________.…cannot be differentiated __________________.…can cause __________________.…are predominantly found in _________ and other
tissues. Only ~___% of population are in __________________.
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Lymphocytes
Normal Ranges: 1,000 – 4,800/ in canines and 1,500 – 7,000/µL in felines
WBC originates from PPSCs in bone marrow
Immature lymphocytes are processed in the central ________________ organs:◦_______________◦_____________________◦____________ (gut-associated lymph tissue)
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Lymphocytes
Mature lymphocytes live in the peripheral lymphoid organs◦Lymph nodes◦_____________◦Bone marrow◦GALT◦_____________◦_____________
Fact: The _______________ is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.
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Lymphocytes in Circulation
The lymphocytes in circulation can be either:◦_____________ lymphocytes Large lymphocytes are thought to be less mature Have more _________________ that is sky blue Gradually develop into small lymphocytes
◦______________ lymphocytes _________________ lymphocytes Very little sky blue cytoplasm usually on one side May look like a _____________ with no cytoplasm
at all!
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Small Lymphocyte
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Large Lymphocyte
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“Reactive or “Atypical” Lymphocytes
…may have ________________ granules in the cytoplasm
…may have an abnormally shaped _____________. (It may look like a monocyte’s nucleus)
…often have larger percentage of ______________ that is very __________________.
…may be normal in some _____________ lymphocytes (granules present)
…are often associated with chronic antigenic stimulation
(common with Canine ____________________)
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Lymphocytes at a Glance
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Three Types of Lymphocytes_____ – Lymphocytes_____ – Lymphocytes_____ Cells
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T - LymphocytesCalled T – Cells
◦ Processed in __________ before going to periperal tissues.
◦ In thymus, they are “pre-T cells” called __________________ Multiply rapidly Leave thymus and travel to specific zones in lymph
nodes and spleen Once they leave the thymus, they are functioning,
adult T - cells
◦T-cells are involved in cellular _____________ and activation of ______-lymphocytes.
◦Most lymphocytes in circulation are ____ - Lymphocytes
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B - LymphocytesAlso called B – Cells
◦Processed in bone marrow and other lymph tissue referred to as “__________ equivalent”
◦_______________ producing lymphocytes, that are involved in ___________ immunity. (Antigen-Antibody complex) We will discuss this in detail later
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Bursa of Fabricius
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B – Lymphocytes & Humoral ImmunityUse a “lock and key” type mechanism to
fight foreign invaders.◦Each B-lymphocyte is pre-programmed to
produce only ______ specific ____________ against one specific ________________.
◦Cell surface has thousands of ________________ against that specific antigen.
◦Each antigen has a unique shape on it’s surface called an _______________.
◦When antigen binds with B-cell, __________ -_______________complex is formed.
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Antigen – Antibody Complexes
Epitope
1 2 3 4
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B- Lymphocytes & Humoral ImmunitySpecific B-cells are _____-
_______________ to recognize specific antigens.
ONLY these B-cells will undergo mitotic, _____________ transformation into ________ cells and begin producing antibodies against invaders.
All other B-cells are _______________.Potential for over 100 trillion
antibodies produced by the body!
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Plasma CellsCan ____________, store and
___________ antibodies known as immunoglobulins. (More on this with immunity)
Found in any ___________ of body Most numerous in tissues constantly
forming antibodies: spleen, lymph nodes
Rare in _______________ blood.
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Natural Killer CellsCalled NK cells
◦Neither ___ nor ___ lymphocytes ◦Do not require _______________ by an
antigen◦Have the ability to kill some types of
__________ cells and cells infected with various ___________.
◦Must come in ____________ contact with cells in order to destroy them.
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LymphocytosisPhysiologic: due to _______________ release.Common in chronic __________________.May be caused by ____________ stimulation.Seen in later stages of resolving
____________.Neoplastic lymphocytosis (___________ and
lymphosarcoma)Can be significant enough to cause
________________ .
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LymphopeniaOne of the most ____________CBC
abnormalities of sick dogs and cats. Associated with __________.Immunosuppressive therapy.Immunodeficiency syndromes.Acute _________ infections Can be significant enough to cause
____________________, especially in _______________.
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The Immune System
Function: To protect animal from damage/disease.◦Recognize “______” from “_________________”◦Destroy “______________”
Mechanisms of Destruction1. ___________________2. _________(cell membrane)3. ___________________4. ___________________
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2 Types of Immunity_________________ immunity
◦_______ and _______ lines of defense for the body.
_______________immunity◦_______ line of defense for the body
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Non-Specific ImmunityFirst Line of Defense:
◦_____________ barriers: _________, mucous membranes, etc… Provide protection by ____________________
microorganisms from entering body.
◦______________barriers: Hcl acid of gastric mucosa Destroy microorganisms that may be ingested.
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Non-Specific ImmunitySecond Line of Defense
◦______________________ Response◦______________________ (neutrophils, MPS)◦________Cells◦__________________◦__________________
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Nonspecific Immunity (2nd line of defense)
Inflammation◦____________ damage is caused when
microorganisms enter the body.◦Damage causes release of _______________
factors from cells One example of chemotactic factor released is
from mast cells. (_______________ of tissue) What is released by mast cells/Basophils?
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Inflammatory Response
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Inflammation continued
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Nonspecific Immunity: PhagocytosisUsually involves ________________,
_______________ and tissue ____________________.
__________________ initiates the WBC’s death.
Accumulation of dead WBCs around site forms ________.
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Nonspecific Immunity: NK Cells
…are not __-Lymphocytes or __-Lymphocytes.
…do not have to be ___________ by a specific antigen.
…can kill some types of __________ and tumor cells.
…can kill some cells infected with particular __________.
…must come in ___________ contact with cell before destroying it.
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Nonspecific Immunity: Interferon…is a _____________ produced by a cell
after it has been infected by a virus. That cell then dies.
…responds rapidly, entering other cells to inhibit further development and spread of the virus.
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Overview of Interferon Production
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Nonspecific Immunity: Complement…refers to a group of inactive ______________
in plasma.…are activated by attachment of antibody to
antigen.…activated enzymes adhere to complement
______________ sites on antigens. -Each plasma enzyme that attaches,
causes the activation of another and another, creating a chain reaction until all attachment sites are full.
_______________________ fixation - process by which complement enzymes arrange into doughnut formation on antigen surface, create a hole, allowing sodium and water to enter cell and cause it to swell and burst.
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Complement Fixation
As each binding site is filled, fragments break off and attach to the membrane causing the perforations that eventually lyse the cell.
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Specific Immunity
The _______ line of defensePrimarily involves lymphocytes (__ and __ cells).Includes _____________ and ___________ ImmunityProperties of all specific immune responses:1. Response will be initiated only ________ the
antigen enters the body.2. Response will be aimed specifically against the
_______________ present3. If the antigen enters the body a second time,
there will be a ______________ of the antigen and the immune response will occur more quickly.
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Cell-Mediated, Specific Immunity
A function of __-cell that attaches to the antigen site.
Tissue __________________ MUST have ingested antigen and presented its ____________ on its own membrane.◦T-cell attaches and becomes a _____________T-cell.
Sensitized T-cell divides many times, _________ itself, and forms either ____________T-cell (Tc), a ____________T-cell (Th), or a ______________T-cell (Ts)
_____________________ like lymphotoxin are secreted at the site of infection and quickly kill any cell it attacks.
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The 3 T-CellsAfter sensitization by the
macrophage, the lymphocyte can become either a _____________ T-cell, a __________T-cell, or a _______________T-cell.◦1) Cytotoxic T-cells (Tc): Are known as
__________ T cells. They attach to antigenic cells and destroy them but are not _________________ themselves.
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The 3 T-cells2) __________ T-cells (Th): Are the most
numerous of the T cells. They help the immune response by secreting additional _________________ into surrounding tissue.Cytokines can increase activation of ___-cells, ____
cells, or _____ cells.___________________ is a cytokine that stimulates
activity of all other T cells________________________________________: is a
cytokine that attracts tissue macrophages to the area via _______________________ and increases the rate of phagocytosis. (This then, presents more epitopes to the Tc cells!)
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The 3 T-cells3) _________________ T cells (Ts):
Operate by ______________ feedback◦They ___________ helper T-cells and
cytotoxic T-cells.◦They ______________ B-cells from
transforming into plasma cells.◦Help to control cell-mediated and
humoral immune responses as infection _______________.
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Additional info on Cell-Mediated Immunity
T-cells leave the lymphoid tissue and _______________ through blood and lymph.
B-cells usually stay in _______________ tissue and send out antibodies found in blood.◦Because of this, most lymphocytes in
peripheral blood are __-cells.◦If a blood smear is made and both B and T
cells are present, they will appear ______________.
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Humoral Immunity
Is a function of __-LymphocytesB-cells, activated by an _____________-
______________ complex (lock and key system), produce ___________ cells that secrete _________________ into the plasma.
B-cells and _____________ cells usually stay in lymphoid tissue.
_________________________ (antibodies) circulate in bloodstream (in the ____________), destroying antigens instead of adhering to cells’ membranes.
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Antibodies: aka - Immunoglobulins
_______ types of antibodies (immunoglobulins) have been identified:◦IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD
When an antibody attaches to an antigen:◦Antigens may be _________________ into harmless
substances.◦Antigens may be _______________________ and
then phagocytized by macrophages.◦_______________________ system may be activated
Fact: IgG is present in the greatest quantity of all the immunoglobulins
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The 5 Immunoglobulins1) _______ : Is made during the bodies
__________ exposure to an antigen.◦Is the first immunoglobulin made by _____________.◦Production is relatively _________, so illness may
result before production of IgG is complete.2) ________: Is made when the animal has
been exposed to an antigen for an _____________ period of time ◦Is made upon ________ exposure to an antigen.◦Production is __________ than IgG, so illness is less
likely.
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The 5 Immunoglobulins3) ________: Plays an important role
in preventing disease entering through ____________ or GI tract.◦Can leave the __________ and enter
tissue fluids.4) ________: Is associated with
_____________ responses.5) ________: Function is
____________
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Memory CellsBoth ___-cells and ___-cells are capable of
becoming Memory CellsNot all activated lymphocytes become
immediately involved in the immune response.Memory cells wait for a ___________ infection of
the same ____________ that triggered their formation.◦May ____________ in blood or wait in ________nodes.◦Some can live for a few _______; others for several
___________.Second exposure = more ________ & greater
degree of response to antigen than the __________ exposure.