LUNG CANCER QUIT NATIONAL TOBACCO CAMPAIGN. PART A LUNG CANCER.
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Transcript of lung cancer
I. INTRODUCTION:
CANCER:
Cancer is a condition that results from abnormal cellular DNA. It is a condition wherein cells mutate and increase number, with changes in their morphology and without any function. The increase in the number of these cells infects other cells and causes them to behave the same way, a condition termed as “malignancy”.Cancer cells infiltrate normal and healthy tissue and they compete with normal cells for sustenance from the blood. Malignant cells compress and kill healthy tissue and deprive them of nutrition. In the long run, cancer cells cause cellular malignancy, nutritional deficiencies, and ultimately, death. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep the body healthy. Sometimes, however, cells keep dividing even if new cells are not needed. These extra cells form a mass of tissue, usually called lump, swelling or tumor.
TUMORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:
BENIGN TUMORSWhich are not cancerous. They often can be removed, and in most cases, do not come back.
MALIGNANT TUMORSWhich are cancerous. cells in theses tumors are abnormal and they divide without control and they can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs.
GENERAL DANGER SIGNS:
C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A- sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharges
U- unexplained sudden weight loss
U- unexplained anemia
T-hickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O- obvious change in warts or mole
N-nagging cough or horseness of voice
STAGING AND GRADING OF NEOPLASIA:
STAGING- Is determining the size of the tumor and existence of metastases. GRADING- is classification of tumor cells.
THE AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE OF CANCER (AJCC) has developed the TNM classification system that can be applied to all tumor types.T- tumor sizeN- presence or absence of regional lymph node involvementM- presence or absence of distant metastasis
T – primary tumor Tx- primary tumor is unable to be assessed T0- no evidence of primary tumor TIS- carcinoma in situ
T1 T2 T3 T4 – increase size and/or local extent of primary tumor N- presence or absence or regional lymph node involvement
Nx- regional lymph nodes are unable to be assessed N0 – no regional lymph node involvement N1 N2 N3 – increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
M- absence or presence or distant metastasis Mx- unable to be assessed M0- absence or distant metastasis M1 – presence of distant metastasis
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER:
CARCINOMA SARCOMA LYMPHOMA LEUKEMIA
LUNG CANCER (BROCHOGENIC CARCINOMA):
In the Philippines, Lung Cancer is one of the leading cancer deaths among men and women. The steady increase in rates of people developing and dying from lung cancer is the delayed effects of increased smoking by the Filipinos. An estimated 17,238 new cases and 15,881 deaths due to lung cancer are expected to occur every year.
Lung cancer tends to spread or metastasize very early after it forms; it is a very life-threatening cancer and one of the most difficult cancers to treat. While lung cancer can spread to any organ in the body, certain organs particularly the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone are the most common sites for lung cancer metastasis. The lung also is a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original (primary) tumor. Lung cancers can arise in any part of the lung, but 90%-95% of cancers of the lung are thought to arise from the epithelial cells, the cells lining the larger and smaller airways (bronchi and bronchioles); for this reason, lung cancers are sometimes called bronchogenic cancers or bronchogenic carcinomas. (Carcinoma is another term for cancer.) Cancers also can arise from the pleura (called mesotheliomas) or rarely from supporting tissues within the lungs, for example, the blood vessels.
BRAIN TUMOR:
Brain tumor, formed by groups of abnormal cells, can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) within the cerebellum. Either type can develop within the cerebellum itself, or results from cancer spreading from other areas in the body. Regardless of the type or location of tumor, they need to be treated or removed. Tumors within the cerebellum are classified as either primary or secondary tumors. Primary tumors originate in the cerebellum, while secondary tumors spread from other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor that develops within the cerebellum. These fast-growing tumors comprise 20 percent of brain tumors in children and adults. Cerebellar astrocytoma, the other primary type of tumor that affects the cerebellum, may be comprised of benign or malignant cells. Secondary tumors occur when cancer metastasizes (spreads) from other parts of the body to the cerebellum. Skin, breast, colon, bowel, lung and kidney cancer can result in tumors within the cerebellum.
LUNG CANCER FACTS:
Almost 100% of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking Smokers reach the “cancer age” at least 15 years earlier than non smokers.
Non-smokers who are continuously exposed to tobacco smoke in enclosed spaces also run the risk of getting lung cancer.
RISK FACTORS:
Exposure to cancer-causing agents Cellular mutation Genetics and hormone exposure Occupation and environment factors Social and psychological factors Chemical in food Viral (herpes, HPV ) Medical factors
CAUSES:
CIGARETTE SMOKING INVOLUNTARY SMOKING “PASSIVE SMOKING” POLLUTION ASBESTOS FIBER RADON GAS FAMILIAL PREDISPOSITINS RADATION EXPOSURE
SYMPTOMS:
Persistent dry cough that gets worse over time Constant chest pain Blood-stained sputum (phlegm) Extreme shortness of breath, wheezing or hoarseness Repeated pneumonia or bronchitis Swelling of the neck and face Weight loss Fatigue Difficulty in swallowing Pain- late manifestation and may be related to metastasis to the bone
PROGNOSIS:
Prognostic factors in NSCLC include presence or absence of pulmonary symptoms, tumor size, cell type (histology), degree of spread (stage) and metastases to multiple lymph nodes, and vascular invasion. For patients with inoperable disease, prognosis is adversely affected by poor performance status and weight loss of more than 10%. Prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer include status, gender, stage of disease, and involvement of the central nervous system or liver at the time of diagnosis. Prognosis is generally poor. Of all patients with lung cancer, 15% survive for five years after diagnosis. Stage is often advanced at the time of diagnosis. At presentation, 30–40% of cases of NSCLC are stage IV, and 60% of SCLC are stage IV. For NSCLC, the best prognosis is achieved with complete surgical resection of stage IA disease, with up to 70% five-year survival. For SCLC, the overall five-year survival for patients is about 5%. Patients with extensive-stage SCLC have an average five-year survival rate of less than 1%. The median survival time for limited-stage disease is 20 months, with a five-year survival rate of 20%.
Prognosis in lung cancer according to clinical stage
Clinical stageFive-year survival (%)
Non-small cell lung carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma
IA 50 38
IB 47 21
IIA 36 38
IIB 26 18
IIIA 19 13
IIIB 7 9
IV 2 1
DIAGNOSTIC EXAM:
CHEST X-RAY CT SCAN (computerized tomography scan) LUNG BIOPSY ENDOSCOPY MRI CHEMOTHERAPHY SPUTUM EXAM
TREATMENT:
RADIOTHERAPHY
Is useful in controlling neoplasm that cannot be surgically resected but are responsive to radiation. Radiation therapy usually is toxic to normal tissue within the radiation field, and this may lead to complication such as; esophagitis, pneumonitis, and radiation lung fibrosis.
CHEMOTHERAPHY
Is used to alter tumor growth patterns, to treat distant metastases or small cell cancer of the lung, and as an adjunct to surgery or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may provide relief, specially of pain, but it doesn’t usually curs the disease or prolonged life to any great degree.
PALLIATIVE CARE
May include radiation therapy to shrink the tumor to provide pain relief, a variety of bronchoscopic interventions to open a narrowed bronchus or airway, and pain management and other comfort measures.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES:
Nursing care of patient with lung cancer is similar to that for other patient with cancer and addresses the physiologic and psychological needs of the patient. The physiologic problems are primary due to the respiratory manifestation of the disease. Nursing care include strategies to ensure relief pain and discomfort and to prevent complication.
II. NURSING HISTORY
PATIENT’S PROFILE
PATIENT: Juan Dela Cruz
ADDRESS: Purok 6, Patul, Mananabas City
SEX: Male
AGE: 60
CIVIL STATUS: Married
OCCUPATION: N/A
RELIGION: Roman Catholic
DOCTOR/ATTENDING PHYSICIAN: Dr. Ambrocio
ADMITTING DIAGNOSIS: Hemispheric Cerebellar Syndrome
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
A 60 year old man was admitted last December 28, 2012 with a chief complaint of severe headache, blurring of vision and persistent cough. Patient has been experiencing also episodes of finger-nose incoordination lasting a few minutes but subside subsequently, the attacks are increasing in frequency. His wife and 2 children brought him to RCGCN (RACAGUCARIO MEDICAL CENTER) at 6:54 pm. The admitting physician is Dr. Ambrocio with an admitting diagnosis of hemispheric cerebellar syndrome and final diagnosis of Metastatic Lung Cancer T4N2M1b. The patient has also hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
PAST HEALTH HISTORY.
The patient hadn’t experience any serious disease when he was a child even when he turned into teenage life. But when he reaches the age of 60 where he experience having persistent cough and headache, blurring of vision and weakness resulting to Metastatic Lung Cancer. Factors are when he started smoking when he was 14 years old and consumes 1-2 packs per day, he was a factory worker before, and having a family history of Lung Cancer. The patient also undergone Cholecystectomy 3 years earlier.
FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY
According to the patient his father suffered from lung cancer which caused his death, while his mother has hypertension.
PEARSON’S FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERN
Date and Time of Interview: January 8, 2013 (9:00 AM)
Functional Health Pattern Before hospitalization During hospitalization
Psychological The patient considers himself as a healthy person before confinement. He does everything in their house without assistant.
His reaction to admission is bound by fear and anxiety because he never expected that he will acquire Lung Cancer though he knows that Lung Cancer is hereditary. The patient looks pale and weak. He perceived his condition as unhealthy and harmful.
Elimination The patient usually voids 5 to6 times a day with a characteristic of yellowish in color. He has problem in voiding since he has also Diabetes Type 2. He defecates regularly.
The patient voids for 2-3times a day and defecates once only for two days during his confinement.
Rest and Sleep The patient usually sleeps normally. He sleeps forabout 6-8 hours at night. When he felt like he is tired already he used to put himself to rest to gain energy which he can use for the following hours and or days. He is fond of watching television and listening radio AM stations which he finds himself to relax.
The patient can’t rest and sleep well because of theHospital routines and discomfort specially when experiencing severe head ache.
Safety and Security The patient just sleeps when he is not feeling well. He also considered the presence of his family as a factor in
The patient just lies on bed and sleeps when he experiences discomfort.
relieving his stresses in life.
Oxygenation The patient has experiencingdifficulty in breathingprior to hospitalization
The patient issupported by O2 inhalation via facial mask.
Nutrition The patient usually eats 3 times a day with a snack in between. He prefers vegetables in her diet and seldom eats pork. He drinks 10-12 glasses of water a day. After eating he used to smoke. He consumes 1-2 packs per day.
He skips meals during confinement as the patient said he has no appetite.
Spirituality The patient’s religion is Roman Catholic. He seldom attends to their church.
The patient always prayto GOD to lessen the distress he is experiencing. He has strong faith and believes that whatever happens to him God will never leave him.
III. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
Name: patient J Date: January 08, 2013
Time: 9:45am
Vital signs:
Blood Pressure: 150/100
Temperature: 37.2°C
Pulse Rate: 95bpm
Respiratory Rate: 26 cpm
General Appearance:
Patient is lying flat on bed with ongoing IVF of .9 Nacl, with O2 inhalation via face mask. Anxious, thin, irritable, looks weak and with a chief complaint of severe headache, blurring of vision and persistent cough. The patient is oriented to time, place and person.
PARTS TECHNIQUE USE
ABNORMAL FINDINGS ANALYSIS
Inspection Nasal flaring Due to difficulty of breathing
Posterior thorax Inspection Barrel chest, asymmetry Due to increase antero-
Shape and symmetry
posterior to transverse diameter.
Inspection Use of accessory muscle when breathing
Due to difficulty of breathing.
Percussion Areas of Dullness Due to presence of fluid in the lungs.
Auscultation Adventitious breath sounds (wheezing and crackles)
Due to air passing through a constricted bronchus.
Anterior thorax
Inspection Abnormal breathing pattern and sounds
Due to difficulty of breathing.
Percussion Areas of Dullness Due to presence of fluid in the lungs.
Balance Inspection
TYPE OF TEST PERFORMED ABNORMAL FINDINGS ANALYSIS
Romberg test (+) Romberg test Due to presence of cancer cells that metastases in the brain (cerebellum)
Standing on one foot with eyes close
Cannot maintain stand for 5 seconds
Due to presence of cancer cells that metastases in the brain (cerebellum)
Finger to nose Misses the finger and moves slowly
Due to blurring of vision and presence of cancer cells that metastases in the brain (cerebellum)
IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy of the Brain
The image on the left is a side view of the outside of the brain, showing the major lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital) and the brain stem structures (pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum). The image on the right is a side view showing the location of the limbic system inside the brain. The limbic system consists of a number of structures, including the fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus and parts of the thalamus.
External part of the brain:
Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving ( recent memory deficits, poor concentration, behavioral disorder, flat affect, depression, impulsive , psychotic disorders.)
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli (Motor sequencing, time and speed, ability to read draw and write)
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing.
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.
BRAINSTEM:
Pons – contains centers for the control of vital processes, including respiration and cardiovascular functions. It also is involved in the coordination of eye movements and balance.
Medulla oblongata – contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.
INNER PART OF THE BRAIN
Limbic System: The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.
This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.
Amygdala – limbic structure involved in many brain functions, including emotion, learning and memory. It is part of a system that processes "reflexive" emotions like fear and anxiety.
Cerebellum – governs movement. The Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.
Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in processing conscious emotional experience.
Fornix – an arch-like structure that connects the hippocampus to other parts of the limbic system.
Hippocampus – plays a significant role in the formation of long-term memories.
Medulla oblongata – contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.
Parahippocampal gyrus – an important connecting pathway of the limbic system. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval.
Thalamus – a major relay station between the senses and the cortex (the outer layer of the brain consisting of the parietal, occipital, frontal and temporal lobes).
ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. The main function of the human respiratory system is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood, and to expel carbon dioxide from the body. Healthy levels of oxygen are absolutely crucial for the human body, as oxygen gives our cells energy and helps them regenerate.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity -- also called pleura. A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.
the body's ability to breathe and trade oxygen for carbon dioxide is one of its greatest marvels. Awake or asleep, conscious or unconscious, our bodies breathe automatically without thought on our part. When we are quiet our bodies breathe 15 times a minute on average. Every day an average, moderately active person breathes about 20,000 liters of air.
Our bodies have sophisticated systems for filtering out particles (such as dust and soot, mold, fungi, bacteria and viruses) that can be deposited in our airways and on the surfaces of the air sacs. The estimated 300 million alveoli (air sacs) in our lungs create a surface area of more than 100 square meters, where our blood receives fresh oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and other waste gases produced by our bodies.
V. LABORATORY RESULTS
Tests Normal Values Results Interpretation
Hemoglobin M (12-18 g/dl) 13 Normal
MonocyteM(37-47%) 30.0 Due to bacteria
White blood cell
4.0-10.0 18.4 Due to infection
Granulocyte44.2-80.2% 76 Normal
Lymphocyte28.0-48.0% 24 Decreased due to
chronic condition ( diabetes mellitus)
RESULT OF CHEST-XRAY
VI. COURSE IN THE WARD
DATE TIME DOCTOR’S ORDER RATIONALE NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
12-28-12
6:45pm Secure consent For legal purposes
Secured consent
Insert IVF of .9 Nacl 1L x 8 hrs. x 3 cycles
To maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IV hooked and regulated and recorded
TPR every shift To monitor Monitored V/S q
baseline V/S and any changes after operation
shift
For CBC, Chest X-ray, Sputum Culture and Sensitivity
To detect problems that may place patient at additional risk
Requested to the laboratory
Medication:
1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for
increase BP 140/100
To alleviate pain, and to decrease BP
Assess for pain and monitor BP
For O2 inhalation via facial mask at 2-3 lpm
To promote airway
To provide sufficient oxygen in the body
Low-salt, low-fat diet. To prevent increase BP
Maintain Diet
Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed
12-29-12
10:00 am
Continue IVF .9 Nacl To maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IV hooked and regulated and recorded
For CT Scan and MRI To detect problems that may place patient at additional risk
Requested to the laboratory
Medication:
1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/100
To alleviate pain, and to decrease BP
Assess for pain and monitor BP
Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed12-31-12
6:45 pm Continue IVF .9 Nacl To maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IV hooked and regulated and recorded
For Lung Biopsy To detect problems that may place
Requested to the laboratory
patient at additional risk
Medication:
1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/100
To alleviate pain, and to decrease BP
Assess for pain and monitor BP
Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed1-7-13
9:30 am Continue IVF .9 Nacl To maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IV hooked and regulated and recorded
Final diagnosis:Metastatic lung cancer T4N2M1b
Medications1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/1003. Etoposide 70mg/m2
4. Topotecan 1.5mg/m2/day for 5 days5. Methotrexate
To alleviate pain, and to decrease BP
Assess for pain and monitor BP
Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed1-8-13
10:30 am
Continue IVF .9 Nacl To maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalances
IV hooked and regulated and recorded
Medication:
1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/1003. Etoposide 70mg/m2
4. Topotecan 1.5mg/m2/day for 5 days5. Methotrexate
To alleviate pain, and to decrease BP
Assess for pain and monitor BP
For radio therapy To detect problems that may place patient at additional risk
Requested to the laboratory
Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed
Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation
Subjective:“Nahihirapan akong huminga” as verbalized by the patient.
Objective:
RR: 26cpm-use of accessory muscle-fatigue-wheezing-Irritability
Impaired gas exchange related to increase production of bronchial secretion.
After 30 minutes of continuous nursing intervention the patient will be able to verbalize behaviors how to maintain clear airway.
-Monitor respirations and breath sounds, noting rate and sounds.
Rationale: To determine prognosis of breathing pattern, indicate respiratory distress and/or accumulation of secretion.
-Position appropriately (head of the bed elevated, side lying and discourage use of oil based products).
Rationale: To prevent vomiting with aspiration into the lungs.
-Ascultate breath sounds and assess air movement.
Rationae::to ascertain status and note progress.
-Encourage /provide opportunities for rest, limit activities.Rationale: to reduce stress.-Teach deep breathing exercises.Rationale: to maximize effort.
The patient can demonstrate ways how to maintain clear airway.
VII. NURSING CARE PLAN
Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation
Subjective: “masakit ang ulo ko pati na ang buong katawan ko” as verbalize by the patient.
Objective: -Vital signs: T: 37.2 0C P: 95 bpm R: 25 cpm Bp: 150/100 -pain scale of 10/10- (+) facial grimace-irritable-restlessness
Chronic pain related to physical condition as manifested by pain scale of 10/10. 1 is the lowest and 10 is the highest.
After continuous nursing intervention the patient will be able to verbalize/demonstrate (non verbal cues) control pain/ discomfort.
- Assess pain severity and defining characteristic
Rationale: To know the characteristic if pain and the intervention that will be rendered because each individual may exhibit pain perception.- Teach
nonpharmacological intervention to relieve pain
Rationale: Massage, distraction, music therapy and support groups may enhance pharmacological intervention.-Encourage and assist family member to learn massage techniques.- identify and discuss potential hazards of unproved and or non medical therapies.- Administer pain
medication as ordered.Rationale:
After continuous nursing intervention the patient was able to verbalize/demonstrate (non verbal cues) control pain/ discomfort.
To minimize the pain that being felt by the patient.
Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective:“Natatakot ako sa pwedeng mangyari sa akin” as verbalized by the S.O
Objective: Confuse, Irritable, Restlessness
Anxiety related to change in health status as evidenced by confuses impaired attention and restlessness.
At the end of the shift the patient will discuss or verbalized of feelings about fears.
Establish trust and rapport.
Ascertain client perception of what is occurring and how this affects life.
Compare verbal and non verbal response.
Stay with the client or make arrangement to have someone else to be there
Discuss clients perceptions to fearful feelings.Active listening to client concerns.
Provide opportunity for questions and answers honestly.
To gain patient trust.
Fear is as defensive mechanism in protecting oneself.
To note congruencies or misperception of situation.
To provide clients’ with unusual desired support.Persons can diminish feelings of fear.
Promote atmosphere of caring and permits explanation.
Enhance sense of trust and client-relationship.
At the end of the shift the patient is now able to discuss or verbalized of feelings about fears.
Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation
Subjective : “ wala siyang ganang kumain” as verbalized by the s.o
Objective: Weakness Pale Unwillingness to ingest
food
Imbalanced nutrition related to inability to ingest or digest food due to biological factor such as loss of appetite.
After 3 hours of continuous nursing intervention the patient will be able to demonstrate selection of food or meals.
Consult dietitian for further assessment and recommendations regarding food preferences and nutritional support
Suggest liquid drinks for supplemental nutrition
Provide companionship during mealtime
have Dietitians a greater understanding of the nutritional value of foods and may be helpful in assessing specific ethnic or cultural foods
Attention to the social aspects of eating is important in both the hospital and home settings.
After 3 hours of continuous nursing intervention the patient will be able to demonstrate selection of food or meals.Goal met….
VIII. DRUG STUDY
Drug Indications Side effects Contraindication Nursing Considerations
Generic Name:Etoposide
Brand Name:VePesid
Classifications:Antineoplastic
Dosage: IV: 70mg/m2
(rounded to the nearest 50mg)
-Small cell lung carcinoma (first line therapy, used in combination with other therapeutic agents)
CNS: Dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue.
CV: hypotension.
GI: anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, stomatitis, taste alterations.
Derm: alopecia, pruritis. Rashes, urticaria.
Endo: sterility.
Hemat: anemia , leucopenia, thrombocytopenia.
Neuro: peripheral neuropathy.
-use cautiously in patients with active infections, decreased bone marrow reserve, renal impairment.
-GERI: elderly (maybe at high risk for adverse effects )
-monitor blood pressure before and every 15 min during infusion.
-monitor for hypersensitivity reaction (fever, chills , dyspnea, pruritus, urticaria)
-Assess for signs of infections(fever , chills)
-Adjust diet as tolerated to help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and nutritional status.
DRUG INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS CONTRAINDICATION NURSING CONSIDERATION
Generic Name:Topotecan
BrandName: Hycamtin
Classification: Antineoplastic
Dosage: 1.5 mg/m2./day for 5days repeated every 21 days.
- Used cautiously in impaired renal function
- Patients with child bearing potentials.
-CNS: headache, fatigue. Weakness
-Resp: dyspnea.
GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting , anorexia, constipations.
Derm: Alopecia
Hemat: anemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia.
-contraindicated in hypersensitivity;pre existing myelosuppression.
-use cautiously in impaired renal function.
- Assess IV site frequently for extravasation, which causes mild local erythema and bruising.
- Nausea and vomiting are common. Pre treatment with antiemetics should be considered.
- Monitor vital signs frequently during administration.
- Monitor CBC with differential and platelet count prior to administration and frequently during therapy .
-
DRUGS INDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS CONTRAINDICATION NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
Generic Name:
- Methotrexate
Classification
-Antineoplastic
Dosage:
- alone or with other treatment modalities in the treatment of lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, leukemia.
CNS: dizziness, drowsiness, headaches, malaise.
EENT: blurred vision, dysarthria transient blindness:
Resp: Pulmonary fibrosis
GI: anorexia, hepatotoxicity, nausea, stomatitis, vomiting.
GU: infertility.
Derm: alopecia, painful plaque erosions, photosensitivity , pruritus, rashes, skin ulcer.
-use cautiously in renal impairment; Active infections; decrease bone marrow reserve.
- Geri: Geriatricnpatients or patients with other chronic debilitating illnesses.
-Monitor vital signs periodically during administration. |report significant changes.
- Monitor intake and output ratios and daily weights. Report significant changes in totals.
- Monitor serum methothrexate levels every 12-24 hour during high dose.
DRUG NAME INDICATION ACTION CONTRAINDICATION SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
TRAMADOL
Classification: Analgesic Route: slow IV push
Dosage: 50 mg- 4 doses
Moderate to severe pain
Binds to mu-opioid receptors. Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS.
Therapeutic effects: decrease pain
Hypersensitivity; cross sensitivity with opioids may exist.
CNS: dizziness, headache
GI: constipation, nausea
1. Assess type, pain location, intensity of pain and 2-3 (peak) after administration.
2. Assess BP and respiratory rate before and periodically during administration.
3. Prolonged use may lead to, physical and psychological dependence and tolerance. If tolerance develops, changing to an opiod may be required to relieve pain.