lung cancer

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I. INTRODUCTION: CANCER: Cancer is a condition that results from abnormal cellular DNA. It is a condition wherein cells mutate and increase number, with changes in their morphology and without any function. The increase in the number of these cells infects other cells and causes them to behave the same way, a condition termed as “malignancy”.Cancer cells infiltrate normal and healthy tissue and they compete with normal cells for sustenance from the blood. Malignant cells compress and kill healthy tissue and deprive them of nutrition. In the long run, cancer cells cause cellular malignancy, nutritional deficiencies, and ultimately, death. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep the body healthy. Sometimes, however, cells keep dividing even if new cells are not needed. These extra cells form a mass of tissue, usually called lump, swelling or tumor. TUMORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS: BENIGN TUMORS Which are not cancerous. They often can be removed, and in most cases, do not come back. MALIGNANT TUMORS Which are cancerous. cells in theses tumors are abnormal and they divide without control and they can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. GENERAL DANGER SIGNS: C- change in bowel or bladder habits A- sore that does not heal U- unusual bleeding or discharges U- unexplained sudden weight loss U- unexplained anemia T-hickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing O- obvious change in warts or mole N-nagging cough or horseness of voice STAGING AND GRADING OF NEOPLASIA: STAGING- Is determining the size of the tumor and existence of metastases.

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Transcript of lung cancer

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I. INTRODUCTION:

CANCER:

Cancer is a condition that results from abnormal cellular DNA. It is a condition wherein cells mutate and increase number, with changes in their morphology and without any function. The increase in the number of these cells infects other cells and causes them to behave the same way, a condition termed as “malignancy”.Cancer cells infiltrate normal and healthy tissue and they compete with normal cells for sustenance from the blood. Malignant cells compress and kill healthy tissue and deprive them of nutrition. In the long run, cancer cells cause cellular malignancy, nutritional deficiencies, and ultimately, death. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep the body healthy. Sometimes, however, cells keep dividing even if new cells are not needed. These extra cells form a mass of tissue, usually called lump, swelling or tumor.

TUMORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

BENIGN TUMORSWhich are not cancerous. They often can be removed, and in most cases, do not come back.

MALIGNANT TUMORSWhich   are cancerous.   cells   in   theses   tumors   are   abnormal   and   they   divide without control and they can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs.

GENERAL DANGER SIGNS:

C- change in bowel or bladder habits

A- sore that does not heal

U- unusual bleeding or discharges

U- unexplained sudden weight loss

U- unexplained anemia

T-hickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere

I- indigestion or difficulty in swallowing

O- obvious change in warts or mole

N-nagging cough or horseness of voice

STAGING AND GRADING OF NEOPLASIA:

STAGING-  Is determining the size of the tumor and existence of metastases. GRADING-  is classification of tumor cells.

THE  AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE OF CANCER (AJCC) has  developed   the  TNM classification system that can be applied to all tumor types.T- tumor sizeN- presence or absence of regional lymph node involvementM- presence or absence of distant metastasis

T – primary tumor Tx- primary tumor is unable to be assessed T0- no evidence of primary tumor TIS- carcinoma in situ

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T1 T2 T3 T4 – increase size and/or local extent of primary tumor N- presence or absence or regional lymph node involvement

Nx- regional lymph nodes are unable to be assessed N0 – no regional lymph node involvement N1 N2 N3 – increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

M- absence or presence or distant metastasis Mx- unable to be assessed M0- absence or distant metastasis M1 – presence of distant metastasis

 CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER:

CARCINOMA SARCOMA LYMPHOMA LEUKEMIA

LUNG CANCER (BROCHOGENIC CARCINOMA):

In the Philippines,  Lung Cancer  is  one of the leading cancer deaths among men and women. The steady increase in rates of people developing and dying from lung cancer is the delayed effects  of   increased smoking by  the Filipinos.  An estimated 17,238 new cases  and 15,881 deaths due to lung cancer are expected to occur every year.

Lung cancer tends to spread or metastasize very early after it forms; it is a very life-threatening cancer and one of the most difficult cancers to treat. While lung cancer can spread to any organ in the body, certain organs particularly the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone are the most common sites for lung cancer metastasis. The lung also is a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original (primary) tumor. Lung cancers can arise in any part of the lung, but 90%-95% of cancers of the lung are thought to arise from the epithelial cells, the cells lining the larger   and   smaller   airways   (bronchi   and   bronchioles);   for   this   reason,   lung   cancers   are sometimes called bronchogenic  cancers  or  bronchogenic  carcinomas.   (Carcinoma is  another term for cancer.) Cancers also can arise from the pleura (called mesotheliomas) or rarely from supporting tissues within the lungs, for example, the blood vessels.

BRAIN TUMOR:

Brain tumor,  formed by groups of abnormal cells,  can be benign (non-cancerous)  or malignant (cancerous) within the cerebellum. Either type can develop within the cerebellum itself, or results from cancer spreading from other areas in the body. Regardless of the type or location of tumor,  they need to be treated or removed.  Tumors within the cerebellum are classified as either primary or secondary tumors. Primary tumors originate in the cerebellum, while secondary tumors spread from other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor that develops within the cerebellum. These fast-growing tumors comprise 20 percent of brain tumors in children and adults. Cerebellar astrocytoma, the other  primary   type  of   tumor   that  affects   the   cerebellum,  may  be   comprised  of  benign  or malignant cells. Secondary tumors occur when cancer metastasizes (spreads) from other parts of the body to the cerebellum. Skin, breast, colon, bowel, lung and kidney cancer can result in tumors within the cerebellum.

LUNG CANCER FACTS:

Almost 100% of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking Smokers reach the “cancer age” at least 15 years earlier than non smokers.

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Non-smokers who are continuously exposed to tobacco smoke in enclosed spaces also run the risk of getting lung cancer.

RISK FACTORS:

Exposure to cancer-causing agents Cellular mutation  Genetics and hormone exposure Occupation and environment factors Social and psychological factors Chemical in food Viral (herpes, HPV ) Medical factors

CAUSES:

CIGARETTE SMOKING INVOLUNTARY SMOKING “PASSIVE SMOKING” POLLUTION ASBESTOS FIBER RADON GAS FAMILIAL PREDISPOSITINS RADATION EXPOSURE

SYMPTOMS:

Persistent dry cough that gets worse over time Constant chest pain Blood-stained sputum (phlegm) Extreme shortness of breath, wheezing or hoarseness Repeated pneumonia or bronchitis Swelling of the neck and face Weight loss  Fatigue Difficulty in swallowing Pain- late manifestation and may be related to metastasis to the bone

PROGNOSIS:

Prognostic   factors   in   NSCLC   include   presence   or   absence   of   pulmonary symptoms, tumor size,   cell   type   (histology),   degree   of   spread (stage) and metastases to multiple lymph nodes, and vascular invasion. For patients with inoperable disease, prognosis is adversely affected by poor performance status and weight loss of more than 10%. Prognostic factors in small cell lung cancer include status, gender, stage of disease, and involvement of the central nervous system or liver at the time of  diagnosis. Prognosis is generally poor. Of all patients with lung cancer, 15% survive for five years after diagnosis. Stage is often advanced at the time of diagnosis. At presentation, 30–40% of cases of NSCLC are stage IV, and 60% of SCLC are stage IV. For NSCLC, the best prognosis is achieved with complete surgical resection of stage IA disease, with up to 70% five-year survival. For SCLC, the overall five-year survival for patients is about 5%. Patients with extensive-stage SCLC have an average five-year survival rate of less than  1%.  The median survival  time  for   limited-stage  disease   is  20  months,  with  a  five-year survival rate of 20%.

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Prognosis in lung cancer according to clinical stage

Clinical stageFive-year survival (%)

Non-small cell lung carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma

IA 50 38

IB 47 21

IIA 36 38

IIB 26 18

IIIA 19 13

IIIB 7 9

IV 2 1

DIAGNOSTIC EXAM:

CHEST X-RAY CT SCAN (computerized tomography scan) LUNG BIOPSY ENDOSCOPY  MRI CHEMOTHERAPHY SPUTUM EXAM

TREATMENT:

RADIOTHERAPHY

                               Is useful in controlling neoplasm that cannot be surgically resected but are responsive to radiation. Radiation therapy usually is toxic to normal tissue within the radiation field, and this may lead to complication such as; esophagitis, pneumonitis, and radiation lung fibrosis.  

CHEMOTHERAPHY

              Is used to alter tumor growth patterns, to treat distant metastases or small cell cancer of the lung, and as an adjunct to surgery or radiation therapy. Chemotherapy may provide relief, specially of pain, but it doesn’t usually  curs the disease or prolonged life to any great degree.

PALLIATIVE CARE

May include radiation therapy to shrink the tumor to provide pain relief, a variety of bronchoscopic interventions to open a narrowed bronchus or airway, and pain management and other comfort measures.

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NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES:

Nursing care of patient with lung cancer is similar to that for other patient with cancer and addresses the physiologic and psychological needs of the patient. The physiologic problems are primary due to the respiratory manifestation of the disease. Nursing care include strategies to ensure relief pain and discomfort and to prevent complication.

II. NURSING HISTORY

PATIENT’S PROFILE

PATIENT: Juan Dela Cruz

ADDRESS: Purok 6, Patul, Mananabas City

SEX: Male

AGE: 60

CIVIL STATUS: Married

OCCUPATION: N/A

RELIGION: Roman Catholic

DOCTOR/ATTENDING PHYSICIAN: Dr. Ambrocio

ADMITTING DIAGNOSIS: Hemispheric Cerebellar Syndrome

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS

A 60 year  old man was admitted  last  December 28,  2012 with a chief  complaint  of severe headache, blurring of vision and persistent cough.  Patient has been experiencing also episodes of finger-nose  incoordination  lasting a  few minutes but  subside subsequently,   the attacks   are   increasing   in   frequency.   His  wife     and   2   children   brought   him   to   RCGCN (RACAGUCARIO MEDICAL CENTER) at 6:54 pm. The admitting physician is Dr. Ambrocio with an admitting diagnosis of hemispheric cerebellar syndrome and final diagnosis of Metastatic Lung Cancer T4N2M1b. The patient has also hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PAST HEALTH HISTORY.

The patient hadn’t experience any serious disease when he was a child even when he turned  into   teenage  life.  But  when he  reaches   the  age of  60  where  he experience  having persistent cough and headache, blurring of vision and weakness resulting to Metastatic Lung Cancer. Factors are when he started smoking when he was 14 years old and consumes 1-2 packs per day, he was a factory worker before, and having a family history of Lung Cancer.  The patient also undergone Cholecystectomy 3 years earlier.

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FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY

According to the patient his father suffered from lung cancer which caused his death, while his mother has hypertension.

PEARSON’S FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERN

Date and Time of Interview: January 8, 2013 (9:00 AM)

Functional Health Pattern Before hospitalization During hospitalization

Psychological  The patient considers himself as   a   healthy   person   before confinement.   He   does everything   in   their   house without assistant.

His   reaction   to   admission   is bound   by   fear   and   anxiety because   he   never   expected that   he   will   acquire   Lung Cancer though he knows that Lung Cancer is hereditary. The patient   looks pale  and weak. He perceived his condition as unhealthy and harmful.

Elimination  The patient usually voids 5 to6   times   a   day   with   a characteristic   of   yellowish   in color.   He   has   problem   in voiding   since   he   has   also Diabetes Type 2. He defecates regularly.

The patient voids for 2-3times a day and defecates once only for   two   days   during   his confinement.

Rest and Sleep  The   patient   usually   sleeps normally. He sleeps forabout   6-8   hours   at   night. When he  felt   like  he  is  tired already he used to put himself to   rest   to  gain  energy  which he  can  use   for   the   following hours and or days. He is fond of   watching   television   and listening   radio   AM   stations which   he   finds   himself   to relax. 

The   patient   can’t     rest   and sleep well because of theHospital   routines   and discomfort   specially   when experiencing   severe   head ache.

Safety and Security  The patient   just  sleeps when he is not feeling well. He also considered   the   presence   of his   family   as   a   factor   in 

The   patient   just   lies   on   bed and   sleeps   when   he experiences discomfort.

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relieving his stresses in life.

Oxygenation  The patient has experiencingdifficulty in breathingprior to hospitalization

The patient issupported   by   O2   inhalation via facial mask.

Nutrition The   patient   usually   eats   3 times   a   day  with   a   snack   in between.   He   prefers vegetables   in   her   diet   and seldom   eats   pork.   He   drinks 10-12 glasses of water a day. After   eating   he   used   to smoke.   He   consumes   1-2 packs per day.

He   skips   meals   during confinement   as   the   patient said he has no appetite.

Spirituality The   patient’s   religion   is Roman   Catholic.   He   seldom attends to their church. 

The patient always prayto GOD to lessen the distress he   is   experiencing.   He   has strong faith and believes that whatever happens to him God will never leave him.

III. PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT

           Name: patient J            Date: January 08, 2013

Time: 9:45am

            Vital signs:

  Blood Pressure: 150/100

Temperature: 37.2°C

Pulse Rate:  95bpm

Respiratory Rate: 26 cpm

General Appearance: 

Patient is lying flat on bed with ongoing IVF of .9 Nacl, with O2 inhalation via face mask. Anxious, thin, irritable, looks weak and with a chief complaint of severe headache, blurring of vision and persistent cough. The patient is oriented to time, place and person. 

PARTS TECHNIQUE USE

ABNORMAL FINDINGS ANALYSIS

             

Inspection  Nasal flaring Due   to   difficulty   of breathing

Posterior thorax Inspection Barrel chest, asymmetry  Due   to   increase   antero-

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Shape and symmetry 

posterior   to   transverse diameter.

Inspection  Use   of   accessory   muscle when breathing

Due   to   difficulty   of breathing.

Percussion  Areas of Dullness  Due to presence of fluid in the lungs.

Auscultation  Adventitious   breath   sounds (wheezing and crackles)

Due   to   air   passing through   a   constricted bronchus.

Anterior thorax

Inspection Abnormal   breathing   pattern and sounds

Due   to   difficulty   of breathing.

Percussion  Areas of Dullness  Due to presence of fluid in the lungs.

Balance  Inspection 

TYPE OF TEST PERFORMED ABNORMAL FINDINGS ANALYSIS

 Romberg test  (+) Romberg test Due   to   presence   of cancer   cells   that metastases   in   the   brain (cerebellum)

Standing   on   one   foot   with   eyes close 

Cannot  maintain  stand   for  5 seconds

Due   to   presence   of cancer   cells   that metastases   in   the   brain (cerebellum)

Finger to nose  Misses the finger and moves slowly

Due to blurring of vision and   presence   of   cancer cells   that  metastases   in the brain (cerebellum)

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IV. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy of the Brain

The image on the left is a side view of the outside of the brain, showing the major lobes (frontal,  parietal,   temporal  and occipital)  and the brain stem structures  (pons,  medulla oblongata and cerebellum). The image on the right is a side view showing the location of the limbic system inside the brain. The limbic system consists of a number of structures, including the fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus and parts of the thalamus.

External part of the brain:

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem   solving   (   recent  memory   deficits,   poor   concentration,   behavioral   disorder,   flat   affect, depression, impulsive , psychotic disorders.)

Parietal Lobe-   associated   with  movement,   orientation,   recognition,   perception   of   stimuli (Motor sequencing, time and speed, ability to read draw and write)

Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing. 

Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.

BRAINSTEM:

Pons –   contains   centers   for   the   control   of   vital   processes,   including   respiration   and cardiovascular functions. It also is involved in the coordination of eye movements and balance.

Medulla oblongata – contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.

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INNER PART OF THE BRAIN

Limbic System: The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.

This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Amygdala – limbic structure involved in many brain functions, including emotion, learning and  memory.   It   is   part  of   a   system  that  processes   "reflexive"   emotions   like   fear   and anxiety.

Cerebellum – governs movement. The Cerebellum: The cerebellum, or "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum in that it has two hemispheres and has a highly folded surface or cortex. This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.

     Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in processing conscious emotional experience.

Fornix – an arch-like structure that connects the hippocampus to other parts of the limbic system.

Hippocampus – plays a significant role in the formation of long-term memories.

Medulla oblongata – contains centers for the control of vital processes such as heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and swallowing.

Parahippocampal gyrus – an important connecting pathway of the limbic system. This region plays an important role in memory encoding and retrieval.

Thalamus – a major relay station between the senses and the cortex (the outer layer of the brain consisting of the parietal, occipital, frontal and temporal lobes).

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ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS

The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system. The main function of the human respiratory system is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood, and to expel carbon dioxide from the body. Healthy levels of oxygen are absolutely crucial for the human body, as oxygen gives our cells energy and helps them regenerate.

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea  (windpipe)  conducts   inhaled air   into  the  lungs   through  its   tubular  branches,  called bronchi.   The   bronchi   then   divide   into   smaller   and   smaller   branches   (bronchioles),   finally becoming microscopic.

The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.

The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura. The same kind of thin tissue lines the  inside of   the chest  cavity   --  also called pleura.  A thin  layer  of  fluid acts  as  a   lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.

the body's ability to breathe and trade oxygen for carbon dioxide is one of its greatest marvels. Awake or asleep, conscious or unconscious, our bodies breathe automatically without thought on our part. When we are quiet our bodies breathe 15 times a minute on average. Every day an average, moderately active person breathes about 20,000 liters of air.

Our bodies have sophisticated systems for filtering out particles (such as dust and soot, mold, fungi, bacteria and viruses) that can be deposited in our airways and on the surfaces of the air sacs. The estimated 300 million alveoli (air sacs) in our lungs create a surface area of more than 100 square meters, where our blood receives fresh oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and other waste gases produced by our bodies.

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V. LABORATORY RESULTS

Tests Normal Values Results Interpretation

Hemoglobin M (12-18 g/dl) 13 Normal

MonocyteM(37-47%) 30.0      Due to bacteria

White   blood cell

4.0-10.0 18.4      Due to infection

Granulocyte44.2-80.2% 76 Normal

Lymphocyte28.0-48.0% 24 Decreased   due   to 

chronic   condition ( diabetes mellitus)

RESULT OF CHEST-XRAY

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VI. COURSE IN THE WARD

DATE TIME DOCTOR’S ORDER RATIONALE NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES

12-28-12

6:45pm Secure consent For   legal purposes

Secured consent

Insert IVF of .9 Nacl 1L x 8 hrs. x 3 cycles

To   maintain fluid   and electrolyte imbalances

IV   hooked   and regulated   and recorded

TPR every shift To   monitor  Monitored   V/S   q 

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baseline   V/S and any changes after operation

shift

For   CBC,   Chest   X-ray, Sputum   Culture   and Sensitivity

To   detect problems   that may   place patient   at additional risk

Requested   to   the laboratory

Medication:

1. Tramadol 50mg q 42. Nifedipine 30mg for 

increase   BP 140/100

To   alleviate pain,   and   to decrease BP

Assess   for   pain and monitor BP

For   O2  inhalation   via facial mask at 2-3 lpm

To   promote airway

To   provide sufficient oxygen in the body

Low-salt, low-fat diet. To   prevent increase BP

Maintain Diet

Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed

12-29-12

10:00 am

Continue IVF .9 Nacl  To   maintain fluid   and electrolyte imbalances

IV   hooked   and regulated   and recorded

For CT Scan and MRI To   detect problems   that may   place patient   at additional risk

Requested   to   the laboratory

Medication:

1. Tramadol 50mg q 42.  Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/100

To   alleviate pain,   and   to decrease BP

Assess   for   pain and monitor BP

Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed12-31-12

6:45 pm Continue IVF .9 Nacl  To   maintain fluid   and electrolyte imbalances

IV   hooked   and regulated   and recorded

For Lung Biopsy To   detect problems   that may   place 

Requested   to   the laboratory

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patient   at additional risk

Medication:

1. Tramadol 50mg q 42.  Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/100

To   alleviate pain,   and   to decrease BP

Assess   for   pain and monitor BP

Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed1-7-13

9:30 am Continue IVF .9 Nacl  To   maintain fluid   and electrolyte imbalances

IV   hooked   and regulated   and recorded

Final diagnosis:Metastatic   lung cancer T4N2M1b

Medications1. Tramadol 50mg q 42.  Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/1003. Etoposide 70mg/m2

4.   Topotecan 1.5mg/m2/day   for   5 days5. Methotrexate

To   alleviate pain,   and   to decrease BP

Assess   for   pain and monitor BP

Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed1-8-13

10:30 am

Continue IVF .9 Nacl  To   maintain fluid   and electrolyte imbalances

IV   hooked   and regulated   and recorded

Medication:

1. Tramadol 50mg q 42.  Nifedipine 30mg for increase BP 140/1003. Etoposide 70mg/m2

4.   Topotecan 1.5mg/m2/day   for   5 days5. Methotrexate

To   alleviate pain,   and   to decrease BP

Assess   for   pain and monitor BP

For radio therapy  To   detect problems   that may   place patient   at additional risk

Requested   to   the laboratory

Refer as needed To inform ROD Endorsed

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Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation

Subjective:“Nahihirapan   akong huminga”   as   verbalized by the patient.

Objective:

RR: 26cpm-use of accessory muscle-fatigue-wheezing-Irritability

Impaired   gas   exchange related   to   increase production   of   bronchial secretion.

After   30   minutes   of continuous   nursing intervention   the   patient will   be   able   to   verbalize behaviors   how   to maintain clear airway.

-Monitor   respirations   and   breath sounds, noting rate and sounds. 

Rationale:  To   determine prognosis of   breathing   pattern,   indicate respiratory   distress   and/or accumulation of secretion.

-Position appropriately (head of the bed   elevated,   side   lying   and discourage   use   of   oil   based products).

Rationale: To prevent vomiting with aspiration into the lungs.

-Ascultate breath sounds and assess air movement.

  Rationae::to   ascertain   status   and note progress.

-Encourage   /provide     opportunities for rest, limit activities.Rationale: to reduce stress.-Teach deep breathing exercises.Rationale: to maximize effort.

The patient can demonstrate ways how to maintain clear airway. 

VII. NURSING CARE PLAN

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Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Evaluation

Subjective:     “masakit ang ulo ko pati na ang   buong   katawan   ko”   as verbalize by the patient.

Objective:   -Vital signs:    T: 37.2 0C    P: 95 bpm    R: 25 cpm    Bp: 150/100 -pain scale of 10/10- (+) facial grimace-irritable-restlessness 

Chronic   pain   related   to physical   condition   as manifested   by   pain   scale   of 10/10. 1 is the lowest and 10 is the highest.

After   continuous   nursing intervention   the   patient   will be   able   to verbalize/demonstrate   (non verbal   cues)   control   pain/ discomfort. 

- Assess   pain   severity   and defining characteristic

Rationale:                To   know   the characteristic if pain and the intervention   that   will   be rendered   because   each individual   may   exhibit   pain perception.- Teach 

nonpharmacological intervention   to   relieve pain

Rationale:                 Massage, distraction, music   therapy   and   support groups   may   enhance pharmacological intervention.-Encourage and assist   family member   to   learn   massage techniques.-   identify   and   discuss potential   hazards   of unproved and or non medical therapies.- Administer   pain 

medication as ordered.Rationale:

After   continuous   nursing intervention   the   patient  was able to verbalize/demonstrate (non   verbal   cues)   control pain/ discomfort. 

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                 To minimize the pain that being felt by the patient.

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Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective:“Natatakot   ako   sa   pwedeng mangyari   sa   akin”   as verbalized by the S.O

Objective: Confuse, Irritable, Restlessness

Anxiety   related   to change   in   health   status as   evidenced   by confuses   impaired attention   and restlessness.

At   the  end  of   the   shift the   patient  will   discuss or verbalized of feelings about fears.

Establish   trust   and rapport.

Ascertain   client perception   of   what   is occurring   and   how   this affects life.

Compare verbal and non verbal response.

Stay   with   the   client   or make   arrangement   to have someone else to be there

Discuss   clients perceptions   to   fearful feelings.Active   listening to client concerns.

Provide   opportunity   for questions   and   answers honestly.

To gain patient trust.

Fear   is   as   defensive mechanism in protecting oneself.

To note congruencies or misperception   of situation.

To   provide   clients’  with unusual   desired support.Persons   can diminish feelings of fear.

Promote   atmosphere   of caring   and   permits explanation.

Enhance   sense   of   trust and client-relationship.

At   the   end  of   the   shift the  patient   is  now able to  discuss  or  verbalized of feelings about fears.

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Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation

Subjective :    “   wala   siyang   ganang kumain” as verbalized by the s.o

Objective:  Weakness Pale  Unwillingness   to   ingest 

food

Imbalanced   nutrition related   to   inability   to ingest or digest food due to   biological   factor   such as loss of appetite.

After   3   hours   of continuous   nursing intervention   the   patient will   be   able   to demonstrate selection of food or meals. 

Consult   dietitian   for further   assessment and recommendations regarding   food preferences   and nutritional support

Suggest  liquid drinks for   supplemental nutrition

Provide companionship during mealtime

have   Dietitians   a greater understanding of the nutritional   value   of foods   and   may   be helpful   in   assessing specific   ethnic   or cultural foods

Attention   to   the social   aspects   of eating   is   important in  both   the  hospital and home settings. 

After   3   hours   of continuous   nursing intervention   the patient  will   be   able to   demonstrate selection  of   food  or meals.Goal met….

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VIII. DRUG STUDY

Drug Indications Side effects Contraindication Nursing Considerations

Generic Name:Etoposide

Brand Name:VePesid

Classifications:Antineoplastic

Dosage: IV:     70mg/m2 

(rounded   to   the nearest 50mg) 

-Small   cell   lung   carcinoma (first   line   therapy,   used   in combination     with   other therapeutic agents)

CNS:   Dizziness,   drowsiness, fatigue.

CV: hypotension.

GI: anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting,   abdominal   pain, stomatitis, taste alterations.

Derm:   alopecia,   pruritis. Rashes, urticaria.

Endo: sterility.

Hemat:   anemia   ,   leucopenia, thrombocytopenia.

Neuro: peripheral neuropathy. 

-use   cautiously   in   patients   with active   infections,   decreased   bone marrow reserve, renal impairment.

-GERI: elderly (maybe at high risk  for adverse effects )

-monitor blood pressure before and every 15 min during infusion.

-monitor   for   hypersensitivity reaction   (fever,   chills   ,   dyspnea, pruritus, urticaria)

-Assess for signs of infections(fever , chills)

-Adjust   diet   as   tolerated   to   help maintain   fluid   and   electrolyte balance and nutritional status. 

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DRUG INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS CONTRAINDICATION NURSING CONSIDERATION

Generic Name:Topotecan

BrandName: Hycamtin 

Classification: Antineoplastic 

Dosage: 1.5   mg/m2./day   for 5days   repeated   every 21 days.

- Used   cautiously   in impaired   renal function 

- Patients   with   child bearing potentials.

-CNS:   headache,   fatigue. Weakness 

-Resp: dyspnea.

GI:   abdominal   pain,   diarrhea, nausea,     vomiting   ,   anorexia, constipations.

Derm: Alopecia

Hemat:   anemia,   leucopenia, thrombocytopenia.

-contraindicated   in hypersensitivity;pre   existing myelosuppression.

-use   cautiously   in   impaired   renal function.

- Assess IV site frequently for extravasation,  which   causes mild   local   erythema   and bruising.

- Nausea   and   vomiting   are common. Pre treatment with antiemetics   should   be considered.

- Monitor   vital   signs frequently   during administration.

- Monitor   CBC   with differential   and   platelet count   prior     to administration     and frequently during therapy .

-

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DRUGS INDICATIONS SIDE EFFECTS CONTRAINDICATION NURSING CONSIDERATIONS

Generic Name:

- Methotrexate

Classification

   -Antineoplastic

Dosage:

- alone   or   with   other treatment   modalities   in the   treatment   of   lung carcinoma, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, leukemia.

CNS:   dizziness,   drowsiness, headaches, malaise.

EENT:   blurred   vision,   dysarthria transient blindness:

Resp: Pulmonary fibrosis

GI:   anorexia,   hepatotoxicity,   nausea, stomatitis, vomiting.

GU: infertility.

Derm:   alopecia,   painful   plaque erosions,   photosensitivity   ,   pruritus, rashes, skin ulcer.

-use   cautiously   in   renal impairment;   Active infections;   decrease   bone marrow reserve.

-  Geri:  Geriatricnpatients  or patients  with   other   chronic debilitating  illnesses.

-Monitor   vital   signs periodically   during administration.   |report significant changes.

- Monitor intake and output ratios   and   daily   weights. Report   significant  changes in totals.

- Monitor   serum methothrexate     levels every   12-24   hour   during high dose.

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DRUG NAME INDICATION ACTION CONTRAINDICATION SIDE EFFECTS NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES

TRAMADOL

Classification: Analgesic       Route: slow IV push

Dosage:  50 mg- 4 doses

Moderate   to severe pain

Binds to mu-opioid receptors.   Inhibits reuptake   of serotonin   and norepinephrine   in the CNS. 

Therapeutic effects: decrease pain

Hypersensitivity;   cross sensitivity   with   opioids may exist.

CNS: dizziness, headache

GI: constipation, nausea

1. Assess   type,   pain   location, intensity  of  pain  and 2-3   (peak) after administration.

2. Assess   BP   and   respiratory   rate before   and   periodically   during administration.

3. Prolonged   use   may   lead   to, physical   and   psychological dependence   and   tolerance.   If tolerance   develops,   changing   to an   opiod   may   be   required   to relieve pain.