H. Sapiens Conquers the World

Primera Salida de Africa:

H. erectus (2 mya)

Restos de H. erectus más antiguos fuera de Africa son de 1.8 mya (Alemania)

H. erectus exits Africa 2 mya

H. erectus site in China

Map of H. erectus sites

Llegaron hasta el norte de Africa, pero no cruzaron a la Peninsula Ibérica por Gibraltar (13 millas), sino que caminaron desde Medio Oriente.

H. Erectus vs. Modern Humans

Segunda Salida de Africa:H. sapiens arcáico (60,000)

• after Homo erectus migrated out of Africa the different populations became reproductively isolated, evolving independently, and in some cases like the Neanderthals, into separate species

• Homo sapiens arose in one place, probably Africa (geographically this includes the Middle East)

• Homo sapiens ultimately migrated out of Africa and replaced all other human populations, without interbreeding

• modern human variation is a relatively recent phenomenon

Archaic H. sapiens(Appear in Africa 250,000 ya)

• While these early Homo sapiens were anatomically modern they were not behaviorally modern.

• It is significant that modern anatomy evolved prior to modern behavior.

• No changes are seen in the shape of the skulls between earlier and later Homo sapiens.

These early sapiens were characterized by:• a cranial vault with a vertical forehead, rounded occipital

and reduced brow ridge • a reduced facial skeleton lacking a projecting mid-face • a lower jaw sporting a chin • a more modern, less robustly built skeleton

H. Sapiens y H. neandertalis(co-habitan en Europa por 10,000 años)

• H. erectus llega a Europa hace 1 mya • Permanecen aislados, y esto ocasiona la especiación• Aparece H. neandertalis (200,000 ya)• H. sapiens arcáico llega a Europa (40,000 ya)• Cro-Magnon (Francia): Evidencia más temprana de H.

sapiens en Europa (30,000 ya)• Para 30,000 ya, H. neandertalis desaparece por

completo • Simultaneamente, en Asia, H. sapiens reemplaza a H.

erectus• Desede hace 30,000 años H. sapiens es la única

especie de hominido que sobrevive

H. neandertalis en Europa

• H. erectus sale de Africa hace 2 mya, y llega a Eurpopa hace 1 mya• Por aislamiento, evoluciona a H. neandertalis

H. neanderthalis child

H. neanderthalis vs. H. sapiens

-- long, low braincase

and double-arched browridge

-- flaring, funnel-shaped chest

-- flaring pelvis

-- robust fingers and toes

-- tall, rounded

braincase and small, divided

browridge

-- cylindrical, barrel- shaped

chest -- narrow pelvis

-- slender fingers and toes

H. neandertalis vs. H. sapiens

Neanderthals are distinguished by a unique set of anatomical features

• a large, long, low cranial vault with a well-developed double-arched browridge• a massive facial skeleton with a very projecting mid-face, backward sloping cheeks, and large nasal aperture, with large nasal sinuses• an oddly shaped occipital region of the skull with a bulge or bun• molars with enlarged pulp chambers, and large, often very heavily worn incisors• a mandible lacking a chin and possessing a large gap behind the last molar• a massive thorax, and relatively short forearms and lower legs• although short in stature they possessed robustly built skeletons with thick walled limb bones• long clavicles and very wide scapulas

H. neanderthalis behavior• little variation in stone tool types, with a

preponderance of flake tools that are difficult to sort into discrete categories

• lack of tools fashioned out of bone, antler or ivory• burials lacked grave goods and signs of ritual or

ceremony• hunting was usually limited to less dangerous

species and evidence for fishing is absent• population densities were apparently low• no evidence of living structures exist and fireplaces

are rudimentary• evidence for art or decoration is also lacking

Gran Dolina, Atapuerca (Spain)Cannibalism

Great Leap ForwardH. sapiens (40,000 ya)

• a remarkable diversity in stone tool typesstone tool types• tool types showed significant change over time and space• artifacts were regularly fashioned out of bone, antler and ivory, in addition to

stone• burials were accompanied by ritual or ceremony and contained a rich

diversity of grave goods• living structures and well-designed fireplaces were constructed• hunting of dangerous animal species and fishing occurred regularly• higher population densities• abundant and elaborate art as well as items of personal adornment were

widespread• raw materials such as flint and shells were traded over some distances• Well established hunters and gatherers societies were in place

everywhere. This would be the only type of society until the Neolithic Revolution.

• Precisely how this transformation occurred is not well understood, but it apparently was restricted to Homo sapiens and did not occur in Neanderthals.

Earliest Evidence of Art

Engraved Ochre (Africa, 75,000 ya)

Arte RupestreLascaux, Francia (40,000 y)

Bisonte de Altamira

Otras Migraciones Importantes

• Australia: 60,000 ya (hay 60 millas de Asia a Australia)

• America: 20,000 ya (Bering Strait)

1. Desaparicion del Bosque2. Separación de los

chimpanceses3. Eva Africana

4-8mya 4mya 2mya 1mya 60,000 40,000 30,000 15,000 5,000 1789

________________________

1.Primer hominido2. Bipedalismo

1. Herramientas2. Dieta carnivora3. Aparicion primer

Homo4. H. erectus exits

Africa

H. erectus enters Europe

Migración a Australia

1. Great Leap Forward2. Art3. H. sapiens llega a Europa

H. Sapiens reemplaza otros

Homos

Migración a las

Américas

Revolución Neolitico

Revolución Industrial