Lucio Tonello

QUANTUM CONSCIOUSNESS:

PSYCHIATRY AND

Fano, March 29th 2012

A POSSIBLE LINK?Massimo COCCHI and Lucio TONELLO

LUdeS University, Lugano, CH

&

“P. Sotgiu” INSTITUTEInstitute for Research in Quantitative & Quantum Psychiatry & Cardiology

FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES

SUMMARY

SummarySummary

1) CHAPTER 1: DEPRESSIONFatty Acids profile and Major Depression

2) CHAPTER 2: G PROTEINThe G Protein Dynamics and Depression

3) CHAPTER 3: CONSCIOUSNESSQuantum Consciousness Models, Fatty Acids and G ProteinD

4) CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 1

DEPRESSION

1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe first experiment

C 14:0

C 16:0

C 16:1

C 17:1

C 18:0

C 18:1n9

C 18:1n7

C 18:2n6

C 18:3n3

C 20:3n3

C 20:4

C 22:4

C 22:5

C 22:6n3

%SAT

%MON

%PUFA

Q10 tot

Vit E

1) DATA BASE “Control” (n = 60)(22 females and 38 males, mean age: 33.97, SD: ± 12.40)

2) DATA BASE “Depression” (n = 84)(51 females and 33 males, mean age: 60.21, SD: ± 12.27)

Data Base

19 Variables

in Platelets

Membrane

Chapter 1.1, Depression: IntroductionChapter 1.1, Depression: Introduction

Searching for differencesVARIABLE p

C20:4 < 0.01

C18:2 < 0.01

C16:0 < 0.01

C17:1 < 0.01

C22:6 < 0.01

C18:0 < 0.01

VitE < 0.01

C16:1 < 0.05

C22:5 n.s.

C14:0 n.s.

C18:3 n.s.

C20:3 n.s.

C22:4 n.s.

... ...

1-way ANOVA

19 Variables

8 Variables (p< .05)


Statistical Analysis

Many statistical toolshave been used:

An interesting resulthas been reached using:

……Cluster AnalisysDiscriminant AnalysisClassification Trees……


Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

ANNs are Mathematical Modelsrepresenting what happens in the C.N.S.,

on the physical and/or physiological level.

ANNs are suitable for NON-LINEAR, or best, COMPLEX PROBLEMS (mathematical meaning)


ANN analysis

Many kind of ANNs has been performed.

The Self Organizing Map (SOM), in particular, led to

important results.

8 Variables

3 Variables


Let’s see:

what is a SOM and how does it work?

ANN analysis

In fact, the SOM can map MD subjects and controls, discriminating them in an interesting way, just using:

C16:0 – Palmitic AcidC18:2 – Linoleic Acid

C20:4 – Arachidonic Acid


1.2 MATERIALS and METHODS:

The SOM

Self Organizing Map (SOM)

“Sensory inputs are mapped in sensory cortex”

Let’s think about:

The Somatosensory Cortex

(Malsburg, 1973; Kohonen,1982)

Chapter 1.2, Depression: Materials and MethodsChapter 1.2, Depression: Materials and Methods

Visual cortex

For cells in visual area 1 of the mammalian brain, (Hubel

&Weisel,1962) using microelectrode studies with cats.

(...now using imaging tech.)

Keyword: neighbourhoodKeyword: neighbourhood


Visual cortex

SIMILAROBJECTS

DIFFERENTOBJECTS

NEAR

FAR


Keyword: neighbourhoodKeyword: neighbourhood

Natural and Artificial SOM

ARTIFICIAL SENSORY INPUT

ARTIFICIAL SENSORY CORTEX

NATURAL SENSORY INPUT

NATURALSENSORY CORTEX


SOM and Depression

Let’s try to map “Depression” and “Control” subjects!

ANN Name: Enhanced SOM (E. Kohonen ANN)

Algorithm: AB Mexican Hat

Training Set: 144 Subjects

Software: SOM V

For each Subject:

we will tell the ANN just Fatty Acids composition; we will not tell what is the clinical diagnosis!


1.3 RESULTS:

A dignostic tool

1) Bio-markers

Arachidonic Acid (C20:4 )

Palmitic Acid (C16:0 )

Linoleic Acid (C18:2 )

(PLATLET MEMBRANEPLATLET MEMBRANE)

At least in this experiment:

CAN DISCRIMINATE DEPRESSIONAND HAVE DIAGNOSTIC POWER

Chapter 1.3, Depression: ResultsChapter 1.3, Depression: Results

LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

2) Border-line area

In this experiment:

There is a BORDER-LINE area!

Chapter 1.3, Depression: ResultsChapter 1.3, Depression: Results

1.4 DISCUSSION

Studying ADAM

ADAM found that:

AA, PA, LA

Seem to be the main actors in MD

Let’s try to study them!

What about the level of saturation, the “viscosity”, “mobilty” of the cell membrane?

Chapter 1.4, Depression: DiscussionChapter 1.4, Depression: Discussion

The level of saturation

As a measure of saturation level, we introduced the B2 index:

3

12 )(

i i

ii mw

mpAB

Where:Ai = percentage of i-th Fatty Acidmwi = molecular weight of i-th Fatty Acidmpi = melting point of i-th Fatty Acid

B2 ≈ +0.25PA -0.02LA -0.16AA

i Name

1 Palmitic A. C 16:0

2 Linoleic A. C 18:2

3 Arachidonic A. C 20:4


Let’s plot B2 Values in ADAM.Grafico a Linee di Livello 3D (pesi 6v*402c)B2 = Minimi Quadrati Pesati con Distanze

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

X

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Y

B2


BB22 seems to be consistent with Depression trend! seems to be consistent with Depression trend!

Grafico a Linee di Livello 3D (pesi 6v*402c)B2 = Minimi Quadrati Pesati con Distanze

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

X

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Y

B2Conclusion


B2 index suggests:

DEPRESSION DIAGNOSIS SEEMS TO BE LINKED TO THE LEVEL OF

SATURATION (viscosity, mobility?) OF THE PLATELET MEMBRANE.

CHAPTER 1 - Conclusion

1) ANN (see ADAM) can express a diagnosis of Depression using AA, LA and PA.

2) These 3 Fatty Acids seem to rule the world of Depression in Platelets, according to the level of saturation-unsaturation (“viscosity”, “mobility” ?) they lead to.

At least in the population investigated:


CHAPTER 2

THE G PROTEIN

Chapter 2: the G ProteinChapter 2: the G Protein

Let’s start from the “G PROTEIN”

“cell membrane proteins that are coupled to cell surface receptors...”

G Protein seems to be involved in Psychiatric G Protein seems to be involved in Psychiatric Pathologies such as Mood Disorders and DepressionPathologies such as Mood Disorders and Depression

WHY?WHY?

G PROTEIN dynamics(toy model)

1) LIGAND reaches the receptor

2) GTP reaches the Protein

3) Activation of Gα subunit

LIGAND

GTP


cAMP signaling pathway(toy model)

Adenylylcyclase

cAMP+ …

International scientific literature reports abnormalities in the cAMP signaling cascade of the human brain in suicide and depressive subjects for over two decades

(Cowburn et al., 1994; Pacheco et al., 1996; Dowlatshahi et al., 1999; Stewart et al., 2001; Dwivedi et al., 2002, 2004; Pandey et al., 2005).

This could be a possible link!


Gα subunit activation: conditions

Gα subunit activation depends on:

1) Presence of Ligand

2) Presence of GTP

According to M. Rasenick (*)there is a THIRD CONDITION:

The position of Gα (Gsα in particular) withinthe LIPID RAFT MICRODOMAIN

(*) Donati et al. Depression, Gs, and Lipid Rafts. J. Neurosci., March 19, 2008. 28(12):3042–3050

GTP

LIGAND


The Lipid RaftLipid rafts are:

“specialized structures on the plasma membrane that have an altered lipid composition as well as links to the cytoskeleton”.

Cell membrane lipid bilayerLipid Raft microdomain

So…Raft localization of GSα serves as biomarker for neurological and

psychiatric diseases. Allen JA, Halverson-Tamboli RA,Rasenick MM. Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling. Reviews, Nature, Vol 8, Feb 2007.

G Protein


http://images.google.it/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpb/pages/rasenick/MMRasenick.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcpb/pages/rasenick/rasenick.htm&h=979&w=758&sz=69&hl=it&start=1&tbnid=HAhN4qguceCJJM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drasenick%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Dit

“Raft localization of Gsαin human peripheral tissuein human peripheral tissue [maybe

platelet(*)] may thus serve as abiomarker for depression”

(*)“Studies using human platelets suggest that…”

(Mooney et al., 1988, 1998; Garcia-Sevilla et al., 1990; Pandey et al., 1990a,b; Menninger and Tabakoff, 1997; Menninger et al., 2000; Hoffman et al., 2002; Hines and Tabakoff, 2005).

Donati et al. Depression, Gs, and Lipid Rafts. J. Neurosci., March 19, 2008. 28(12):3042–3050

from Brain… …to Platelet


The Hypothesis

Rasenick evaluates:Rasenick evaluates:

Gsα within the Lipid Raft Microdomain (structures with altered lipid composition thus “viscosity”) within a brain cell

membrane and in platelet.

Cocchi and Tonello evaluate:Cocchi and Tonello evaluate:

Platelet Membrane fatty acid composition and its level of saturation, thus “viscosity”,

through B2.

ARE THESE APPROACHES DIFFERENT MEASURES OF THE SAME THING?


DEPRESSIONDIAGNOSIS

Cell membrane lipid bilayerLipid Raft microdomain

G Protein

The Hypothesis

Is Cocchi & Tonello’s work an indirect measure of the G Protein status

as well as Rasenick’s?

G ProteinRasenick:

Cell membrane lipidRaft domain

Cocchi & Tonello:platelet membrane

composition

Cell membraneSTATUSSTATUS


What a coincidence!?

“G proteins could be targeted to raft domains by several mechanisms. The most plausible mechanism is

that Gα subunits are subject to palmitoylation…”Allen JA, Halverson-Tamboli RA,Rasenick MM. Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling. Reviews,

Nature, Vol 8, Feb 2007.

Palmitoylation: the covalent attachment of fatty acids, such as Palmitic Acid, to cysteine residues of membrane proteins.

Palmitic Acid is one of the 3 fatty acids (together with Arachidonic and Linoleic) used by ADAM as marker.

Palmitic Acid has a key role bothPalmitic Acid has a key role both in raft domain dynamics in raft domain dynamicsand in ADAM working!and in ADAM working!


MOREOVER

“…an extensive body of scientific evidence suggest that PUFAs affect cellular functions by modulating the structure and function of specific lipid domains, such as lipid rafts, within the plasma membrane(1).

A number of recent in vitro studies using model membranes and cell culture systems have

demonstrated that PUFAs can greatly reduce raft formation and can displace signalling proteins (2,3)”

Sottocornola E, Berra B, Progress in Nutrition Vol. 10, N. 4, 210-213,2008

1)Chen W, Jump DB, Essekman WJ, Busik JV. Inibition of cytokine signalling in human retinal endothelial cells through modification of caveolae/lipid rafts by decosaexaenoic acid. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci 2007; 48: 18-262) Stulnig TM, Berger M, Sigmund T, Raederstorff D, Stockinger H, Walhausl W. Polyunseturated Faty Acids inhibit T cell signal transduction by modification of detergent-insoluble membrane domains. J Cell Biol 1998; 143: 637-443) Stulnig TM, Huber J, Leitinger N. Polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoic acid displaces proteins from membrane rafts by altering raft lipid composition. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 37335-40


Summarizing Chapter 1 and 2:

According to Cocchi & Tonello (*), FAs (Arachidonic, Palmitic and Linoleic Acid in particular) are strongly linked to

MD, Suicide, Mood Disorder and so on.

MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

FATTY ACIDS

Cocchi M and Tonello L. Biological, Biochemical and Mathematical considerations about the use of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the study of the connection between Platelet Fatty Acids and Major Depression. J Biol Res 2006; LXXXI, 82-87. Cocchi M and Tonello L. Platelets, Fatty Acids, Depression and Cardiovascular Ischemic Pathology. Progress in Nutrition 2007; 9 (2): 94-104. Cocchi M and Tonello L. Depressione Maggiore e Patologia Cardiovascolare Ischemica. Un Network fra piastrine, cuore e cervello. Reti Neurali Artificiali, potenzialità predittiva di alcuni acidi grassi della membrana piastrinica. Bologna; CLUEB. 2007. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Tsaluchidu S, Puri BK. The use of artificial neural networks to study fatty acids in neuropsychiatric disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8 (Suppl 1):S3. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-8-S1-S3. Cocchi M, Tonello L, De Lucia A, Amato P. Platelet and Brain Fatty Acids: a model for the classifcation of the animals? Part 1. International Journal of Anthropology 2009; 24(1) :69-76. Cocchi M, Tonello L, Cappello G et al., Biochemical Markers in Major Depression as interface between Neuronal Network and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). J Biol Res 2006; 81: 77-81.

*

Chapter 3: ConsciousnessChapter 3: Consciousness

E

Summarizing Chapter 1 and 2:

According to Rasenick (*), G Protein dynamic is strongly linked to MD, Suicide, Mood Disorder and so on.

MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.G Protein

Allen JA, Halverson-Tamboli RA, Rasenick MM. Lipid raft microdomains and neurotransmitter signalling. Nature 2007; 8: 128-40.

Donati RJ, Dwivedi Y, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN, Rasenick MM. Postmortem brain tissue of depressed suicides reveals increased Gs alpha localization in lipid raft domains where it is less likely to activate adenylyl cyclase. J Neurosci 2008; 28(12):3042-50.

*


E

Summarizing…

Just call FAs and/or G Protein: “Cell Membrane”

FATTY ACIDS


G Protein

H

E

E

MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

Summarizing

According to Cocchi & Tonello, FAs (Arachidonic, Palmitic and Linoleic Acid) According to Rasenick, G Protein Dynamics

are strongly linked to Depression, Mood Disorder, Suicide

MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

CELLMEMBRANE


E

CHAPTER 3

CONSCIOUSNESS

Consciousness: quantum models

The “Orch OROrch OR” Model(Hameroff S, 1996, 98;Penrose R, 1994)


There exist many quantum models. Maybe, the most notable are:

Thermofield Brain Dynamics (TBDTBD)(Globus, 2003; 2009; Jibu and Yasue, 1995; Vitiello, 2001)

Bernroider “Ion Channels”“Ion Channels”(Bernroider, 1999; 2003; 2004; 2005; Summhammer, 2007)

Other clues: Stapp’s idea, etc.(Stapp, 2005; etc.)

The Orch OR model: introduction

Schematic of central region of neuron (distal axon and dendrites not shown) showing parallel arrayed microtubules interconnected by MAPs.

Let’s consider the Cytoskeleton:a web of protein polymersinside the neuron.


In the mid 90s, Roger Penrose and Stuart Hameroff present the “Orch OR” model.Hameroff, S.R., & Penrose, R., (1996) Orchestrated reduction of quantum coherence in brain microtubules: A model for consciousness. In: Toward a Science of Consciousness The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. (Hameroff, S.R., Kaszniak, and Scott, A.C., eds.), pp. 507-540, MIT Press. Also published in Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (1996) 40:453-480. Hameroff, S.R., & Penrose, R. (1996) Conscious events as orchestrated spacetime selections. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3(1):36‑53

Some topics:

From Cytoskeleton to Tubulin

The Cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules interconnected by MAPs.

Microtubules are structure of Tubulin

subunits, a 8 nanometer dimer.


The Orch OR model: tubulinAccording to the Orch OR model,

Tubulin is the fundamental brick of consciousness.

The conscious event would be the effect of complex quantum

computations involving Tubulin and Microtubules as

main actors


Cytoskeleton, Tubulin, Microtubules and Fatty Acids

Cytoskeleton, Microtubules and Tubulin dynamicsare strongly linked to Fatty Acids dynamics (*).

CytoskeletonMicrotubules

Tubulin

FATTY ACIDS

Han X, Smith NL, Sil D, Holowka DA, McLafferty FW, Baird BA. IgE receptor-mediated alteration of membrane-cytoskeleton interactions revealed by mass spectrometric analysis of detergent-resistant membranes. Biochemistry 2009; 48(27):6540-50.

Bok E, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Sikorski AF. The interactions of actin cell and membrane skeleton proteins with lipids. Postepy Biochem 2009; 55(2):207-22.

*


L

Cytoskeleton, Tubulin, Microtubules and G Protein

Cytoskeleton, Microtubules and Tubulin dynamicsare strongly linked to G Protein dynamics (*).


TubulinG Protein

Layden BT, Saengsawang W, Donati RJ, Yang S, Mulhearn DC, Johnson ME, Rasenick MM. Structural model of a complex between the heterotrimeric G protein, Gsalpha, and tubulin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Jun;1783(6):964-73. Epub 2008 Mar 4. Sukla Roychowdhury, Dulal Panda, Leslie Wilson, and Mark M. Rasenick. G Protein Subunits Activate Tubulin GTPase and Modulate Microtubule Polymerization Dynamics J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 19, 13485-13490, May 7, 1999

*


L

Summarizing…

Cell Membrane is linked to the “Orch. OROrch. OR” model


The “Orch OROrch OR”

Model

(Hameroff S, 1996, 98;Penrose R, 1994)


Tubulin

CELLMEMBRANE

L








CELLMEMBRANE

Thermofield Brain Dynamics (TBD)Many important authors are working on...

…in the words of Globus (*):

TBD has its roots in the TBD has its roots in the “Quantum Electrodynamics of the brain’s Quantum Electrodynamics of the brain’s water dipole field inside the water dipole field inside the microtubulesmicrotubules”


Globus G. Toward a quantum psychiatry: hallucination, thought insertion and DSM. NeuroQuantology 2010; 8(1): 1-12.

*

Thermofield Brain Dynamics (TBD)

According to the TBD model:


The neuronal cytoskeleton

a coherent water dipole

fieldINTERACTS

WITH


According to the TBD model:


The neuronal cytoskeleton

So, the same considerations discussed above, linking microtubules within the Orch OR model and membrane FAs,

can easily be extended to TBDcan easily be extended to TBD!

It has a leading role!

Summarizing…

Cell Membrane is linked to the “TBDTBD” model


The “TBDTBD” Model

(Globus, 2003; 2009; Jibu and Yasue, 1995;

Vitiello, 2001)


Tubulin

CELLMEMBRANE

L

Thermofield Brain Dynamics (TBD)Actually, other points of contact are present, e.g.:

According to Vitiello (*), the According to Vitiello (*), the brain can be modelled as a mixed system brain can be modelled as a mixed system involving two separate but interacting levelsinvolving two separate but interacting levels


G Vitiello G. Quantum dissipation and information: a route to consciousness modeling. NeuroQuantology 2003; 2: 266-279.

*

THE MEMORY LEVEL

QUANTUM DYNAMICAL

ELECTROCHEMICALACTIVITY

CLASSICAL LEVEL

INTERACT

Thermofield Brain Dynamics (TBD)According to Vitiello:

Glial cells… Glial cells… may constitute a link between the two levels


G Vitiello G. Quantum dissipation and information: a route to consciousness modeling. NeuroQuantology 2003; 2: 266-279.

*

THE MEMORY LEVEL

QUANTUM DYNAMICAL

ELECTROCHEMICALACTIVITY

CLASSICAL LEVEL

INTERACT

GLIALGLIALCELLSCELLS


……and Glial cells are closely realted to FAsand Glial cells are closely realted to FAs


GLIALGLIALCELLSCELLS closely relatedclosely related

FATTY FATTY ACIDSACIDS

For example: astrocytes, are deeply involved

in arachidonic acid production.

The “TBDTBD” Model

(Globus, 2003; 2009; Jibu and Yasue, 1995;

Vitiello, 2001)

GlialCells

CELLMEMBRANE








CELL MEMBRANE

CELLMEMBRANE

Bernroider Ion ChannelsBernroider’s Bernroider’s conception of quantum brain function

is built upon voltage controlled ion channelsvoltage controlled ion channels


Bernroider G. and Roy S. Quantum entanglement of K ions, multiple channel states and the role of noise in the brain. SPIE 2005; 5841 (29):205-14..

*

the classical view on gating has to be changed with respect to the high-resolution structure

elucidated by MacKinnon’s group(Zhou, 2001; Morais-Cabral, 2001; Jiang, 2003)

Bernroider Ion ChannelsIn particular, in the ”paddle-modelpaddle-model”, the transition moment transition moment couples with the neighbouring lipids neighbouring lipids of the channel protein


Oliver D, Lien C-C, Soom M, Baukrowitz T, Jonas P, Fakler B. Functional conversion between A-type and delayed rectifier K+ channels by membrane lipids. Science 2004; 304, 265-270.

*

This view is gaining strong support from an increasing number of studies demonstrating that protein surrounding lipids engage in the control of

voltage gated Kv channels (*)








CELLMEMBRANE

CELL MEMBRANE

CELLMEMBRANE

Stapp’s modelMany other mind-brain quantum theories show connections, coupling, and direct or indirect links to FAs. As an example:

Stapp’s model of consciousness (*) Stapp’s model of consciousness (*) consider it as quantum Zeno effect locating

quantum dynamics within the Ca2+ ion channel

This model clearly relates to membrane FAs, in particular Arachidonic Acid

Roberts-Crowley ML, Mitra-Ganguli T, Liu L, Rittenhouse AR. Regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by lipids. Cell Calcium 2009; 45(6):589-60.


Stapp HP. Quantum interactive dualism. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2005; 12(11):43–58.*








CELLMEMBRANE

CELLMEMBRANE

CELL MEMBRANE

CELLMEMBRANE

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

From Consciousness..

The “Orch OROrch OR” Model

Chapter 4: ConclusionChapter 4: Conclusion

So, Cell Membrane is linked to any quantum model of consciousness…

Thermofield Brain Dynamics(TBDTBD)

Bernroider “Ion Channels”“Ion Channels”

Other clues: Stapp’s idea, etc.

CELLMEMBRANE

L

From Consciousness..





CONSCIOUSNECONSCIOUSNESSSS

CELLMEMBRANE


So, Cell Membrane is linked to any quantum model of consciousness…

L

PSYCHIATRYPSYCHIATRY

…to Psychiatry

…but Cell Membrane is linked to Psychiatry, as well…

MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

CELLMEMBRANE

E


From Consciousness... To Psychiatry


So…






MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

CELLMEMBRANE


Cell membrane: is it a bridgefrom Consciousness to Psychiatry?







MAJORDEPRESSION,

ETC.

CELLMEMBRANE

Tonello L. and Cocchi M. The Cell Membrane: is it a bridge from psychiatry to quantum consciousness? NeuroQuantology. March 2010. Vol 8. Issue 1. Page 54‑60.


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE


PSYCHIATRYPSYCHIATRYEL

Rasenick refers different G Protein status inDepressive Suicidal versus Not-Suicidal dead Subjects.

Donati et al. Depression, Gs, and Lipid Rafts. J. Neurosci., March 19, 2008. 28(12):3042–3050

.. and G Protein Dynamics is closely related to consciousness models (at least the main)


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



IS A SUICIDAL,IS A SUICIDAL,AT LEAST IN THE MOMENT AT LEAST IN THE MOMENT

HE IS KILLING HIMSELF,HE IS KILLING HIMSELF,A SUBJECT IN AN ALTERED A SUBJECT IN AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



Cocchi and Tonello refer different FAs profiles inDepressive versus Healthy Subjects.

Cocchi M and Tonello L. Platelets, Fatty Acids, Depression and Cardiovascular Ischemic Pathology. Progress in Nutrition 2007; 9 (2): 94-104.

.. and FAs profiles are closely related toconsciousness models (at least the main)


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



IS A DEPRESSIVE,IS A DEPRESSIVE,A SUBJECT IN AN ALTERED A SUBJECT IN AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



May we consider Psychiatry as the study of May we consider Psychiatry as the study of altered states of consciousness?altered states of consciousness?

If so, If so,

consciousness models can help psychiatry and consciousness models can help psychiatry and psyichiatry can help consciousness modelspsyichiatry can help consciousness models


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



If so… If so…

If we have a tool providing a measure of the If we have a tool providing a measure of the depressed state, not in a dichotomous depressed state, not in a dichotomous

manner (simply present or not present) but manner (simply present or not present) but in a continuous fashion, then will we thereby be in a continuous fashion, then will we thereby be

able to “measure consciousness”?able to “measure consciousness”?


CONCLUSION

CELLMEMBRANE



For example:For example:

LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

It’s a tool for depression It’s a tool for depression diagnosis, in a continuous diagnosis, in a continuous

fashionfashion


CONCLUSION



LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

WHAT ARE WE WHAT ARE WE MEASURING MEASURING

HERE?HERE?

The Depressive state,The Depressive state,

Consciousness? Consciousness?

CONCLUSION

……maybe, just …maybe, just …

…THE LONG SHADOW…THE LONG SHADOW

OVER THE SOUL!OVER THE SOUL!

Thank you!Thank you!


Slides not shown

In the first experiment shown, populations investigated are different in age…

RemarkRemark

Populations are different!

1) Authors are searching STRONG BIOMARKERS, a STRONG EVIDENCE in any case stronger than other variables like Gender, Sex and Medications.

2) Literature about Serotonin uptake and release refers that Platelet changes “could not be explained by age, sex, or medication variables” in schizophrenia and affective disorders (*).

3) Validation on groups with the same Age, Gender and Medications will be done, anyway, secondly.

Works have been done without takeing fully into account Gender, Age and Medications! Somtimes they are different

(between populations). Why?

(*) Stahl SM, Woo DJ, Mefford IN, Berger PA, Ciaranello RD. Hyperserotonemia and platelet serotonin uptake and release in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1983 Jan;140(1):26-30.

CONCLUSION



LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

WHAT ARE WE WHAT ARE WE MEASURING MEASURING

HERE?HERE?

WHAT’S THE WHAT’S THE UNIT?UNIT?

CONCLUSION


LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

ARE WE MEASURING, ARE WE MEASURING, SOMEHOW, SOMEHOW,

CONSCIOUSNESS?CONSCIOUSNESS?

IS IT BLOOD THE IS IT BLOOD THE “MIRROR OF SOUL”?“MIRROR OF SOUL”?


CONCLUSION


LOW RISK

HIGH RISK

DEPRESSIONNO

RISK

WE DON’T KNOW IF WE DON’T KNOW IF IT’S ABLE TO IT’S ABLE TO

MEASURE OUR SOUL.MEASURE OUR SOUL.

WHAT WE HOPE IS WHAT WE HOPE IS THAT IT COULD HELP THAT IT COULD HELP

TO MEASURE…TO MEASURE…


Lucio Tonello

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Lucio Tonello