Christopher Freeman who passed away on Monday August 16th 2010 was not just thefounding Director of the Science Policy Research Unit (today the Science and TechnologyPolicy Research www.sussex.ac.uk/spru) at the University of Sussex in 1966, he was, andprobably less known to many, also the intellectual anchorage behind the creation of MERITin 1988. He continued to be heavily involved in MERIT research for at least another 15years.

At the opening of the institute, and maybe to the surpriseof many of the Dutch officials present, Freemanemphasized in particular the importance of the need forintellectual and financial independence from changingpolicy fortunes, and MERIT (and UNU-MERIT today)certainly cherished that advice over the years. It is twentytwo years after the event, particularly moving to listen toChris Freeman's speech at the opening of MERIT back in1988. The other lectures at that opening were given bythe late Ilja Prigogine and Zvi Griliches.

At MERIT Chris Freeman was very active in gettinginvolved in many of the first MERIT projects, too many tolist here.

But his influence on both staff and studentsin those early years was phenomenal. Awhole generation of scholars and PhDstudents from John Hagedoorn to JerrySilverberg, Patrick van Cayseele, BartVerspagen, Rajneesh Narula, Aldo Geuna,Anthony Arundel, Rene Kemp, Adriaan vanZon, Paul Diederen, Theon van Dijk, Hans vanMeijl, Acharya Rohini and many more wereinvolved in joint research projects with Chrisand wrote joint papers with him.

And then there was of course Chris'influence in getting a number of crucialinternational projects off the groundwhich established MERIT's internationalreputation very quickly: the 1988 Pinterbook on Technical Change and EconomicTheory edited by Chris together withGiovanni Dosi, Dick Nelson, JerrySilverberg and Luc Soete, and the manymore which followed including the bookon National Innovation Systems, edited byDick Nelson in 1993, which all saw the

In memory of Chris Freeman (11/09/1921-16/08/2010)

Chris Freeman speaking at the opening ofMERIT in 1988

with Giorgio Sirilli and Sanyaja Lall

light here in Maastricht. In 1993, Chris also contributed with Anthony Arundel, GerhardBräunling, Paul David, Giovanni Dosi, Dominic Foray, Frieder Meyer-Krahmer, Robin Miège,Keith Pavitt, Pascal Petit, Keith Smith and Luc Soete, to the EC report : An IntegratedApproach to European Innovation and Technology Diffusion Policy: a MaastrichtMemorandum, probably the EU report which has kept most of its relevance over the years,setting out the grand challenges policy mission posed by environmentally sustainabledevelopment and proposing policies aimed at a more rapid diffusion of a green technologyparadigm in Europe. In 1995 and 1996, Chris contributed with amongst others GerhardBosch and Manuel Castells to probably one of the most far sighted EC reports Building theInformation Society for us All.

In the Appendix below a full list is given of all publications of Chris Freeman while atMERIT. He will be deeply missed by all of those who knew him so well while he was atMERIT, both academic and administrative staff for his intellectual leadership, personalcharisma and above all incredible kindness.

Below follows a personal reflection by Luc Soete, a close personal friend of Chris Freemanwith whom he set up MERIT in 1988, and a personal memoir by Bart Verspagen, who was aPhD student at the time Chris was with MERIT.

Luc Soete, Chris Freeman and Wil Albeda, 1988

It is with great sadness that I heard that Chris Freeman, one of the founding fathers ofMERIT, a mentor to many of us here in Maastricht in the 80's and 90's, and a very closepersonal friend for over thirty five years, passed away last Monday August 16th 2010.

Chris was born on September 11th, 1921 andon the occasion of his 80th birthday, WilmaCoenegrachts, Susan Lees - his secretary atSPRU - and myself decided to organize abirthday conference party. After his hipoperation, Chris had some difficulty inwalking and had decided for himself that hedidn't like travelling anymore, so we took iton us to organise it with Susan's help in hishome town, Lewes. It became a trulymemorable conference and will alwaysremain for me the way I want to rememberChris.

It was of course first of all memorablebecause of the date. Nine years after, it isprobably easy for most of us to rememberwhere we were on 9/11. I do rememberthat in the evening I was discussing withChris, Wilma and Susan what to do withour birthday conference party. The actualtiming of the conference had been plannedon the weekend of September 14th till16th 2001 in the White Hart Hotel inLewes, the place where the previousFreeman Festschrift conference had beenheld on the occasion of his retirement in

19861. We decided against all odds to goahead. The international travelling situationat that moment was pretty traumatic. We hadmany of our invited participants stuck inairports across the world. Some remainedstuck such as John de la Mothe and KurtUnger and couldn't make it, but most came. Itwas, given the circumstances, an emotionalconference: tension was in the air, doubtsabout the future of the world as we hadknown it were on everybody's mind. We hadasked Chris to choose participants: we justimposed on him the space constraints of theWhite Hart hotel and it became of course

Chris Freeman: a personal reflection by Luc Soete

with Staffan Jacobsson

with Bengt-Ake Lundvall

1 For that conference an impressive Festschrift was published by Roy MacLeod with Frances Pinter.

Mrs Nelson, Chris Freeman and Keith Pavitt

very quickly incredibly tough for Chris tomake choices. (Un-)Fortunately some peoplewere not available those dates: Jorge Katz,Richard Nelson, Hubert Schmitz, CharlesEdquist, Eduardo Albuquerque, Keith Pavitt,Morris Teubal and last but not least AlisonYoung who were all on Chris' priority listcould not make it. We had structured theprogramme around different facets of Chris'academic contributions. In a first session,called the "entrepreneurial" Freeman withcontributions from Esben Sloth-Andersen,Pari Patel, Giorgio Sirilli, Martin Bell, Bent

Dalum, Jan Fagerberg and Mario Cimoli, the focus of the discussions were on Chris'scontributions to the measurement of R&D, the technological specialisation of countries andthe national systems of innovation concept. In a second session called the "optimistic"Freeman with contributions from Carlota Perez, Paul David, Giovanni Dosi, SteffanJacobsson and Franciso Louça, the focus shifted to Freeman's contributions ontechnological trajectories, techno-economic paradigms and long waves. In a third sessionentitled the "world" Freeman withcontributions from Mary Kaldor, SlavoRadosevic, Sanja Lall, José Cassiolato,Gabriela Dutrénit, Lim Chaisiung, AlexanderVeracruz and Mamo Muchie the debatecentred around Freeman's contributions onglobal transition and development, newlyindustrialising countries and catching up, thefailure of development studies, and theconcept of development through innovation.The final session, entitled the "concerned"Freeman with contributions from GenevièveSchmeder, Dominique Foray, AndrewTylecote, Daniele Archibugi, Helena Lastres,Sergio Barro, Norleta Ariffin, Bjorn Johnson and Mike Hobday focused on technologicalunemployment, the Information Society, the green economy and the economics of hope

and human development. And there were ofcourse memorable dinner and lunchspeeches from Frances Pinter, Bill Page,Bengt-Åke Lundvall and as the final, farewellspeech from Chris Freeman himself. Thereare few conferences where people don'twant to leave to catch an early train or plane.This one was the one, I will always rememberas the conference where people didn't wantto leave, wanted to stay to discuss, talk andlisten to Chris. For Chris as he made clear inhis speech this was his academic farewell,now it was to the new generations sitting

with Slavo Radosevic, Despina Kanellou

with Mammo Muchie

with Gabriela Dutrenit and Alexandre Vera Cruz

around the table to take over. I remembered that back in 1986, he actually said exactly thesame thing on his retirement. I wasn't convinced, as I had made clear in the paper I hadprepared for the 1986 Festschrift in which I concluded my overview of Freeman's manycontributions with the words: "watch out for Christopher Freeman!" How right I was.

Saying goodbye to him, I promised I wouldcome and visit him every year for hisbirthday. This weekend I was just starting toorganize my next visit to Lewes to see him forhis 89th birthday… The last nine years havenevertheless brought me and my wife Ingridvery fond birthday celebrations with him,Carlota Perez, Pari Patel and his wife andmany members of Chris's family to cherishand to remember. My academic but also my personal life hasbeen heavily influenced by Chris Freeman. Ifirst met Chris when I was a PhD student at

SPRU back in 1975. Chris was not just anextraordinarily well read scholar, but he alsohad a unique personality which couldprobably best be described as what I wouldcall "anti-elitist". This was clearly engrainedin his political convictions but he wasprobably the only person in the world whowould apply it so consistently to himself. Tothe dismay of Carlota and probably most ofhis friends, growing older he wouldstubbornly refuse any sign of the slightestfavouritism, for example in getting his hipreplaced and thus waited and waited in theNHS queue for an operation. I still remembervividly my first visit to his (previous) house with my wife on a Sunday afternoon somewherein 1977. Daisy, his youngest daughter must have been about 18 months and was as lively asever. Chris was hanging up the nappies, preparing tea, running around with biscuits, and

while paying attention to usas his guests, continuouslydiscussing with his daughter.What struck me then, andwhat continued to strike meover the years, was theparticular attention he gaveto children, young or old, inexactly the same way hewould give it to grown-ups. Itwas as if their words andideas were as important tohim as say, Nick Stern whom I

Frances Pinter and Carlota Perez

with Sergio Barrio

Daniele Archibugi

once met at Chris' house visiting and whose father Chris had known well. Chris had thisincredible capacity to be open and equal to everybody: getting a cup of coffee or a chair forhis secretary came as natural to him as debating "Malthus with a computer" with GracielaChichilnisky and Sam Cole. It was this total absence of arrogance, this inert anti-elitismwhich was probably the most striking characteristic of Chris and which charmed me and somany others.

At SPRU, I did my PhD supervised by CharlesCooper and Chris became one of theexaminers of my thesis with Michael Posner.If he hadn't been there I think I would neverhave passed that viva. Posner, who at thetime was inundated at British Rail hadprobably not had the time to read my thesis.The defense was in his BR office in Londonand he was called out of the meeting everynow and then. In the end it became a lectureby Chris to Michael Posner about all the new,interesting things which had happened to thetechnology and trade literature since Posner

had written his paper in 1961 and which could all be found in my thesis. We came backtogether from London and had a good laugh… The seventies were also the days that I spentmany hours with Chris on boat trips from Newhaven to Dieppe and then on to Paris tomeet the OECD crowd: Alison Young, Yvan Fabian, Jean-Jacques Salomon, GenevièveSchmeder amongst others. Times I do remember with great fondness: often we wereaccompanied by Keith Pavitt. Keith had actually only one purpose in going to Paris --watching French cinema - so we dropped him off at the movies, went off having a goodmeal and spend hours in long discussions.

It was also Daisy who was ultimatelyresponsible for getting me more closelyinvolved in Chris Freeman's research. Back in1976, I had of course listened with fascinationto Chris's devastating critique of the OECDMcCracken report and his radical thoughts ona structural break having occurred in theperiod of long-term, full employment growthin OECD countries. And I had also been excitedby his thoughts on Schumpeter and inparticular on the possible existence ofKondratieff long waves accompanying theemergence of "clusters" of new technologies.But at that time I was working with KeithPavitt on the technological competitiveness ofBritish industry. In 1979 Chris was invited togo to Bochum to what was considered atSPRU to be the most important conference ofthe year where Chris would present his

with Norlela Ariffin

Schumpeterian long wave ideas in the midst of economic historians. The day before themeeting Daisy fell ill with flu and Chris decided not to go. Charles Cooper, John Clark alldeclined when asked whether they could replace him, so in the end I went. I presentedChris's ideas and became myself quickly addicted to the radical nature of them. Those dayswere revolutionary times at SPRU. I won't elaborate here on this, but I remember Ian Miles

shouting one evening when we left the SPRUbuilding after a ferocious debate at the SPRUseminar on technology and unemployment toChris and myself: "Luddites!"

But it gradually became the area where I gotmyself most closely involved in writing withChris and many others at SPRU, from JohnClark, Roy Turner to Giovanni Dosi, Pari Pateland last but not least Carlota Perez. Chrisalways provided the inspirational quality, thewealth of historical references to authors someof us might have heard of once, but never readanything of.

And then there was the way Chris would makea presentation: impossible to imitate. Therewasn't just the oral quality of the lecturesgiven without a single note, without a singlehesitation but also the intensity with which hecould present his, as well as others, argumentsthat made you hang on to his every word.Chris' seminars were overcrowded with anaudience often begging him not to stop, but to

continue his talk. What was so incredible is that Chris' unique oral talent in ordering andexpressing his thoughts in both a clear, analytical, logical and compassionate way, was alsothe exact way he wrote. With sentences which were perfect, where nothing needed to beadded. It probably explains why I loved writing with Chris so much from then on!

From the late 70's when, I together with JohnClark became involved in the book Chris wrotefor Frances Pinter - another person who wasvery fond of him - on Unemployment andTechnical Innovation to the last jointpublication in Research Policy last year, wealways fought on who would be second author.I am delighted that, sometimes while cheating Ioften succeeded in winning the battle. Chris'passing away leaves us all with a great emptyspace: the one you could call up tocongratulate, lately unfortunately often tosympathize, with the latest performance of theBritish/Sheffield football team; the one who

Paul David & Chris Freeman

would ring you for your birthday, send flowers for your wife's birthday; the one who wasalways ready to go along with crazy ideas; to passionately defend his views or stubbornlywould disagree with you.

Over those fifty or so last years Chris influenced thousands of researchers, policy makersand students across the world in the fields of science and public policy, research anddevelopment measurement, the history of social science studies, Schumpeterian andevolutionary economics, research evaluation, innovation management, technology andinnovation policy as well as in making both macro- and micro-economics, internationaltrade and economic history more aware of the central role of technological, institutionaland social change. Funnily enough, he did so, not by using Information and CommunicationTechnologies, which he had studied so much, but through personal contact, through beingavailable to all without any exclusion and through his openness to alternative views andideas.

Luc SoeteAugust 18th, 2010

A personal memoir of Chris Freeman by Bart Verspagen

As an undergraduate student in Maastricht, I readChris Freeman's Economics of Industrial Innovationaround 1986. Shortly after, when I had becomeinvolved in a project on an innovation survey as adata assistant, a story appeared in the university'snewspaper in which the author of this book wasmentioned. The story explained how my internationaleconomics professor was involved in setting up aninstitute that would bring Freeman to Maastricht.

In 1988, I graduated, and soon after found myself asone of the young PhD students at that same institute,which opened with a big bang ceremony in whichFreeman was one of the speakers. Frankly, I wasimpressed too much with the general atmosphere ofthe event to remember anything specific about any ofthe speakers. But Chris was going to make a lastingimpression on me soon enough.

Like all PhD students, I was searching, and I was doing the search at the institute ratherthan anywhere else. The building was a maze, with a well-hidden kitchen (that did notadmit any daylight) as the centre of social activities. On my way to it, I would pass a ratherinconspicuous office that was often closed. On some occasions, however, the door wasopen or ajar. Those were the days that Chris was in the house.

It was before the times of budget airlines, but we did have a regular air service betweenGatwick and Maastricht. Sometimes, one would notice the sound of the propeller planeflying over the city centre, while on the approach to the airfield. After a while, I began toassociate this sound with Chris Freeman's presence.

Chris was not someone who spent a lot of timeoutside his office. He was working hard, with penand paper only, and seemed busy most of thetime. But his door was always open, also for usyoung students. Of course, my supervisorencouraged me to talk to Chris, and use hisknowledge and expertise. And so I did. I wasasking for suggestions on what to read, and Iwould give Chris draft versions of what would(much) later become a literature survey. Not evenonce did he give the slightest impression thatwhat I was asking him or having him read wasfutile. And believe me, it was, quite often. Chris'patience and support was heartwarming. Iappreciated that at the time already, but now, agood two decades afterwards, it is impossible to

escape the conclusion that we did not appreciate it enough.

Equally impressive were his lectures, mostly given to undergraduates like I had been only afew years before. Chris would deliver these lectures standing. Not behind a lectern, butpreferably behind a simple table. His voice was coarse, and for us Dutchmen his accent wasdistinct from anything that we had become accustomed to at high school, where welearned our English. While he lectured, he glanced upward, in a slightly slanting way. Theaudience, of course, hung on to his every word, even those who had never before beenintroduced to the economic analysis of technological change.

In those days, Chris' work focused on employment and long waves, and, slightly later, oninnovation and the environment. Of course, I slowly started to share a general approachwith Chris and others who worked with him, but those specific topics were not central tomy own thesis topic. Since the thesis, my research trajectory has developed in a pathdependent way. Every now and again, the trajectory touched upon those topics that Chriswas exploring in what were, for me, the early days. Every time it does, I feel a thrill. I thinkthat it is only now that I fully realize that this thrill is a distant echo from Chris' lectures,and the personal interaction that I had with him.

At some point, around the time that I wasfinishing up the PhD thesis, Chris asked meto translate some old Dutch text on longwaves. This was an adventure for me, as Ihad never translated anything after I lefthigh school. Frankly, and I realized this onlyalong the way, the text was rather long,tedious and hard to understand, let alonetranslate. But Chris pulled me through. Heread drafts, made suggestions, and waspatient. I handed him the final draft during aconference in Barcelona. Chris was akeynote speaker, but what I remember mostabout the event was not his lecture, butrather the much shorter personal note headdressed to me when, at the final dinner,he handed me a prize that was awarded formy thesis. I feel privileged that it was ChrisFreeman who handed me the prize andspoke the personal words that came with it.

I guess we all feel that the days in which we wrote our thesis were formative. And we allappreciate the leading intellectuals who were around us in those days. I had Chris Freemanas one of them. For me, like many others who are my age or older, Chris is not just a nameon the cover of a book. He is the man to whom we owe it all. As an intellectual, Chris isunmatched. That's how it is from where I stand.

But Chris was more than an intellectual. I felt a real bond with him when I told him aboutmy football club. It must have been shortly after Chris decided to leave early from a

with Francisco Louça

conference that I had co-organized. He wasn't very talkative about the reason for his earlyexit, but, probably because he knew about my interest in football, he confided in me.Sheffield Wednesday was playing the Cup Final, and Chris had tickets. As it happens,Wednesday plays in colours identical to the ones of my own team, an amateur club thatnobody in innovation economics would know about. For me, that team and the historicalrole it played in my local community, represents a whole world outside academia. Chrisneeded only a few words to understand that, and he appreciated it. Although Chris and Iare of different generations and different backgrounds, we shared something in economics,as well as outside it. It's sad to know that he is no longer with us.

Bart VerspagenAugust 17th, 2010

List of publications by Chris Freeman whilst at MERIT 

FREEMAN, C., 1988, DIFFUSION, THE SPREAD OF NEW TECHNOLOGY TO FIRMS, SECTORS AND

NATIONS, IN A. HEERTJE (ED.), INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE, BASIL BLACKWELL, OXFORD, PP. 38-70.

FREEMAN, C., 1988, JAPAN: A NEW NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION, IN G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG AND L. SOETE, (EDS.), TECHNICAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC THEORY, PINTER, LONDON, PP. 330-348.

FREEMAN, C., 1988, DE DIFFUSIE VAN INFORMATIETECHNOLOGIE IN DE TERTIAIRE SEKTOR, TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR POLITIEKE ECONOMIE, VOL. 11, NR. 3, PP. 97-105.

FREEMAN, C., 1988, TECHNOLOGY GAPS, INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE PROBLEMS OF

SMALLER AND LESS DEVELOPED ECONOMIES, IN C. FREEMAN AND B.A. LUNDVALL (EDS.), SMALL

COUNTRIES FACING THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION, PINTER, LONDON, PP. 67-84.

FREEMAN, C., 1988, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC THEORY: INTRODUCTION, IN G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG AND L. SOETE, (EDS.), TECHNICAL CHANGE AND

ECONOMIC THEORY PINTER, LONDON. PP. 1-8.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, CHAPTER 4, COMMENTS, IN J. STIGLITZ ET AL. (EDS.), THE ECONOMIC ROLE

OF THE STATE, BANK INSINGER DE BEAUFORT NV, AMSTERDAM, PP. 135-143.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: A VIEW FROM UK, IN B. ABU-LABA (ED.), UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND THE FUTURE OF CANADA, PROCEEDINGS OF

THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE, EDMONTON, UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA PRESS, CANADA. PP. 430-457.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, THE THIRD KONDRATIEFF WAVE, AGE OF STEEL, ELECTRIFACTION AND

IMPERIALISM, IN KIHLSTRÖM ET AL. (EDS.), FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOUR OF LARS HERLITZ, DAIDALOS, UDDEVALLA.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND PRODUCTIVITY, FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 26, NR. 3, PP. 46-49.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, THE DIFFUSION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY THROUGH THE ECONOMY: THE TIME

SCALE, OECD, BIOTECHNOLOGY: ECONOMIC AND WIDER IMPACTS, OECD, PARIS, PP. 45-55.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, R&D, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND INVESTMENT IN THE UK, IN F. GREEN AND

S. AARONOWITCH (EDS.), THE RE-STRUCTURING OF THE UK ECONOMY, HARVESTER, BRIGHTON.

FREEMAN, C., 1989, TECHNICAL INNOVATION, ORGANISATIONAL INNOVATION, CHANGES OF

TECHNO-ECONOMIC PARADIGM AND EVOLUTIONARY ECONOMICS, PAPER PREPARED FOR THE

LABOUR INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH (FINLAND), TTT KATSAUS, NR. 4.

FREEMAN, C. (ED.), 1990, THE ECONOMICS OF INNOVATION, EDWARD ELGAR, ALDERSHOT, 504

P.

FREEMAN, C., 1990, SCHUMPETER'S BUSINESS CYCLES RE-VISITED, IN F.M. SCHERER (ED.), CONFERENCE OF THE SCHUMPETER SOCIETY, THE SCHUMPETER SOCIETY, SIENA.

FREEMAN, C., 1990, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND LONG-TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH, SIEMENS

REVIEW, NR.3.

FREEMAN, C., 1990, TECHNICAL INNOVATION IN THE WORLD CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND

CHANGES OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC PARADIGM, IN C. FREEMAN AND L. SOETE (EDS.), NEW

EXPLORATIONS IN THE ECONOMICS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON

& NEW YORK, PP. 74-91.

FREEMAN, C., 1990, INNOVATION, CHANGES OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC PARADIGM AND BIOLOGI-CAL ANALOGIES IN ECONOMICS, REVUE ECONOMIQUE, VOL. 423, NR. 2, PP. 211-231.

FREEMAN, C., 1990, JAPAN: A NEW NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION? BUSINESS REVIEW, VOL. 37, NR. 2, PP. 1-7.

FREEMAN, C., 1991, THE NATURE OF INNOVATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM, IN TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY. THE CHALLENGE FOR ECONOMIC POLICY, OECD, PARIS, PP. 303-314.

FREEMAN, C., 1991, INNOVATIEMANAGEMENT, LANGE GOLVEN EN VERANDERING VAN

TECHNOLOGISCH PARADIGMA, BEDRIJFSKUNDE, VOL. 63, NR. 2, PP. 135-146.

FREEMAN, C., 1991, NETWORKS OF INNOVATORS: A SYNTHESIS OF RESEARCH ISSUES, RESEARCH

POLICY, VOL. 21, NR. 5, PP. 499-514.

FREEMAN, C., 1991, TECHNOLOGY, PROGRESS AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE, SCIENCE AND PUBLIC

POLICY, VOL. 18, NR. 6, PP. 407-418.

FREEMAN, C., 1992, ECONOMICS OF HOPE, FRANCES PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON.

FREEMAN, C., 1993, INTERDEPENDENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE WITH GROWTH OF TRADE

AND GNP, IN M. NISSANKE AND A. HEWITT (EDS.), ECONOMIC CRISIS IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES, PP. 157-177.

FREEMAN, C., 1993, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND FUTURE TRENDS IN THE WORLD ECONOMY, FUTURES, VOL. 25, PP. 621-635.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS AND CATCHING-UP: ICT AND THE NICS, IN

J. FAGERBERG, B. VERSPAGEN, AND N. VON TUNZELMANN (EDS.), THE DYNAMICS OF

TECHNOLOGY, TRADE AND GROWTH, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD., ALDERSHOT, PP. 198-221.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, CHANGEMENT TECHNOLOGIQUE ET ÉCONOMIE MONDIALE, FUTURIBLES, NR. 186, PP. 25-48.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, THE GREENING OF TECHNOLOGY, FUTURES, VOL. 26, NR. 10, PP. 1019-1022.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, THE DIFFUSION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN

THE WORLD ECONOMY IN THE 1990S, IN R. MANSELL (ED.), THE MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION

AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: EMERGING PATTERNS OF CONTROL, ASLIB, LONDON, PP. 8-41.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND TECHNOLOGICAL REGIMES, IN G. HODGSON, W. SAMUELS AND M. TOOL (EDS.), THE ELGAR COMPANION TO INSTITUTIONAL AND EVOLUTIONARY

ECONOMICS, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD., ALDERSHOT, PP. 309-315.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, THE ECONOMICS OF TECHNICAL CHANGE. A CRITICAL SURVEY OF THE

LITERATURE, CAMBRIDGE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, VOL. 18, NR. 4, PP. 463-514.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, POSTSCRIPT, SPECIAL ISSUE OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, VOL. 18, NR. 2.

FREEMAN, C., 1995, RISE OF EAST ASIAN ECONOMIES AND THE COMPUTERISATION OF THE

WORLD ECONOMY, JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, VOL. 70, NR. 6, PP. 1-21.

FREEMAN, C., 1995, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND UNEMPLOYMENT: THE LINKS BETWEEN MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY AND INNOVATION POLICY, INNOVATION IN A NEW CONTEXT, STI REVIEW, OECD, PARIS, NR. 15, PP.50-74.

FREEMAN, C., 1994, INNOVATION AND GROWTH, IN M. DODGSON AND R. ROTHWELL, THE

HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, ALDERSHOT, PP. 78-93.

FREEMAN, C., 1995, THE "NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION" IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, CAMBRIDGE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, VOL. 19, PP. 5-24.

FREEMAN, C., 1995, THE NEW INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR

MANUFACTURING, IN P. JERVIS (ED.), MANUFACTURING, WEALTH CREATION AND THE ECONOMY: A PLATVORM FOR POLICY DEVELOPMENT, A REPORT OF A SERIES OF SEMINARS AND LECTURES, RSA, LONDON, PP. 29-31.

FREEMAN, C., 1995, PREFACE, IN A. RIP, T. MISA AND J. SCHOT (EDS.), MANAGING TECHNOLOGY

IN SOCIETY. THE APPROACH OF CONSTRUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON & NEW YORK, PP. VIII-IX.

FREEMAN, C., 1996, THE GREENING OF TECHNOLOGY AND MODELS OF INNOVATION, TECHNO-LOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE, VOL. 53, NR. 1, SPECIAL ISSUE "TECHNOLOGY AND

THE ENVIRONMENT", PP. 27-39.

FREEMAN, C., 1996, CATCHING UP AND FALLING BEHIND: THE CASE OF ASIA AND LATIN

AMERICA, IN J. DE LA MOTHE AND G. PAQUET (EDS.), EVOLUTIONARY EONOMICS AND THE NEW

INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON, PP. 160-179.

FREEMAN, C., (ED.), 1996, LONG WAVE THEORY, THE INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF CRITICAL

WRITINGS IN ECONOMICS 69, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, CHELTENHAM, 677 P.

FREEMAN, C., 1996, INTRODUCTION, IN C. FREEMAN (ED.), LONG WAVE THEORY, THE INTERNA-TIONAL LIBRARY OF CRITICAL WRITINGS IN ECONOMICS 69, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, CHELTENHAM, PP. XIII-XXXVI.

FREEMAN, C., 1996, THE FACTORY OF THE FUTURE AND THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX, IN W.H. DUTTON (ED.), INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: VISIONS AND REALITIES, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, PP. 123-142.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC THEORY, IN A. HEERTJE (ED.), THE

MAKERS OF MODERN ECONOMICS, VOL. III, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, ALDERSHOT.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, IN D. ARCHIBUGI AND J. MICHIE (EDS.), TECHNOLOGY, GLOBALISATION AND ECONOMIC

PERFORMANCE, CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, PP. 24-49.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, TECHNICAL CHANGE AND UNEMPLOYMENT, IN J. PHILPOTT (ED.), WORKING

FOR FULL EMPLOYMENT, ROUTLEDGE, LONDON, PP. 109-131.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE LONG WAVE, IN A. TYLECOTE AND J. VAN

DER STRAATEN (EDS.), ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE CHALLENGE

TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, ALDERSHOT, PP. 159-183.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, THE DIVERSITY OF NATIONAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS, IN R. BARRÉ, M. GIBBONS, J. MADDOX, B. MARTIN AND P. PAPON (EDS.), SCIENCE IN TOMORROW'S EUROPE, ECONOMICA

INTERNATIONAL, PARIS.

FREEMAN, C., 1997, FAMILY ALLOWANCES, TECHNICAL CHANGE, INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL

POLICY, ELEANOR RATHBONE MEMORIAL LECTURE 1996, LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY PRESS, LIVERPOOL.

FREEMAN, C., 1998, ROBOTICS, ENCICLOPEDIA DELLE SCIENZE SOCIALI, ROME, FORTHCOMING.

FREEMAN, C. (WITH G. DOSI AND S. FABIANI), 1995, THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: INTRODUCING SOME STYLIZED FACTS AND THEORIES ON TECHNOLOGIES, FIRMS AND

INSTITUTIONS, INDUSTRIAL AND CORPORATE CHANGE, VOL. 3, NR. 1, PP. 1-46.

FREEMAN, C. (AND D. FORAY) (EDS.), 1993, TECHNOLOGY AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS, F. PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON.

FREEMAN, C. AND J. HAGEDOORN, 1994, CATCHING UP OR FALLING BEHIND: PATTERNS IN

INTERNATIONAL INTERFIRM TECHNOLOGY PARTNERING, WORLD DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 22, NR. 5, PP. 771-780.

FREEMAN, C. AND J. HAGEDOORN, 1995, CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN THE INTERNA-TIONALIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY, IN J. HAGEDOORN, (ED.), TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE

WORLD ECONOMY: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE IN TECHNOLOGY STRATEGIES, EDWARD

ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD, ALDERSHOT, PP. 34-57.

FREEMAN, C. AND B.A. LUNDVALL, (EDS.), 1988, SMALL COUNTRIES FACING THE

TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION, PINTER, LONDON, 303 P.

FREEMAN, C. AND H. MENDRAS (EDS.), 1995, LE PARADIGME INFORMATIQUE, DESCARTES & CIE, PARIS, 162 P.

FREEMAN, C. (AND G. OLDHAM), 1991, CHAPTER I, INTRODUCTION: BEYOND THE SINGLE

MARKET, IN C. FREEMAN, M.L. SHARP, W.B. WALKER (EDS.), TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF

EUROPE: GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE 1990S, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON, PP. 3-17.

FREEMAN, C. AND C. PEREZ, 1988, STRUCTURAL CRISES OF ADJUSTMENT: BUSINESS CYCLES AND

INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR, IN G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG AND L. SOETE, (EDS.), TECHNICAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC THEORY, PINTER, LONDON, PP. 38-66.

FREEMAN, C., M. SHARP AND W. WALKER (EDS.), 1991, TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF

EUROPE: GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE 1990S, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON, 424 P.

FREEMAN, C., G. SILVERBERG, L. SOETE (AND G. DOSI & R. NELSON) (EDS.), 1988, TECHNICAL

CHANGE AND ECONOMIC THEORY, PINTER, LONDON.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1990, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY, IN

J. BERLEUR ET AL. (EDS.), THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: EVOLVING LANDSCAPES: REPORT FROM

NAMUR, CAPTUS UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS AND SPRINGER VERLAG, NEW YORK.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1990, FAST STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND SLOW PRODUCTIVITY

GROWTH: SOME PARADOXES IN THE ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, STRUCTURAL

CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DYNAMICS, VOL. 1, NR. 2, PP. 225-242.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE (EDS.), 1990, NEW EXPLORATIONS IN THE ECONOMICS OF TECHNO-LOGICAL CHANGE, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON & NEW YORK.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1993, CONCLUSIONS, IN D. FORAY AND C. FREEMAN (EDS.), TECHNOLOGY AND THE WEALTH OF NATIONS, PINTER PUBLISHERS, LONDON, PP. 389-400.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1993, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND EMPLOYMENT, REPORT

PREPARED FOR IBM EUROPE, DATAWYSE, MAASTRICHT, 103 P.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1994, WORK FOR ALL OR MASS UNEMPLOYMENT, PINTER PUB-LISHERS, LONDON AND NEW YORK, 193 P.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1994, LAVORO PER TUTTI O DISOCCUPAZIONE DI MASSA?, ETASLIBRI, MILANO, 208 P.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1995, LES NOUVELLES TECHNOLOGIES DE L'INFORMATION ET

L'EMPLOI, LE PARADIGME INFORMATIQUE, DESCARTES & CIE, PARIS, PP. 15-31.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1996, CAMBIO TECNOLÓGICO Y EMPLEO. UNA ESTRATEGIA DE

EMPLEO PARA EL SIGLO XXI, BT TELECOMUNICACIONES, S.A., MADRID, 210 P.

FREEMAN, C. AND L. SOETE, 1997, THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL INNOVATION, THIRD EDITION, CASSELL, LONDON, 470 P.

FREEMAN, C., L. SOETE AND U. EFENDIOGLU, 1995, DIFFUSION AND THE EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS

OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR REVIEW, VOL. 134, NR. 4-5, PP. 587-603.

SOETE, L. AND C. FREEMAN, 1994, AFTERWORD AND POLICY CONCLUSIONS, IN K. DUCATEL

(ED.), EMPLOYMENT AND TECHNICAL CHANGE IN EUROPE, EDWARD ELGAR PUBLISHING LTD., ALDERSHOT, PP. 217-228.