LTE With a Walk to Small Cell

LTE – With a Walk to Small Cell

D e c 2 0 1 2

LTE – With a Walk to Small Cell | Dec 2012

© 2012, HCL Technologies, Ltd. Reproduction prohibited. This document is protected under copyright by the author. All rights reserved.

Abstract ............................................................................................. 3

Abbreviations .................................................................................... 4

Technology Overview ........................................................................ 7

Market Trends/Challenges .............................................................. 18

Solution ........................................................................................... 20

Best Practices ................................................................................. 24

Common Issues .............................................................................. 26

Conclusion....................................................................................... 27

References ...................................................................................... 28

References for figures ..................................................................... 28

Author Info ....................................................................................... 29

TABLE OF CONTENTS



3

Abstract

As LTE is being recognized as a 4G technology fulfilling the

requirements of IMT-advanced fourth generation mobile networks,

it is not a smooth sweep for the operators and telecom service

providers. It is also being envisaged with challenges and limitations

in terms of technological moves and related capital and operational

expenditures. Even as it is enabling data-hungry devices with high-

speed wireless broadband access, it is over-stressing the back haul

networks and putting technological constraints on the radio side,

compelling operators to require more capital and operational

expenditures. In continuation of finding feasible solutions, the small

cell concept is being embraced by consortiums of vendors, service

providers and technological solution providers. They‘re not only

being embraced as fundamental elements of LTE networks, but also

creating innovative solutions to help the service provider to address

their ARPU improvements.

The small cell concept is not new with LTE, but already there with

3G, and the stunning aspect of the technology endorsement is that

per the announcement made in June 2011 at the small cell

conference, there were more 3G femtocells in operator networks

globally than 3G macrocells.

LTE is becoming prominent technology, and being seen as a

widespread applicability, specifically in LTE-Advance

technological scenarios. The progress is visible through the

observations that a lot of collaborated activities through small cell

forums, etc., are being focused to LTE and falling to 3G

technologies subsequently.



4

Abbreviations

Acronyms Full Form

LTE Long term evolution

EPS Enhanced packet system

EPC Enhanced packet core

MME Mobility management entity

SGW Serving gateway

PGW Packet gateway

UE User Equipment

EUTRAN Enhanced universal terrestrial radio access

network

EUTRA Enhanced universal terrestrial radio access

AS Access stratum

NAS Non Access stratum

RRC Radio resource controller

SRB Signaling radio bearer

DRB Data radio bearer

PDCP Packet data control protocol

RLC Radio Link Control

MAC Media access control

ARQ Automatic repeat request

HARQ Hybrid automatic repeat request

ROHC Robust header compression



5

DRX Discontinuous reception

CP Cyclic prefix

GP Guard period

OFDMA Orthogonal frequency division multiple access

SC-FDMA Single carrier frequency division multiple access

PAPR Peak average power ratio

QPSK Quadrature phase shift keying

BPSK Binary phase shift keying

QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation

C-RNTI Cell-Radio network temporary identity

S-TMSI Serving-temporary mobile subscriber identity

SNR Signal to noise ratio

ICIC Inter cell interference coordination

QOS Quality of service

SON Self-organizing network

DSL Digital subscriber line

GW Gateway

HeNB Home eNodeB

SeGW Security gateway

LIPA Local IP access

SIPTO Selective IP traffic offload

M2M Machine to machine

ISP Internet service provider



6

TSP Telecom service provider

OEM Original Equipment manufacturer



7

Technology Overview

LTE In the 3GPP mobile network evolution path, 4G networks have

come across significant network architecture overhauling as

compared to the change from 2G to 2.5G and 3G. This change is

referred to as EPS (evolved packet system) with a paradigm of all IP

network concepts, and in LTE networks finally described as system

architecture evolution (SAE) or evolved packet core (EPC) and

EUTRAN.

Fig 1: Logical view of EPS

EUTRAN EUTRAN comprises eNodeBs, and provides UEs radio access to a

mobile core network, i.e. EPC. The complete system is also

visualized as access stratum (AS) and non-access stratum (NAS)

where EUTRAN covers AS part of the system. This terminology is

very useful while discriminating the signaling over the radio

network and core network.

For access to the core network, UE makes RRC connections with

eNodeB as part of AS signaling, which in turn connects to MME as

part of the NAS signaling connection with a mobile core. UE is

allocated a temporary identity at each connection, like C-RNTI and

S-TMSI respectively, for identification at the respective reference

point.

Fig 2: EUTRAN connectivity



8

EPC EPC comprises mainly MME and SGW/PGW and provides the UE

connectivity to the external world. It authenticates the UE for

network access, and keeps the registration and location track of

registered UEs. For the data connection, EPC maintains the context

for connection, sets up the end-to-end bearer connectivity, applies

the necessary security measures, and enforces the policy per the

policy and charging control architecture. The figure below depicts

the end-to-end bearer connectivity for UE.

Fig 3: EPS bearer connectivity

The figure below depicts the functionality at access stratum and

non-access stratum distributed to individual nodes.

Fig 4: AS and NAS



9

RRC connection

In LTE, the RRC connection has two states idle and connected; at

EPC they are also referred to in the connection management state as

ECM_idle and ECM_connected. The UE first makes an RRC

connection to register with the network, and the network maintains

the UE as EMM_registered or EMM_unregistered mobility

management states. To remain registered with the network, the UE

shall have to periodically update its location with the network.

Based on the RRC connection states, UE activities are defined.

Fig 5: RRC states

This state transitions diagram shows the coordination of connection

management and mobility management states in EUTRAN.



10

Fig 6: EUTRAN state transition

EUTRA EUTRA refers to radio connectivity of the UE to eNodeB. Every

UE makes an RRC connection to eNodeB for accessing the radio

network. For each RRC connection, the UE is allocated with SRBs

for setting the signaling with the core network, either for registration

or for data connection, and accordingly provided DRBs.

Each of the SRBs and DRBs are mapped to different logical

channels provided by the lower layers of the LTE protocol.

Fig 7: Radios bearer mapping



11

These logical channels are further mapped to transport channels, and

they are again imposed on the physical channels.

Fig 8: mapping of logical, transport and physical channel

Radio Technology The radio technology used for LTE is OFDMA for downlink and

SC-FDMA for uplink (the use of SC-FDMA in the uplink is due to

the fact that it provides low PAPR (peak average power ratio).

OFDM is being utilized by multiple next-generation wireless

technologies apart from LTE, like WiMAX 802.16, WLAN and

UMB, due to better spectrum efficiency and more importantly, less

complex signal processing, as the signals are represented in the

frequency domain, not in the time domain. That results in less

complexity in functionalities such as channel equalization and

channel estimations.

Fig 9: subcarrier view of OFDM signal

The other important reason for using OFDM as a modulation format

within LTE and other wireless systems is, its resilience to multipath

delays and spread (overlapping of frequency between carrier or

subcarrier).



12

To avoid the inter symbol interference, a gap period is introduced

between symbols. The receiver can then sample the waveform at the

optimum time and avoid any inter-symbol interference caused by

reflections that are delayed by times up to the length of the cyclic

prefix, CP.

Bandwidth LTE is flexible in terms of the bandwidth. The table below

describes the various denomination of baseband and respective data

rates.

Fig 10: LTE flexibilty on bandwidth

Mode of LTE LTE works in two modes, known as FDD and TDD, and also called

TD-LTE. Each mode has its own frame structure. For example,

FDD has a Type1 frame structure and TDD has a Type 2 frame

structure.

Frame Structure LTE has a 10-millisecond-long frame with 20 time slots of 0.5

milliseconds each. Consecutive two-time slots make a sub-frame

and constitute one TTI (transmit time interval) of 1 millisecond.

Type 1 Frame

A Type 1 Frame is used in the FDD mode.

Fig 11: FDD frame structure

#0 #1 #2 #3 #19

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms

#18

One subframe



13

In FDD-LTE, every downlink subframe can be associated with an

uplink subframe.

Type 2 Frame

A Type 2 Frame is used in the TDD mode.

Fig 12: TDD frame structure

In TDD, the guard periods are used between the downlink and

uplink transmissions for synchronicity of uplink and downlink

transmission.

In TD-LTE, the number of downlink and uplink subframes is

different, and such association is not possible.

Both modes have their own pros and cons, and are selected by the

operators by their own choices. Otherwise, both modes of LTE are

substantially similar -- they differ only in the physical layer, and as

a result, are transparent to the higher layers.

Resource Block Each time slot of a frame contains a resource block of 180 KHz in

frequency domain, which is further divided into 12 subcarriers of 15

KHz. Each subcarrier is modulated with 6 (long CP) or 7 (short CP)

symbols based on the CP (cyclic prefix) length.

Resource Element A single symbol on a single subcarrier is known as a resource

element, and may have a size from 2 to 6 bits, based on the order of

modulation, i.e. for 64QPSK it is 6 bits, and for BPSK it is 2 bits.

The figure below depicts the resource block and resource elements.



14

Fig 13: Resource block and resource elements

Shannon’s Law – A fundamental limit on

data capacity of a channel

Shannon's law defines the maximum rate at which error-free data

can be transmitted over a given bandwidth in the presence of noise.

It is usually expressed in this form,

C = W log2(1 + S/N )

where C is the channel capacity in bits per second, W is the

bandwidth in Hertz, and S/N is the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio).

Basically, Shannon‘s law shows the relation of the channel capacity

with the channel bandwidth and signal conditions in terms of signal-

to-noise ratio. So this is not an ultimate limit on the channel

capacity, but a relational limit, and measures can be taken to

increase the capacity by implementing certain techniques like high

order modulation schemes, spatial multiplexing, spatial diversity,

interference management, etc. Thus, a balance exists between the

data rate and the allowable error rate, signal-to-noise ratio and the

power that can be transmitted.

There are a few techniques used to overshoot the limit imposed by

Shannons‘s law, like higher order modulation and spatial diversity,

or MIMO.

Higher Order Modulation In better signal conditions, i.e. a better signal-to-noise ratio case, the

capacity of the channel could be increased through high order



15

modulation schemes like 16QPSK and 64QPSK being used in 3G

and 4G networks.

MIMO While some improvements can be made in terms of optimizing the

modulation scheme and improving the signal-to-noise ratio, these

improvements are not always easy or cheap, and they are invariably

a compromise, balancing the various factors involved. It is therefore

necessary to look at other ways of improving the data throughput for

individual channels. MIMO is one way in which wireless

communications can be improved, and as a result, it is receiving a

considerable degree of interest.

Smart antenna arrays during transmission and reception creates

diversity in an intelligent way which changes the signal

characteristics, so as to get improved signal strength, less signal-to-

noise ratio and improved channel capacity. Depending on the

multiplicity of antenna MIMO mode is generally categorized as 2*2

MIMO or 4*4 MIMO.

The two main formats for MIMO are stated below:

Spatial diversity gain: Spatial diversity used to provide

improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio, and they are characterized

by improving the reliability of the system with respect to the various

forms of fading.

Spatial multiplexing gain: This form of MIMO is used to provide

additional data capacity by utilizing the different paths to carry

additional traffic, i.e. increasing the data throughput capability.

MIMO has been recognized as a significant technology for radio

communication improvement and widely accepted in LTE advance

in advance form.

LTE Advance ITU-T has set new requirements under the term IMT-advance for

the real 4G networks, and they are pertinent to high data rates, i.e.

exactly saying 100mbps on high mobility and 1gbps on low

mobility case. 3GPP has come up with an improvement in LTE in

Release 10 and above for meeting these requirements, and even

bypassing them with features known to be LTE-advance. Apart

from achieving the technical requirements, a major reason for

aligning LTE for IMT-Advanced is that the systems conforming to

IMT advance will be candidates for future new spectrum bands that

are still to be identified, and justify LTE to be a long-term

evolution.

There are some of the main techniques used in LTE advance for

high data rates and required QOS under capacity and coverage

enhancements.



16

Carrier Aggregation Carrier aggregation is a multi-carrier multiplexing technique for

capacity enhancement. Two or more component carriers are

aggregated to provide wider transmission bandwidths up to

100MHz. However, initial LTE Advanced (3GPP Release 10) deployments will likely be limited to use of the maximum two-

component carrier for a maximum bandwidth of 40 MHz.

Contiguous and noncontiguous component carrier aggregation is

supported, which ensures the highest flexibility in spectrum usage

according to individual network operator needs.

Fig 14: carrier aggregation

LTE Release 8 allows a 100 kHz frequency raster placing the LTE

channel within the operator owned bandwidth. The 15kHz

subcarrier spacing, in combination with contiguously aggregated

component carriers, requires a 300kHz carrier spacing in order to

preserve the orthogonal characteristics in the downlink transmission

scheme.

Each component carrier is limited to a maximum of 110 resource

blocks in the frequency domain using the LTE Release 8

numerology. Further, each component carrier should be compatible

with the release8 carrier in order to support legacy LTE Release 8

terminals. However, it is not necessary for all carriers in the multi-

carrier aggregation.

Component carriers transmitted by the same eNodeB need to

provide the same cell coverage. It is envisaged that different

terminal categories will be defined, supporting simultaneous

transmission and reception of one or more component carriers.



17

Hetnet (CoMP) Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission/reception is a

technique in LTE Advanced to improve the coverage of high data

rates, the cell-edge throughput, and to increase system throughput.

In most deployment scenarios, intercell intrafrequncy interference,

specifically at the cell border, degrades the system capacity.

Intercell intrafrequency interference could be turned into a useful

signal, specifically at the cell border. This requires dynamic coordination in the scheduling/transmission, including joint

transmission, from multiple geographically separate points, and also

support for joint processing of the received signals at multiple

geographically separated points.

Fig 15: Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception

Hetnet is going to be a widely-accepted approach in the access

network evolutions specifically in the radio network in the given

context, but also in general. It not only caters to capacity

enhancement, but also the efficiency of individual networks within

and across.



18

Market Trends/Challenges

Continued tussles for capacity and coverage with-

in limited spectrum There are a lot of advancements being done in terms of improving

the data capacity and coverage of radio networks through various

measures like efficient utilization of spectrum, spectrum reusability,

interference management, etc. LTE is one of such advancements

that provides high data rate with a low cost of data through adopting

frequency division multiplexing techniques like OFDMA and SC-

FDMA, and also incorporating techniques for further improvement

of data rates like high order modulation, and spatial multiplexing

techniques like adaptive antenna array, MIMO, beam formation and

adaptive automations like SON.

However, research data in the past has demonstrated the actual

capacity gained in a real world deployment has been achieved

through reusability of the spectrum. That is also endorsed by the

operator community, and this emphasizes the relevance of small cell

in the real world network deployment. As small cell deployment

provide increased cell density with the spectrum reusability and

better spectrum efficiency for the system.

The table below demonstrates the work done by Martin Cooper

(Source: Small cell forum whitepaper published in Feb 2012) shows

that the vast majority of capacity growth in the real world was

achieved by spectrum re-use through the rollout of a greater number

of cells.

Table 1: Capacity gain vs Techniques

Technique Capacity

Gain

Frequency division 5

Modulation techniques 5

Access to wider range of frequency

spectrum

25

Frequency reuse through more cell sites 1,600

This data leads to the adaptation of small cell by world leading

operators for capacity and coverage enhancement, and in

continuation of their deployment and applicability, the small cell

approach has devised a more widespread business case for

operators, as they not only enhance capacity and coverage with a

low cost of operation and management, but also offer value added

services for more revenue per bit of data.



19

The surge is like a recent operator survey by Rethink Research that

identified that shipments of small cells will exceed those of macro

base stations in 2014, and consequently, as early as the end of 2015,

the installed base of small cells will exceed that of macro base

stations. The interesting thing to be noted is that the LTE advance is being

envisaged as the technology of the future, given the fact that it is

compliant with IMT advance and suited to long-term evolution.

Small cell is going to play a fundamental role in network topology

architecture development by embracing the LTE advance feature.

The outcome will be better services for customers with required

quality or quantity of data usage, and better business for operators.

Various research data in the

past has demonstrated the

actual capacity gained in a

real world deployment has

been achieved through the

reusability of the spectrum.

That is also endorsed by the

operator community, and

throws the relevance of

small cell in the real world

network deployment.

The small cell approach has

devised a more widespread

business case for operators,

as they not only enhance

capacity and coverage with

a low cost of operation and

management, but also offer

value added services for

more revenue per bit of

data..



20

Solution

What is Small Cell Small cell is the terminology coined for the low-power transmission

cells covering a small geographical area -- as small as on order of a

home. In a better sense, it could be directly related to already

existing terminology for such cells, like femto cell, although it is

overlapping to the pico, micro and metro cells as well categorized

based on a different form factor and applicability of uses.

The immediate applicability of the small cell could be utilization as

the means by which the operator provides a low-cost solution for

better capacity and coverage in their network.

Small cell network architecture Small cell uses broadband network connectivity, provided by ISPs

through xDSL or fiber lines to home or enterprises, to connect with

the mobile core network with the necessary security arrangements.

A small cell access point, in some cases also referred to as a home

eNodeB (HeNB), connects to the mobile core (EPC) through a

gateway node, referred to as HeNB GW, over IPSec tunnels

provided over internet through a security gateway, here referred to

as SeGW.

Fig 15: Femto connectivity to mobile core

Small cell on one hand increases the capacity at the radio interface,

but is limited at the backhaul through its connectivity for data rates.

There are also other issues with small cell due to its cell size, like

handover attempts and intercell intra frequency interference, etc. For

combating these issues with small cell, technology like SON (self

organizing network) is taking an important place in small cell

eNodeB architectural design and developments.

The interesting thing to note is that the LTE advance is being envisaged as the technology of future, given the fact that it is compliant with IMT advance and suited to long-term evolution. Small cell is going to play a fundamental role in network topology architecture development by embracing the LTE advance feature.

Small cell, on one hand, can

increase the capacity at the

radio interface, but is

limited at backhaul through

its connectivity for data

rates. There are also other

issues with small cell due to

its cell size, like handover

attempts and intercell intra

frequency interference, etc.

For combating these issues

with small cell, technology

like SON (self organizing

network) is taking an

important place in small cell

eNodeB architectural design

and developments.



21

Fig 16: comprehensive stack on small cell eNodeB

A typical network diagram for small cell connectivity is shown in

the figure below.

Fig 17: Typical network diagram for small cell connectivity.



22

Applicability of small cells

The most prominent applicability of small cell was found to be in

the residential and enterprise premises for a closed environment.

Though with the vast acceptance of the technology, the small cell

concept has come out into the open environment, overlapping

various form factors, i.e. pico, micro, and metro along with various

connectivity options with the core network.

For residential use For residential uses, small cell is generally referred to as femto cell,

and connected to a core network over the broadband connection

existing in the home. They are self configured and have zero touch

manageability.

Small cell can be embraced by CPE manufacturers as well. As with

advancement of home automation and media reachability, the CPE

devices could be enhanced to mobile user accessibility through

small cell.

Since small cell typically covers only a closed geographical area

like a home, the geographical positioning of the user is known to the

network, and various policy and technical decisions can be made by

network.

Fig 18: One of the use case of residential scenario.

For Enterprise uses



23

In an enterprise scenario, a number of use cases arises from the

geographical positioning, like navigation within the enterprise,

enterprise premises related restrictions and regulations, etc.

There are few other technological enhancements, like direct

connectivity of mobile subscribers to a local enterprise network and

selective traffic to direct internet without loading the operator core

network. These enhancements have embarked upon the useful use

cases in an enterprise environment, like uses of enterprise network

services, local security policy, lifting up public regulations, creating

services like IP-PBX, etc.

In order to enable enterprise users to access services on the

enterprise LAN directly, local breakout of packet data traffic will be

an option. 3GPP standards are being developed under the term LIPA

and SIPTO connectivity [5]. This prevents the operator‘s core

network from being affected by a large volume of data traffic from

the enterprise, and may help the operator provide various

economical service models.



24

Best Practices

Value-added enhancements toward heterogeneous

networks

To fulfill the requirements of high speed applications with always-

on connectivity and low latency, there are multiple approaches

being discovered to gain in terms of cost and capacity and

improvement in operators‘ revenue. Since there are multiple

technologies available with proven credentials, the concept of

heterogeneous networks has arisen, where multiple technologies

could interwork in a coordinated or hand-off mode to fulfill the

required demand.

3GPP has also taken active steps in standardization of such

extension to non-3GPP technologies like WLAN/WiMAX in

TS23.402 and TS23.234, and also setting requirements in Rel10 for

selective traffic offloading, per the TR 23.829 referred to as LIPA

and SIPTO connectivity.

Use Of Unlicensed Spectrum The most prominent unlicensed wireless system widely in use is

Wi-Fi. The benefits it provides are a large installed base, low cost,

operator independence and familiarity to consumers and enterprises,

making it a valuable component of many operators‘ mobile data

strategies. The advanced implementations of Wi-Fi can also provide

some of these features such as managed QoS and seamless

continuity.

A combination of small cells with Wi-Fi provides licensed and

unlicensed technologies together to benefit from their technical

advantages and to take on the significant capacity challenge.

Selective Traffic Offloading LIPA and SIPTO requirements refer to traffic offloading to the local

network or internet respectively, without traversing to the mobile

core network. 3GPP is setting up requirements for such breakouts in

Rel 10. The major point in the architectural requirements are:

- Mobility management signaling between the UE and the network

is handled in the Mobile Operator's Core Network

- Session management signaling (bearer setup, etc.) for LIPA,

SIPTO traffic and traffic going through the mobile operator's Core

Network terminates in the Mobile Operator's Core Network

- Reselection of a UE's offload point for SIPTO traffic that is

geographically/topologically close to the user shall be possible

during idle mode mobility procedures.



25

Offloading in Heterogeneous Network An example of a heterogeneous network in the case of an enterprise

scenario shown below comprises Wi-Fi, LTE, LIPA, and SIPTO to

provide a coordinated approach for high data rates services.

Fig 19: A conceptual demonstration of small cell applicability

With the coordination of the enterprise local IT and the mobile

operator, significant use cases of traffic offloading, high specrtrum

efficiency of system, service provisioning and applicability could be

achieved.

To fulfill the requirements of

high speed applications with

always-on connectivity and low

latency, there are multiple

approaches being discovered

to gain in terms of cost and

capacity and improvement in

operators’ revenue. Since

there are multiple technologies

available with proven

credentials, the concept of a

heterogeneous network has

arisen, where multiple

technologies could interwork in

coordinated or hand-off mode

to fulfill the required demand.



26

Common Issues

Limited by backhaul connectivity

Small cell capacity is limited by backhaul connectivity and depends

primarily upon the home applicability, as the connectivity depends

on home ISP connections.

QoS service flow management

QoS service flow management of traffic to small cell may require

close coordination of various network service providers like the

ISPs and TSPs.

Handover load

Since small cells are small in terms of geographical area, handover

load would be high on them, as the small cell concept arose

prominently for nomadic applications, but now, with advanced

insight into the use of small cell as network planning, it is being

used for all kinds of applications.

InterCell interference

Small cells are more prone to intercell interference of the same

frequency channels, though there are technologies like ICIC

(intercell interference co-ordinations) which are utilizing this for

improvement of signal strength.

Vendor Interoperability Vendor interoperability of small cell, not only from the OEM point

of view but also its applicability and application point of view, is

going to be a significant factor for its multifold business success.

SON is going to take a

prominent place in small cell

architectural design, as it is the

technology to combat various

technical and operational

issues.



27

Conclusion

According to ABI Research, 4.3 million small cells (including

femtocells, picocells and microcells) will be shipped in 2012, rising

to 36.8 million shipments in 2016, valued at $20.4 billion. They find

that residential and enterprise models currently dominate small cell

shipments, at 62% and

30% respectively. ABI Research‘s data suggests that by 2016, while

indoor small cells will be 94% of total shipments, outdoor small

cells will make up 64% of the revenue.

LTE advance is going to set the base for long-term evolution in the

mobile technology arena, and is going to be IMT advance compliant

for grabbing the upcoming spectrums which are not yet decided.

Small cell, being a capacity and coverage enhancement today, will

definitely take a fundamental component role of defining the

network topology and service provisioning policies in the coming

mobile technological space.

LTE advance is going to set

the base for Long term

evolution in mobile

technology arena and going

to be IMT advance

compliant for grabbing the

upcoming spectrums what

are not yet decided. Small

cell being a capacity and

coverage enhancement

today will definitely going

to take fundamental

component role of defining

the network topology and

service provisioning policies

of coming mobile

technological space.



28

References

[1] 3GPP TS 36.300 – v8.0.0, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall Description, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36%5Fseries/36.300/ [2] 3GPP TR 25.913 - v7.3.0, Requirements for EUTRA and EUTRAN, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25%5Fseries/25.913/ [3] 3GPP TS 36.101 – v8.8.0 EUTRA- UE transmission and reception http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36%5Fseries/36.101/ [4] 3GPP TS 36.211 – v9.1.0 EUTRA-Physical channel and modulation http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36%5Fseries/36.211/ [5] 3GPP TR 23.829 – v10.0.0 LIPA-SIPTO, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25%5Fseries/23829/ [6] 3GPP TS 23.234 – v9.0.0 3GPP WLAN interworking, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36%5Fseries/23.234/

[7] ―small cell – what‘s the big idea?‖ Small cell forum‘s whitepapers Published in

15 Feb 2012. http://www.smallcellforum.org/resources-white-papers/

[8] ―The best LTE can be‖ Small cell forum‘s whitepapers published in May 2010.

http://www.smallcellforum.org/resources-white-papers/

[9] ―Integrated femto-wifi networks‖ Small cell forum‘s whitepapers published in

Feb 2012.


References for figures

Figures References

Fig 1 Reference [1]

Fig 2 conceptual

Fig 3 & 4 Reference [1]

Fig 5 & 6 conceptual

Fig 7 & 8 Reference [1]

Fig 9 conceptual

Fig 10 Reference [3]

Fig 11,12,13 Reference [4]

Fig 14,15 conceptual

Fig 16, conceptual

Fig 17 conceptual

Fig 18,19 conceptual

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/36_series/36.300/




http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/archive/25_series/23829/







29

Author Info

Saurabh Verma has more than 13 years of

experience in telecom and embedded

systems development. After having worked

on various telecom network nodes and

switches development projects, he has

gained rich experience in the telecom

technological evolution path— right from

PSTN/ISDN to mobile 2G/3G. His current

focus is on LTE specifically on small cells.

Hello, I’m from HCL’s Engineering and R&D Services. We enable

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For more details contact [email protected]

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Visit our blog: http://www.hcltech.com/blogs/engineering-and-rd-services

Visit our website: http://www.hcltech.com/engineering-services/

About HCL

About HCL Technologies

HCL Technologies is a leading global IT services company, working with

clients in the areas that impact and redefine the core of their businesses. Since

its inception into the global landscape after its IPO in 1999, HCL focuses on

‗transformational outsourcing‘, underlined by innovation and value creation,

and offers integrated portfolio of services including software-led IT solutions,

remote infrastructure management, engineering and R&D services and BPO.

HCL leverages its extensive global offshore infrastructure and network of

offices in 31 countries to provide holistic, multi-service delivery in key

industry verticals including Financial Services, Manufacturing, Consumer

Services, Public Services and Healthcare. HCL takes pride in its philosophy of

'Employees First, Customers Second' which empowers our 85,335

transformers to create a real value for the customers. HCL Technologies, along

with its subsidiaries, has reported consolidated revenues of US$ 4.3 billion

(Rs. 22,417 crores), as on 30th September 2012

For more information, please visit www.hcltech.com

About HCL Enterprise

HCL is a $6.2 billion leading global technology and IT enterprise comprising

two companies listed in India - HCL Technologies and HCL Infosystems.

Founded in 1976, HCL is one of India's original IT garage start-ups. A pioneer

of modern computing, HCL is a global transformational enterprise today. Its

range of offerings includes product engineering, custom & package

applications, BPO, IT infrastructure services, IT hardware, systems

integration, and distribution of information and communications technology

(ICT) products across a wide range of focused industry verticals. The HCL

team consists of over 90,000 professionals of diverse nationalities, who

operate from 31 countries including over 500 points of presence in India. HCL

has partnerships with several leading global 1000 firms, including leading IT

and technology firms.

For more information, please visit www.hcl.com

LTE With a Walk to Small Cell

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