Low Cost Solar Driven Desalination Fadi Alnaimat James...
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Low Cost Solar Driven Desalination
Fadi AlnaimatFadi AlnaimatJames Klausner
09-29-2010
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Outline
1. Motivation
2. Research Objectives
3. Experimental Investigation
4. Theoretical Developments
5. Numerical Solution
6. Conclusions
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Water shortages
I. 97% of the water on the planet is saline
II. Desalination is the main source of water for arid countries and remote areas, and some islands
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Salt Water
Fresh Water
World Water
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Desalination
More than 15,000 industrial-scale desalination unit
Total worldwide capacity is more than 40 million m3/day
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Sea WaterSolar Energy
Diffusion Driven Desalination (DDD)
Develop a low cost small scale solar drivendesalination system
DDD
Fresh Water
Waste Heat
•Combustion Engine•Oil Refinery •Geothermal Energy
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•Promising technology that use solar energy
or waste heat to distill seawater
•Use direct contact evaporation and
condensation
Solar Diffusion Driven Desalination
condensation
•Low-temperature distillation process with a
low electrical energy consumption
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Solar Diffusion Driven Desalination (DDD)
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Experimental Investigation
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Experimental Investigation
Hevap=1.0 mevap
D=0.254 m
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Packed bed
Condenser
Experimental Investigation
Seawater Tank
Fresh Water Tank
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Evaporator
,( )
v evap fgd m h&
( )( )− −U a a T T Adz
Z+dZ
( )L L z dzm h +&
Liquid
( )−w L a cUa T T Adz
CV ( )a a v v z dzm h m h ++& &
Gas/Vapor
( )a a v v zm h m h+& &
( )( )− −G w pack a cU a a T T Adz
( )−L w L pack cU a T T Adz
Z
Packing
Liquid
Film
( )L L zm h&
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Theoretical Model-Transient
( ) ( ) ( )Fg L L w L pack w L aL L
L L L L L L L L L L L
G h h U a T T U a T TdT dTL d
d t dz dz C p C p C p
ω
ρ α ρ α ρ α ρ α
− − −= − − −
Evaporator
( ( ) ( )) ( )( )
(1 ) (1 )
fg L v aa a G w
pack a
h T h T GdT dT U a aG dT T
dt dz Cp dz Cp
ω
ρ α ρ α ω ρ α ω
− −−= − + −
+ +
( )1
( ) ( )( )pack
L w L pack G w pack a
pack pack pack
dTU a T T U a a T T
dt Cpρ α= − − − −
( )(1 ) (1 )
( ) .(1 )
pack a
a a a a mix a a mix
w
L a
a a mix
T Tdt dz Cp dz Cp
UaT T
Cp
ρ α ρ α ω ρ α ω
ρ α ω
= − + −+ +
+ −+
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)622.0
)((
ai
isatvwG
T
P
T
TP
R
M
G
ak
dz
d
ω
ωω
+−=
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Theoretical Model-Transient
( ) ( )( )Fg L L w pack Lw a LL L
L L L L L L L L L L L
G h h U a T TUa T TdT dTL d
dt dz dz Cp Cp Cp
ω
ρ α ρ α ρ α ρ α
− −−= − + +
Condenser
( ( ) ( )) ( )( )
(1 ) (1 )
fg L v aa a G w
a pack
h T h T GdT dT U a aG dT T
d t d z C p d z C p
ω
ρ α ρ α ω ρ α ω
− −−= − − −
+ +
( )1
( )( ) ( )pack
G w a pack L w pack L
pack pack pack
dTU a a T T U a T T
dt Cpρ α= − − − −
)32()(
2
aam
asat
a dTcTbTPP
P
dz
dT
dz
d+−
−= ω
ω
( )(1 ) (1 )
( )(1 )
a pa ck
a a a a G a a G
w
a L
a a G
T Td t d z C p d z C p
U aT T
C p
ρ α ρ α ω ρ α ω
ρ α ω
+ +
− −+
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Numerical Solution-Evaporator
Water Temperature Air Temperature
L=1.0 kg/mL=1.0 kg/m22--sec, G=0.5 kg/msec, G=0.5 kg/m22--secsec
Time step=0.002 sec, grid size= 0.01 mTime step=0.002 sec, grid size= 0.01 m 15
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Packed bed Temperature
Numerical Solution-Evaporator
L=1.0 kg/mL=1.0 kg/m22--sec, G=0.5 kg/msec, G=0.5 kg/m22--secsec
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Evaporator- Num. vs. Exp.
Water Flux: L=1.0, and 2.15 kg/m2-sec
60
80
100
Evporator Temperature ( oC)
Tw,in
Tw, out, pred
Tw, out, exp
L=1.0 kg/m2-s, G=0.88 kg/m2-s
Ta,in
Ta, out, pred
Ta, out, exp
0.24
0.32
0.4
Humidity Ratio (kgv/kga)
ωωωωin
ωωωωout, pred
ωωωωout, exp
60
70
80
90
Evporator Temperature ( oC)
Tw,in
Tw, out, pred
Tw, out, exp
L=2.15 kg/m2-s, G=0.88 kg/m2-s
Ta,in
Ta, out, pred
Ta, out, exp 0.24
0.32
Humidity Ratio (kgv/kga)
ωωωωin
ωωωωout, pred
ωωωωout, exp
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0 50 100 1500
20
40
60
Time (min)
Evporator Temperature (
0 50 100 150
0
0.08
0.16
Humidity Ratio (kg
0 50 100 150
10
20
30
40
50
Time (min)
Evporator Temperature (
0 50 100 150
0
0.08
0.16
Humidity Ratio (kg
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Condenser- Num. vs. Exp.
Gas Flux: G=0.5, and 1.02 kg/m2-sec
50
60
70
Condenser Temperature ( oC)
Tw,in
Tw, out, pred
Tw, out, exp
L=2.05 kg/m2-s, G=1.02 kg/m2-s
Ta,in
Ta, out, pred
Ta, out, exp
0.32
0.4
0.48
0.56
Humidity Ratio (kgv/kga)
ωωωωin
ωωωωout, pred
ωωωωout, exp
50
60
70
80
Condenser Temperature ( oC)
Tw,in
Tw, out, pred
Tw, out, exp
L=2.0 kg/m2-s, G=0.5 kg/m2-s
Ta,in
Ta, out, pred
Ta, out, exp
0.32
0.4
0.48
0.56
Humidity Ratio (kgv/kga)
ωωωωin
ωωωωout, pred
ωωωωout, exp
18
0 50 100 1500
10
20
30
40
Time (min)
Condenser Temperature (
0 50 100 150
0
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
Humidity Ratio (kg
0 50 100 1500
10
20
30
40
50
Time (min)
Condenser Temperature (
0 50 100 150
0
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.32
Humidity Ratio (kg
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Water ProductionL=1.5 kg/mL=1.5 kg/m22--sec, G=1.5 kg/msec, G=1.5 kg/m22--sec, sec,
AAsolar,colsolar,col=10 m=10 m22,V,Vtanktank=100 L=100 L
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Water Production
L=1.5 kg/mL=1.5 kg/m22--sec, G=1.5 kg/msec, G=1.5 kg/m22--sec, sec,
AAsolar,colsolar,col=10 m=10 m22,V,Vtanktank=100 L=100 L
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Water Production
2.5
3
3.5
Efficiency (%)
L=1.5 kg/mL=1.5 kg/m22--sec, G=1.5 kg/msec, G=1.5 kg/m22--sec, sec,
AAsolarsolar=10 m=10 m22,V,Vtanktank=100 L=100 L
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25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 650
0.5
1
1.5
2
Evaporator Inlet Water Temperature (oC)
Efficiency (%)
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Energy consumption
Low specific energy consumption
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Low specific energy consumption
1.9 kWh/m3
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Water Cost for Small Scale Unit
1.9 kWh/m3
$5.7/m3
PV-ROSolar DDD>10 kWh/m3
$8-29 /m3
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No chemicals are requiredNo membrane replacementNo battery is requiredLow energy consumptionBetter water quality
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Conclusion
• Theoretical model is developed for the evaporator and condenser
• Numerical solution is obtained for the models
• Evaporator and condenser models • Evaporator and condenser models are validated by experimental data
• Energy consumption of the distillation unit is 1.9 kWh/m3
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Thanks for your attention
Questions?
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