Low consumption building, spain denmark (english)

LOW CONSUMPTION BUILDING

SØREN ALRØ SKOVBO

CAMPOS PEREZ, CAROLINA 204218

ELEMENTAL CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC IN SPAIN

Low Consumption Building Conservatory in Spain

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INDEX OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 9

2. CONCEPT OF LOW CONSUMPTION BUILDING ................................................................. 9

2.1 DEFINITION ................................................................................................................. 9

2.2 STRUCTURAL FEATURES .......................................................................................... 10

■ Solar design and glazing .................................................................................. 11

■ Insulation, thermal bridges, and air-tightness ................................................ 13

■ Mechanical heat recovery ventilation system ................................................. 14

3. CURRENT SITUATION OF THE BUILDING ....................................................................... 15

3.1 FOUNDATIONS .......................................................................................................... 16

3.2 STRUCTURE .............................................................................................................. 16

3.3 FACADE ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.4 COVER ....................................................................................................................... 19

3.5 INTERIOR WALLS OR PARTITIONS ........................................................................... 21

3.6 COATINGS ................................................................................................................. 21

3.6.1 HORIZONTAL COATINGS ............................................................................... 21

3.6.2 VERTICAL COATINGS .................................................................................... 25

3.7 CARPENTRY .............................................................................................................. 28

3.8 INSTALLATION ........................................................................................................... 30

4. OUR BUILDING TRACKING THROUGH BE10 PROGRAM ............................................... 30

4.1 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................ 30

4.2 BUILDING ENVELOPE ............................................................................................... 32

■ External walls, Roofs and Floors ...................................................................... 32

■ Foundations ....................................................................................................... 34

■ Windows and outer doors ................................................................................. 35

■ Unheated rooms................................................................................................ 40

4.3 VENTILATION ............................................................................................................. 40

4.4 INTERNAL HEAT SUPPLY .......................................................................................... 42

4.5 LIGHTING ................................................................................................................... 43

4.6 OTHER EL.CONSUMPTION: ...................................................................................... 46

4.7 MECHANICAL COOLING ............................................................................................ 46

4.8 HEAT DISTRIBUTION PLANT ..................................................................................... 46

4.9 DOMESTIC HOT WATER ............................................................................................ 46

4.10 SUPPLY ...................................................................................................................... 46

5. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS ...................................................................................... 47


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6. SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................... 48

7. CHECKING THE IMPROVEMENT PROVIDED BY BE10 PROGRAM ................................ 50

7.1 EXTERNAL WALL, ROOFS AND FLOORS .................................................................. 50

7.2 FOUNDATION ............................................................................................................ 55

7.3 WINDOWS AND OUTER DOORS ............................................................................... 56

7.4 VENTILATION ............................................................................................................. 61

7.5 INTERNAL HEAT SUPPLY .......................................................................................... 61

7.6 LIGHTING ................................................................................................................... 61

7.7 MECHANICAL COOLING ............................................................................................ 63

7.8 HEAT DISTRIBUTION PLANT, DOMESTIC HOT WATER AND SUPPLY ..................... 63

8. INTERPRETATION OF NEW RESULTS ............................................................................. 70

9. ECONOMIC ASPECT ......................................................................................................... 71

10. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 84

11. PURPOSE AND GROUP WORK EXPERIENCE ................................................................. 86

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBSITES CONSULTED ............................................................... 87


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INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 1 : Percentage of window area should be on each façade

11

Table 2 : Some values for windows of low-energy building

12

Table 3 : Minimum thermal insulation according to BR10

12

Table 4 : The building’s heat capacity

31

Table 5 : External wall´s layers

33

Table 6 : Slab´s layers

33

Table 7 : External wall, roofs and floor

34

Table 8 : Linear loss

34


34


35

Table 11 : Foundation

35

Table 12 : Solar transmittance

36

Table 13 : Windows and outer doors

37

Table 14 : Shading

39

Table 15 : Ventilation

42

Table 16 : Internal heat supply

42

Table 17 : Zones of Lighting

43

Table 18 : Daylight factor

44

Table 19 : Lighting

45

Table 20 : Hot water

46

Table 21 : New external wall´s layers

50

Table 22 : New external wall, roofs and floor (1)

50

Table 23 : New roof´s layers

51


51

Table 25 : New floor´s layers

52


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Table 26 : U-value in bathrooms

53


53

Table 28 : New slab´s layers

54


54


55

Table 31 : New linear loss foundations

55

Table 32 : New foundation

56

Table 33 : Properties of the new window 57

Table 34 : New Solar transmittance 58

Table 35 : New Windows and outer doors 59

Table 36 : New lighting 62

Table 37 : Zones of lighting 63

Table 38 : Heat distribution plant 64

Table 39 : Pump 64

Table 40 : New hot water 65

Table 41 : PumpCirc 65

Table 42 : Heat pump 66

Table 43 : Technical data heat pump 66

Table 44 : Results of PVGIS program 68

Table 45 : Work plaster face indoors.

72

Table 46 : Chopped render plaster indoors

73

Table 47 : Insulation inside of the double-skin facade of facing brick

73

Table 48 : System "KNAUF" of Direct plasterboard, of gypsum boards, in inte-rior partitions

74

Table 49 : Thermal and acoustic mortar for interior coating.

74

Table 50 : Plastic paint over exterior walls.

74

Table 51 : Table 51: Plastic paint on interior walls of gypsum board or pro-jected plaster

75


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Table 52 : budget of external walls

75

Table 53 : Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates

76

Table 54 : False ceiling plate rockwool.

76

Table 55 : Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene.

76

Table 56 : Thin layer of self-leveling cement mortar (CT), (2-10 mm)

76

Table 57 : Flexible textile flooring

77

Table 58 : budget of floor

77

Table 59 : Demolition of continuous false ceiling of plates.

78

Table 60 : False ceiling of plate rockwool.

78

Table 61 : Insulation of floating floors with expanded polystyrene

78

Table 62 : budget of roof

78

Table 63 : Demolition of pavement cement / terrazzo

79

Table 64 : Sheet for waterproofing and uncoupling under ceramic or natural stone floor

80

Table 65 : Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene.

80

Table 66 : Thin layer (2-10 mm) self-leveling cement mortar (CT).

80

Table 67 : Multi-layer parquet

80

Table 68 : Budget of floor

81

Table 69 : Budget of windows

82

Table 70 : Removing installation of air conditioning.

82

Table 71 : Budget of lighting

83


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FIGURES Figure 1 : Schema of the input sequence for the design of a low energy

non-residential building

10

Figure 2

: Application of overhangs in summer and winter 11

Figure 3

: Cross section through a triple glazed insulated window and frame 11

Figure 4

: Thermal envelope details of Best Practice example in Denmark 13

Figure 5

: A blower door test 13

Figure 6

:Ventilation system and components 14

Figure 7

: Wall of bricks façade with detached coating 16

Figure 8

: Wall of bricks façade with detached coating 16

Figure 9

: Plateau that connects the two separate areas of ground floor 17

Figure 10

: Flight of stairs 17

Figure 11

: Ground floor staircase

17

Figure 12

: Terrazzo staircase section 17

Figure 13

: Flight of stairs with hydraulic tile ground floor to plateau 17

Figure 14

: Main façade, entrance area 18

Figure 15

: Main facade 18

Figure 16

: Southeast facade, second building entrance 19

Figure 17

: Northeast façade, backside of building 19

Figure 18

: Northeast façade, ramp disabled people access area

19

Figure 19

: Northwest facade 19

Figure 20

: Interior of the roof trusses 20

Figure 21

: Head constituent beam trusses to strengthen

20

Figure 22

:Skirts cover old tile and eaves 21

Figure 23 : False ceiling of the students bathrooms

22

Figure 24 : Coated plaster ceiling, ground floor classroom

22

Figure 25

: Coated plaster ceiling, ground floor cracks 22

Figure 26 : Plasterboard demountable false ceiling, first floor 23


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Figure 27

: Plasterboard demountable false ceiling, first floor

23

Figure 28

: Bathroom flooring, ground and first floor 23

Figure 29

: Bathroom flooring, ground and first floor 23

Figure 30

: Ground floor flooring

24

Figure 31

: Ground floor flooring :

24

Figure 32

: Tile placed in first floor stairs 24

Figure 33

: Ground floor stairs, terrazo 24

Figure 34

: Coating staircase, wide stairs 24

Figure 35

: Section of first floor flooring without uncoated 25

Figure 36

: First floor classroom flooring 25

Figure 37

: First floor common area flooring 25

Figure 38

: Classroom coating 26

Figure 39

: Classroom inner wall uncoated only with mortar, first floor 26

Figure 40

: Outer wall, second entrance 26

Figure 41

: Landslides in facade 26

Figure 42

: Flaws in facade 27

Figure 43

: Students (boys) bathroom 27

Figure 44

: Students (girls) bathroom 27

Figure 45 : Teachers and disabled people bathroom

28

Figure 46

: Interior doors, two sheets

28

Figure 47

: Interior doors for bathrooms 28

Figure 48

: Exterior carpentry 29

Figure 49

: Main entrance door, like side entrance door 29

Figure 50

: Main entrance door, like side entrance door 29

Figure 51

: Spain map 30

Figure 52

: Map of Madrid 30

Figure 53 : Building´s plan 30


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Figure 54 : Floor´s layers

32

Figure 55 : Roof´s layers

32

Figure 56 : Zone types according to losses

35

Figure 57 : New orientation

36

Figure 58 : Determining of horizon angle

39

Figure 59 : Determining the angle for eave

39

Figure 60 : Determining of angle to the right or left 39

Figure 61 : Heating demand calculation results distributed for each month

48

Figure 62

: Detail of new external wall 50

Figure 63

: Detail of new roof 51

Figure 64

: Detail of new floor

52

Figure 65

: Detail of new slab 54

Figure 66 : New window

57

Figure 67 : Examples of electronic ballasts system.

61

Figure 68 : Examples of electronic ballasts system

61

Figure 69 : PGVIS sun irradiation tool provided by the EU

67

Figure 70 : Area to system photovoltaic panels

69

Figure 71 : PV panel

70

Figure 72 : Slope of panels

70

Figure 73 : New heating demand calculation results distributed for each month

71

Figure 74 : First results of key numbers

84

Figure 75 : Final results of key numbers

85


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1. INTRODUCTION

Energy efficiency is a much discussed issue nowadays. People know that usual energy sources are becoming more expensive, they are depleting, and many countries depend on those who have the reserves of fossil fuels. Besides, ecological situation becomes worse because of burning of fossil fuels. These two problems have become very serious and have a global scale. That’s why many countries have included energy efficiency in their energy policy.

There are a lot of technologies which are developing in correspondence with energy saving ideas. One of these is the development of low consumption building. Low consumption building is a way of construction, where the building consumes minimum of energy by means of its constructive and engineering features and doesn’t need a heating system at all. The main principle of designing of this house is using all methods of heat storage. And it is necessary in such kind of buildings to provide all the energy by means of alternative energy sources.

The idea of this work is that the low consumption building is situated in Madrid (Spain), for this reason will apply Spanish regulations in all aspects of construction. Besides this, we also use the Danish legislation whenever necessary because the simulation is carried out with the Danish BE10 program which is defined with these rules. The main objective of this work is the study of old buildings that has not ener-getic consideration and propose different improvements that can be implanted in it to adapt to a low-energy building.

In this work, there will be different kinds of alternatives, such as change of ma-terials with low thermal resistance, contribution of renewable energy (solar panels ...)... The first part of this study describes the basics of the low consumption con-struction. In the next part we make a presentation of the current situation of our building, building characteristics, energy …

After that proceed to entering data in the BE10 program for later analyze the energy balance of the building. Once the current building goes making various im-provements in aspects that we have named above simulated. After analyzing all possible alternatives, we will model building, which meet the more energy-efficient solutions.

2. CONCEPT OF LOW CONSUMPTION BUILDING

This chapter will cover the development of low-consumption buildings in Denmark, and the theory behind their construction.

2.1 DEFINITION

In Denmark low-energy houses are defined in the national building regulation

BR10 in chapter 7.2.4 Low-energy (Regulation BR10). In this point, it is divided into two classes; low-energy buildings class 1 and class 2 (Danish Enterprise and Con-struction Authority). The classification system and requirements on low-energy build-


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ings were introduced in 2006 and are based on the EU-directive on EPBD (2002/91/EC) (Svendsen/Tommerup, 2006). The original definition is: “A low-consumption house is a building in which a comfortable interior climate can be maintained without active heating and cooling systems”.

This is similar to the current definition, updated with modern methods and more exact formulations:

“A low-consumption house is a building in which thermal comfort [UNE-EN ISO 7730] can be guaranteed by post-heating or post-cooling the fresh-air mass flow required for a good indoor quality”

The most important factors to consider in a building to achieve low-energy building properties are however almost unchanged, only the methods to accomplish them have changed. The following are common ways of accomplishing it:

● Improve insulation in the building envelope, including windows

● Utilize energy from the sun for heating during the winter

● Shade the sun during summer to avoid over-temperatures

● Increase thermal mass, in order to dampen indoor temperature changes

● Compact building in order to lower building envelope/heated area ratio

● Place appropriate windows in the different directions

● Harness energy from appliances and inhabitants

● Build air-tight building to reduce losses of heated air

● Use mechanical ventilation with a heat exchanger

2.2 STRUCTURAL FEATURES

As a low energy house is a special building with its own standard there are

some construction and engineering features which serve for reaching the above

properties. These features are described in the following chapter.

Figure 1. Schema of the input sequence for the design of a low energy non-residential building


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■ Solar design and glazing

The house should be situated in such site where it can gain maximum of sun rays in winter without any shading from trees and other objects. The next issue which must be taken into account is the amount of glazing and window orientation. In the following table the percentage of window area should be shown on each facade:

FACADE PERCENTAGE OF GLAZING AREA

NORTH 10%

EAST 25%

SOUTH 40%

WEST 25% Table 1. Percentage of window area should be on each facade

It is also necessary to take into account possible summer overheating. So for cold climates overhangs should be designed so that they can fully shade the windows on the southern side during summer and not to shade the sun in winter time.

Figure 2. Application of overhangs in summer and winter

Certainly, passive solar design has to be decided along with other passive house fea-tures, which will be described further. It is also very important to avoid irregular architectural shapes in the house’s design. Dormers, roof-windows, bay windows, long and narrow exten-sions to the main body, split-levels, are all ex-amples of features that cost energy in practice. Besides the orientation and overhangs windows should have triple low-remittance glazing and well insulated frames.

Figure 3. Cross section through a triple glazed insulated window and frame


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Low-energy building Standard gives a very low U-value for windows which can be achieved only by triple glazing, especially in northern countries. Firstly it is made for the comfort of the occupants, because during winter the coldest surface will be the window. And as low-consumption house don’t have heat emitters it is very important that the temperature difference between the coldest surface (window) and the mean surface temperature in the room should not exceed 3 °C. Many windows manufactured in Europe are certified in the Passivhaus Institut, so it is always better to use Passivhausn certified windows to avoid uncertainty with required U-values.

In some cases the so called heat mirror glazing can be used, especially in cold climates. Heat Mirror glazing has only two panes of glass; between the inner and outer panes are one, two, or three plastic films that create separate air spaces.

Nevertheless, in cold climate, passive solar design is not of main impor-tance, because there are very few sun shine periods in winter. So that’s why the main emphasis should be made on the building structure, notably on insu-lation of the building envelope.

Kind of Window Uw U w, inst g-value

3 layer energy glaz-ing

≤0,8 W/m²/K ≤0,85 W/m²/K 50-55%

Table 2. Some values for windows of low-energy bui8ding

The building materials in passive solar design play an important role too. The materials with high thermal mass should be used, such as brick, stone, ceramic tile, concrete. These materials store heat and lose it very slowly. A certain amount of mass is added depending on the amount of glazing.

Table 3. Minimum thermal insulation according to BR10


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■ Insulation, thermal bridges, and air-tightness

Insulation of a passive house plays the most important role in its heat storage. As it was mentioned earlier, the exact U-values for choosing the insu-lation for a passive house are given in Passivhaus Standard.

Figure 4. Thermal envelope details of Best Practice example in Denmark

Thermal bridges

Heat losses through the joints, corners, and edges are usually higher than through the walls, roof, and floor. Besides the insulation the low-energy building shouldn’t have any thermal bridges. Because of thermal bridges there are undesirable heat losses. There are a lot of solutions to minimize these thermal bridges, depending on a certain case.

This requires the building designer to identify and locate all potential thermal bridging in the construction, applying careful specification and de-tailing of those elements providing where possible a continuous layer of insulation, as well as taking care to execute those elements on site as per design details.

Air tightness One of the most im-

portant features of a low energy building without which the house can’t be considered low consump-tion is air-tightness. All the insulation and correct glazing will be ineffective if there are air leakages through the building envelope. An air-tight building can be effective-ly achieved by two differ-ent ways. First way is two skin plaster system. All the openings should be sealed into the plaster. The second alternative is air-tight membrane.

Figure 5. A blower door test


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It can be either stuck into the walls by a special adhesive or by counter battening the walls and sticking membrane into this. The theory behind air-tightness is that you should be able to draw a continuous line around the inside of your house showing the air-tight barrier, returning to your start point without lifting pen from paper.

To achieve air-tightness it’s not only the responsibility of designers but also a qualified workmanship is needed along with building materials of good quality. After the building envelope of the house is finished air-tightness should be verified by a door blower test.

■ Mechanical heat recovery ventilation system

The precondition for a low energy building to meet the Low-consumption Standard is to use heat recovery unit in ventilation system when the system itself is mechanical supply- exhaust ventilation. As there are no air leakages through the building envelope and the building is air-tight, the ne-cessary amount of fresh air should be supplied mechanically as well as the exhaust air should be removed. The occupants can still open the windows but in cold periods of the year there can be caused extra heat losses.

So opening the window is not necessary as the ventilation system brings the fresh filtered air continuously. Air distribution type should be cas-cade-flow ventilation principle. It means that the air is supplied to a room and the pollutions are removed efficiently.

Figure 6. Ventilation system and components


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3. CURRENT SITUATION OF THE BUILDING

The building is for public use, in particular its use prior to closing has been teaching, it is isolated within a large plot with open areas for games and sports. It has a very functional style and with few decorative elements, although the facade is adorned with bows in the windows on the upper floor of the main facade, fascia lines, cornices and eaves grenadine tradition, made with brick.

Currently the building is obsolete because it was public primary school, but it was closed to be moved to another building in another area.

The building consists of two large bodies of building assembled together, the main two-story U-shaped and the second the same number of plants, L-shaped, overlapping one arm to the first body.

The building presents a set of volumes generated by the two bodies, and wherein the eaves form a key role.

The facades are very functional and simple, as they have many holes, which provide great illumination inside enclosures.

As reflected above, the building has two floors above ground, ground and first floor.

GROUND FLOOR:

In the ground floor we have two different entrances, one on the main façade, which is accessed by a staircase of 6 steps or a ramp next to the stairs, consisting of two sections and a small plateau ramp, also accessed by the front southeast, we have access to the other is achieved by a double ramp, which directly accesses the building with fall protection to prevent side height brick factory coated with a particu-lar form, which serves as the railing.

Inasmuch as the building is not at the level of the ground, but that is an upper bound specifically to +0.953 m, height 0.00 m taken as the level of the ground out-side , so it is always accessed ascending , either ramp or staircase .

Once inside the ground floor we have two levels or heights of land, one in which we find the classrooms and other rooms or just a plateau that is accessed by both front doors by two flights of stairs, part from which the staircase rises to the first floor or second floor, this plateau has a height from the ground floor level of 1.53 me-ters, therefore a level of 2,483 m.

Different local we find on the ground floor are four classrooms of the following dimensions, 61.053 , 61,383 , 61,268 and 60,355 square meters, has five wet rooms or toilets with the following uses , students ( with three toilets and three sinks ) , stu-dents ( with two toilets, three urinals and two sinks ) , teachers ( has a sink and a toilet separate from both recite basin toilet is accessed through a gateway ) and a last one for teachers and disabled ( consisting of a toilet and sink both in the same room , counting the toilet suitable for disabled rail ) , on the ground finally have a


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classroom that is inside access to another classroom and its dimensions are respec-tively 43,811 and 35,848 square meters, all precincts have great lighting as all have windows. FIRST FLOOR:

The upper floor is accessed by a staircase that part as I have noted above the plateau described on ground floor, the stairs from the platform to the upper floor also has another plateau, so we have two flights of stairs from the plateau until access to the plant. We found in this plant, the bathrooms with the same distribution, status and composition as described above which are situated on the ground floor, four classrooms we access are also situated from the main dealer as to the bathrooms, dimensions, 61.053, 61,383, 61,268 and 36,117 square meters in the same main dealer found a double door that leads to a distributor or secondary corridor in which we find on the left a classroom 48.056 and bottom of this classroom of 43.418 me-ters squares. We turn to a brief description of the building condition in each of its parts:

3.1 FOUNDATIONS

The foundations were projected factory masonry and cement mortar, so the foundation are made up of masonry footings which hold and support the walls, to transmit to them the building loads, this information is confirmed in the single plane foundation with which account the initial project.

3.2 STRUCTURE

The structure that account the building consists of load-bearing walls, has no pillars in some faces that have some of the lost liner, we can see how the bricks that make up the walls are brick ancient massif and mortar of lime and sand, which are based on the foundations de-scribed masonry, which were implemented and were coated completely.

Figures 7-8.

Wall of bricks façade with detached coating

The floor is formed by unidirectional iron beams, slab and long thin bricks, making a visual inspection to check is apparently in good condition.

Every staircase, show no deterioration affecting structural safety, just what we can observe is that the lining of the tread and the riser has a fairly advanced deteri-oration and wear. The tread is constituted by hydraulic tile having nosing made of wood as skirting boards.


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The railing could find is made with iron or wrought iron and wood railings and main balusters are made of wood, being painted brown with acrylic paint, the railing is iron having a traditional forge, and also painted with black paint, the only problems are dirt, paint wear and chipping.

Figure 9. Plateau that connects the two separate areas of ground floor Figure 10. Flight of stairs

Figure 11. Ground floor staircase Figure 12. Terrazzo staircase section

Figure 13. Flight of stairs with hydraulic tile ground floor to plateau


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3.3 FACADE

We have four walls, inasmuch as the building as you can see is not adjacent with any other building, therefore is isolated.

It has a facade that has access along Cervantes Avenue, which present something more ornament. It has a staircase leading to the entrance consists of six steps, brick and beside her a ramp was performed after the construction of the build-ing, which has a steel handrail to avoid falls at different levels, which allows access to the building through this door of disabled persons.

The front door is of great height and width, which is more or less centered on the facade being solid wood, having the right side of it with a high rise window and three leaves, with its wooden profiles similar to that of the gateway features.

Ground floor windows are rectangular dimension 1.20 x 2.10 meters and ups-tairs are semicircular windows, adorned with round arch, brick, circumscribing the midpoint of the window, all being wood windows. In the central area upstairs we have two French windows opening onto a balcony, which has a wrought iron railing, which has the peeling paint.

Under the eaves of nine lines running brickwork, decorating shaped cornice, some more advanced than others, presenting different depths.

This facade has a series of cracks, which will be shown in one of the planes, based on these. Also in the ornaments formed by exposed brick as you can see there are empty sores.

In the socket surrounding the building, we can see that on the main façade, there are part of the mortar totally detached, leaving bare, stone masonry.

Figure 14. Main façade, entrance area Figure 15. Main facade

The remaining facades have windows of different sizes, but not yet midpoint, which are rectangular, wood and ground floor fully iron bars protected and the second floor are protected with an iron railing one meter high, forging or all of the different constituent iron facades is impaired, but only on the surface, not inside.


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In the walls of the facades, as the main facade we can observe the presence of some cracks.

The lintels or landings are composed of brick, and the sills sloped to drain wa-ter easily, which are coated with lacquer tile brown and termination curve, on the ground floor, and the upper, similar plant without slope are horizontal, found in some of the gaps planters flown as a decoration to the façade anchored by forging.

The corners of the building are protected with a coating of brick width 0.90 meters and height all to the encounter with the ornament shaped cornice beneath the eaves.

Figure 16. Southeast facade, second building entrance Figure 17. Northeast façade, backside of building

Figure 18. Northeast façade, ramp disabled people access area Figure19. Northwest facade

3.4 COVER

The roof is slanted type and consists of wood trusses spaced a meter, which constitute a sturdy frame for the cover as on them, but between these trusses, false canes are one every two feet (the false canes with vertical or front slats are merely decorative), horizontal slats, in turn served as a basis for sustaining the formation of


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slope of the skirts. The state of the tablets, both horizontal and vertical is not good, have great deterioration, in some sections we can see as virtually no areas where lack of tablet, or are rotated, displaced...

However, false canes not impaired, have apparently good condition, so that the possibility of these being repositioned valued.

It may be noted that at the time of construction of the building, the wood was a material or relatively new construction system used itself as a structural roofing sys-tem. Since it was in the transition to the nineteenth century when the search began further structural solutions that collect wood as main material and sought since only they were not mere theoretical information , which were at that time there were but most technical and scientific descriptions are detailed.

The elements found in our cover are typical of a traditional pitched roof , gables which culminate in a horizontal line called eaves, which in our building have a peculiar way as the eaves protrude from the front line and we can see the comple-tion of the trusses or braces on the outside of the building , also having breastplates ending in the eaves of the same form as the gables.

The covering which have allowed us to realize the workability with the timber and which has therefore multiple connections that can be made with the parts of said material.

Termination posing deck is old tile , which gives it a great value, as it presents a large area, and the value of the tile on the market is high relative to other types of tile , is generally in good condition, we can just make out some broken pieces but very few . You may also notice that there is enough vegetation in both tails as in parts of the eaves.

Ventilation ducts located in that cover are in good condition just what is ob-served, exterior deterioration is due to the simple peeling paint coating, providing a faded and grayish appearance. It is also an antenna in one of the gables.

Figure 20. Interior of the roof trusses Figure 21. Head constituent beam trusses

to strengthen


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Figure 22. Skirts cover old tile and eaves

3.5 INTERIOR WALLS OR PARTITIONS

Inside the building, as described above in the section on structures, the build-ing has load-bearing walls, which in many cases play themselves the partition func-tion, but we also have proper partitions or walls, we with different types which can be classified only by their width, since the function of all exactly the same, they will have different local separate uses.

In the classrooms we have separation walls 18 inches thick, although in one of them we have one of 10 centimeters.

Then the separation between the wet rooms and the rest of the walls are 18 cm, and inside toilets for separating the partition is executed 10 centimeters, as the separating between bath-rooms.

3.6 COATINGS

3.6.1 HORIZONTAL COATINGS

As horizontal cladding we can make several classifications, which can be found inside the building. The classification that will group the horizontal cladding is:

Horizontal roof coatings

With respect to the roof, we have different situations to deal, since they are in different states of conservation.

In the bathrooms, there is placed a ceiling plasterboard, which are in poor condition, are leaking from the corners and very dirty.


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Figure 23. False ceiling of the students bathrooms

Throughout the ground floor, we have a ceiling plaster coating, which in most cases is missing or cracked, or just removed from the ceiling. Even in public areas or lobby floor, there placed a kind of canvas or awning preventing from the ceiling might fall part of the loose tiles, as that area is frequently used even though the building is closed for placement urns in elections.

Figure 24. Coated plaster ceiling, ground floor classroom Figure 25. Coated plaster ceiling, ground

floor cracks

On the first floor plant or find as it has been all covered ceiling of the same features that we have in the bathrooms, ceiling presents disrepair, being dismantled by sector, through which we can see the cover in inside, lack many of plasterboard, but have no classrooms if almost all of them.


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Figure 26. -27: Plasterboard demountable false ceiling, first floor

Horizontal floor coverings

In horizontal cladding we have variety of types;

First floor and ground floor toilets, we can find as paving or horizontal siding is in perfect condition, the floor is covered with tiles of stoneware, the main characteristics for this use are its hardness and impermeability, therefore very suitable employment as it is placed in damp rooms where can fall things and receiving strong flooring impacts or situations where small floods are caused by the overflow of sanitary equipment, so it can drive the sink water appropriate.

Both the input and the main access ramp are coated with ceramic tiles.

Figure 28 -29: Bathroom flooring, ground and first floor

Into the ground floor, we have a very old horizontal covering, the initial-

ly placed constituted by hydraulic tile 15x15 cm, greenish in color and de-corated with other beige, placed on a layer of concrete crushed and ce-ment mortar stone to avoid possible moisture, are greatly affected by the passage of time, have pickets, embedded dirt, paint stains, what is certain is that the moisture protection was successful and which have not been affected by it.


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Figure 30-31: Ground floor flooring

Every staircase are coated with the same tile, but only with the beige, performing with them as much the riser as the footprint, culminating with the tread nosing wood, like skirting boards.

Each of the sides of one of the first flights of stairs, we find some stairs as ornaments, which are lined with terrazzo tiles, like the flight of stairs which are located in both staircases.

Figure 32: Tile placed in first floor stairs Figure 33: Ground floor stairs, terrazo

Figure 34: Coating staircase, wide stairs


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On the first floor, on landing the staircase we find a part of the raised flooring, approximately 1.40 m², the rest of the flooring that we find in the common area are hydraulic tiles, with the same size as the ground floor 15 x 15 cm, two colors, maroon or burgundy and beige, placed alternately as a chessboard, a pavement is the only stretch of common area as pre-viously noted, apparently in the previous reform in 2007, only the flooring of this part was made leaving other areas without paving.

Thus we find classrooms without horizontal siding in which you can see the rough mortar.

Figure 35: Section of first floor flooring without uncoated Figure 36:First floor classroom flooring

Figure 37: First floor common area flooring

3.6.2 VERTICAL COATINGS

We find in the building different vertical coatings elements, which can be classified in the following way; continuous coatings and discontinuous coat-ings.


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Continuous coating

Usually as in most of the buildings, coatings that we find on the walls are continuous and uninterrupted layer protecting the facing either exterior or interior and also perform another function, it is the decorating.

Inside, you can see how the walls are lined with gypsum which is cov-ered by layers of white paint inside, and there are areas where it looks like the paint causes bulges and landslides, and you can see the plaster on this, if it is true that there are a series of walls that are covered with mortar or "mixture", uncoated, with no other coating.

Also found as vertical siding, baseboards, which in most cases are made of wood, which are in poor condition. In the area of burgundy and beige tile, yes we found a baseboard, beige and stone material in perfect condition.

The external face of the building is covered with mortar , on which are many layers of paint that have been applied over the years, the paint is found in poor condition with landslides and bulges , showing plenty of chipping .

Figure 38: Classroom coating Figure 39: Classroom inner wall uncoated only with mortar, first floor

Figure 40: outer wall, second entrance Figure 41: Landslides in facade


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Figure 42: Flaws in facade

Discontinuous coatings This type of coating is found in the walls of the bathrooms or toilets

which consist of tiles, with the tiles of a yellow and white bathroom and other blue and white, placed at a certain height alternatively, as a board chess and down from this height are white until reaching the last row of tiles that are all either blue or yellow

Figure 43: Students (boys) bathroom Figure 44: Students (girls) bathroom


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Figure 45: Teachers and disabled people bathroom

3.7 CARPENTRY

In interior corridors, new carpentry has both the frames and doors in im-provements made in 2007, the old woodwork was replaced by which there have been currently placed. They are formed of sheets of melamine board and edged Pine Flanders, with their hanging fittings and security. We have a number of internal openings in which no carpentry placed only found the wooden pre-frame, being open and connected enclosures with public areas.

Figure 46: Interior doors, two sheets Figure 47: Interior doors for bathrooms


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The carpenters standing inside the wet rooms or toilets are the same charac-teristics of the other, with respect to the material color ... but these are not at ground level, they are separate from this 18 cm, but like the rest have been placed in the last new intervention.

In the previous intervention, external joinery, such as windows and balconies, were removed and repaired, because of its historical value and they were not in poor condition. We wanted to keep, so they sanded cleaned, changed knobs, hinges ... The handles and hinges are gold color, giving the feeling of antiquity to simulate windows still retain the previous and initial state, all with completely new windows.

Figure 48: Exterior carpentry

The two front doors are the same size, solid wood, can be seen as the last work

were repaired and restored. We know this because the inside of the building still is pend-

ing take the mortar with which they were placed. Furthermore are sanded and treated. It

is observed on the outside of the doors at the bottom has taken dark color due to mois-

ture, it also looks like they have put new latches, hinges, locksmith ... These elements

are iron, as due to the weight the large doors to the building must ensure the stability

thereof.

Figure 49-50: Main entrance door, like side entrance door


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3.8 INSTALLATION

Sanitary (sewer) system and water supply is in perfect condition, inasmuch as there was a reform in 2007 in which new bathroom were implemented since formerly there were no toilets in the building, which were placed on the outside and practically not been used since then. The building has domestic hot water (DHW) and cold water in all bathrooms. You can check the sewer system hung network upstairs on the ground floor roof.

About electrical installation, the power grid with that account was modificated in 2007 too according to the REBT 2002 regulations.

The air conditioning installation introducing in 2007 is a multisplit system, taking advantage of the ceiling for the correct positioning of the cassettes and pipes, being a hidden system.

We have a small elevator without machine room, to save space.

4. OUR BUILDING TRACKING THROUGH BE10 PROGRAM

4.1 DESCRIPTION

The building is a music conservatory; it is an establishment where art-classes are given.

In our case the building focuses on music, it is endowed with classrooms equipped for it.

It is situated in Madrid, Spain.

Figure 53: Building´s plan

Figure 52: Map of Madrid

Figure 51: Spain map


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This is a non-residential building so we will consider in the group "others" to carry out the appropriate analysis. Regarding the orientation of our building it has a 225 degree rotation. Heated floor area

To calculate the heated floor area we will take into account all walls and the deck, which has a free space with 1,5 m of height. Calculation: 577 m (each floor) x 2 (num floor) + 139,82 (roof)= 1293,82 m² Heat capacity

Table 4: The building’s heat capacity

Pursuant to SBI-direction 213, 2nd edition (table 8 “The building´s heat capac-ity”) it will be 120 Wh/K m².

Normal usage time

Each work day the opening hours of the conservatory is since 13:00 P.M until 20:00 P.M but it is necessary a margin to cleaning, maintenance and others. Calculation: [7h (opening hours)+ 2h/day (margin)] x 5 days/ week = 45 hours/week So the conservatory starts at 12:00 P.M and end at 21:00 P.M Calculation rules We have used actual conditions (BR) Climate: Spain, Madrid Our building hasn´t a supplement to energy frame for special conditions Heat supply

Is a rather old building, was built in 1928 and although it has had quite reforms are insufficient because they still haven't adapted to current demands for low con-sumption.

It only uses with electricity for heat supply, It hasn´t other contribution form. The heat distribution system will be ignored because there is nothing ticked off in connection with electricity heat (page 34 SBI)


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Mechanical cooling The actual air conditioning system is made with multi-split system (MITSUBI-

SHI ELECTRIC) Cassettes 600 x 600 mm

There are air conditioning system in all of the rooms except toilets and corri-dors. The percentage is 75%

Total area: 1293,82 m² (100%)

Total area without mechanical cooling (corridor and toilets):

161,73 x 2 floors =323,45 m²

1293,82-323,45= 970,37 m² (970,37 x 100)/1293,82= 75

4.2 BUILDING ENVELOPE

■ External walls, Roofs and Floors

The external walls are formed by brick and plasterboard, It has a thick-

ness of 64 cm and 26 cm of insulation.

The area is defined by the outer surface of the outer walls

Roof with wooden trusses hardboard, wooden battens and tiles

On the Floor we have iron beams, slabs and panels

The U-Values are calculated by the Design Builder program and the

following equation:

Floor Number of layer. 3 Layer 1: Mortar, thickness 0,03 m Layer 2: Hardboard standard, thickness 0,05 m Layer 3: Concrete, thickness 0,250 m There is thermal bridge 70% U-Value: 1,489 W/m²K

Figure 54: Floor´s layers Roof Number of layer 47 Layer 1: Clay roof tile , thickness 0,035 m Layer 2: Mortar, thickness 0,05 m Layer 3: Hardboard standard, thickness 0,05 m Layer 4: Plywood, thickness 0,35m U-Value: 0,297 W/m²Km

Figure 55: Roof´s layers


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External wall Number of layer. 4 Layer 1: Rsi 0,13 m Layer 2: plasteboard , thickness 0,026 m Layer 3: Bricks , thickness 0,64 m Layer 4: Bricks , thickness 0,64 m U-Value: 0,895 W/m²K

Table 5: External wall´s layers Slab Number of layer. 4 Layer 1: Rsi 0,17 m Layer 2: concrete , thickness 0,35 m Layer 3: Cement mortar (protection) , thickness 0,02 m Layer 4: Gres, thickness 0,025 m Layer 5: Rse 0,04 m U-Value: 2,359 W/m²K

Table 6: External wall´s layers

The soil temperature under heated buildings and is set to 10ºC. The temperature factor is always 1, 00 except on the slab

Finally we have a total loss of 36.856,3 W


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External walls, roofs and floors

Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 2595,91 66161,3

External wall, Brick and plasterboard 640/26 mm. isol

893,1 0,895 1,00 799,325 25578,4

Roof, wooden trusses hardboard, wooden bat-tens and tiles

642,9 0,297 1,00 190,941 6110,12

Floor, iron beams and panels

437,32 1,489 1,00 651,169 20837,4

Slab 577,77 2,36 0,70 954,476 10 13635,4 Table 7: External wall, roofs and floor

■ Foundations

To describe the foundations we followed the 6.13.1 table of DS418 and

look the loss to outer wall foundations. There aren't insulation above con-

crete plate and we considered a U-Value for a terrain deck of 0, 20. Our

foundation hasn't any insulation so we have a loss of 0,70

Table 8: Linear loss

● The connections on the side of door and windows have been chosen sa-tisfying the 6.12.1a table of DS418 where we have like inner leaf brick and there isn’t any cold bridge interruption.



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● Finally, the linear loss has been calculated according to the 6.14.4a of

DS418, we chose concrete like rear wall, none insulation above concrete

plate and the most restrictive U-value: 0,30


Foundations and joints at windows

l(m) loss (W/mK)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)

790,35 170,058 5441,85

Connection on the side of doors

66,86 0,11 1,00 7,3546 235,347

Connection on the side of windows

543,83 0,11 1,00 59,821 1914,28

Outer wall foundations 122,46 0,70 1,00 85,722 2743,1

Inner wall foundation 57,20 0,30 1,00 17,16 549,12 Table 11: Foundation

In this table the temperature factor is always 1,00. Total loss: 5.441,85 W

Figure 56: Zone types according to losses

■ Windows and outer doors


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Orientation: To carry out this table we made a new reference system

placing the coordinate axes parallel to the edges of our house where north

is 0°, east is 90°, south is 180° and west is 270°.We have the following

scheme now.

Inclination: All of our windows are vertical.

A vertical window has the slope 90°

Number of Windows:

- North: 22

- South: 18

- East: 14

- West: 9

Figure 57: new orientation

● U (W/m2K): the windows has an U-Value of 2,2 W/m2K and the wood

doors 0,64 W/m2K

● The temperature factor is always 1,00

● Ff: For windows the glazing part typically is 0,5-0,8. We have chosen

0,85 because our glasses aren't good for a low consumption

● g: According to pane type, our solar transmittance have to be 0,85.

Table 12: Solar transmittance

Total loss: 17.383W


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Windows and outer doors

Num-ber

Orien-tation

Inclina-tion

Area (m2)

U (W/m2K)

b Ht (W/K)

Ff (-) g (-) Shand-ing

Fc (-)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)

63 255,71 543,22 17383

West Groundfloor A

4 W 90 4,51 2,2 1,00 39,688 0,85 0,85 West Groundfloor A

0,95 1270,02

West Firstfloor A

1 W 90 3,65 2,2 1,00 8,03 0,85 0,85 West Firstfloor A

0,95 265,96

West Firstfloor B

3 W 90 5,28 2,2 1,00 34,848 0,85 0,85 West Firstfloor B

0,95 1115,14

West Groundfloor B

1 W 90 6,2 0,64 1,00 3,968 0 0,85 West Groundfloor B

0,95 126,976

East Groundfloor A

2 E 90 4,61 2,2 1,00 20,284 0,85 0,85 East Groundfloor A

0,95 649,088

East Firstfloor A

2 E 90 2,92 2,2 1,00 12,848 0,85 0,85 East Firstfloor A

0,95 411,136

East Groundfloor B

4 E 90 4,61 2,2 1,00 40,568 0,85 0,85 East Groundfloor B

0,95 1298,18

East Groundfloor C

1 E 90 4,61 2,2 1,00 10,142 0,85 0,85 East Groundfloor C

0,95 324,544

East Firstfloor B

4 E 90 4,73 2,2 1,00 41,624 0,85 0,85 East Firstfloor B

0,95 1331,97


Number

Orientation

Inclination

Area (m2)

U (W/m2K)

b Ht (W/K)

Ff (-) g (-) Shanding

Fc (-)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)


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East Firstfloor C

1 E 90 4,73 2,2 1,00 10,406 0,85 0,85 East Firstfloor C

0,95 332,992

North Groundfloor A

1 N 90 6,2 0,64 1,00 3,968 0 0,85 North Groundfloor A

0,95 126,976

North Groundfloor B

1 N 90 4,5 2,2 1,00 9,9 0,85 0,85 North Groundfloor B

0,95 316,8

North Firstfloor A

1 N 90 4,69 2,2 1,00 10,318 0,85 0,85 North Firstfloor A

1 330,176

North Firstfloor B

1 N 90 4,69 2,2 1,00 10,318 0,85 0,85 North Firstfloor B

1 330,176

North Groundfloor C

9 N 90 2,5 2,2 1,00 49,5 0,85 0,85 North Groundfloor C

0,95 1584

North Firstfloor C

9 N 90 1,37 2,2 1,00 27,126 0,85 0,85 North Firstfloor C

1 868,032

South Groundfloor A

9 S 90 5,27 2,2 1,00 104,346

0,85 0,85 South Groundfloor A

0,95 3339,07

South Firstfloor

9 S 90 5,32 2,2 1,00 105,336

0,85 0,85 South Firstfloor

0,95 3370,75

Table 13: Windows and outer doors


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● Shading

Proceeding SBI direction 213 we have these dates of angles:

Figure 58: Determining of horizon angle Figure 59: Determining the Figure 60: Determining

: angle for eave of angle to the right

or left

SHADING HORIZON (º) EAVES (º) LEFT (º) RIGHT (º) WINDOW OPENING (%)

W. Groundfloor A 52,78 21,22 0 0 16,95

W. Groundfloor B 54,22 21,22 0 0 16,85

W. Firstfloor A 41,18 75,62 0 0 16,95

W. Firstfloor B 38,15 75,62 0 0 17,05

E. Groundfloor A 44,68 21,22 0 0 17,05

E. Groundfloor B 0 21,22 0 0 10

E. Groundfloor C 46,44 21,22 0 0 16,85

E. Firstfloor A 27,27 75,62 0 0 17,05

E. Firstfloor B 0 75,62 0 0 10

E. Firstfloor C 32 75,62 0 0 16,85

N. Groundfloor A 15 21,22 70,20 65 17,05

N. Groundfloor B 15 21,22 81,38 42,10 17,05

N. Groundfloor C 0 21,22 0 0 10

N. Firstfloor A 15 75,62 70,20 65 17,05

N. Firstfloor B 15 75,62 81,38 42,10 17,05

N. Firstfloor C 0 75,62 0 0 10

S. Groundfloor 0 21,22 0 0 10

S. Firstfloor 0 75,62 0 0 10

Table 14: Shading

*You can see in annexes drawings with indications of groups of windows that receive shade “Plane of Windows and Shadings”


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■ Unheated rooms

We don´t have it

4.3 VENTILATION

Natural ventilation.

■ Area: SBI direction 213: The zone’s areas are in the same way regarded as the

building's heated floorage. The amount of the gross-areas in the table is to cor-

respond to the building's overall heated floorage. 1294m2

■ Working time (Fo,-): the ventilation system's working time is the same that the

building's occupied time,because there will be people traffic all times. So, the

working time is 1,00

■ qm (l/sm2): this is only for mechanical ventilation

■ n vgv (-): 0 because it doesn´t use the heat recovering

■ ti (°C): the system is without heating battery and unregulated heat exchanger,

so the air inlet temperature is pointed out to 0 °C.

■ El-HC: there isn´t an electrical heating battery in the ventilation system. The

value is stated as "0".

■ qn (l/sm2): In naturally ventilated dwellings, which fulfill the tightness demand for

the building envelope, the value 0,3 l/s m2 is used.

Due to we do not have a residential building but rather a conservato-

ry .Natural ventilation in the occupied time busy time will be greater than 0,3 be-

cause the rooms will be occupied for a lot of people during the busy

time.Therefore we estimate an amount of 0,5

■ qi,n (l/sm2): 0 because it is natural ventilation

■ SEL (KJ/m3): for natural ventilation there isn´t specific electricity consumption

■ qm,s (l/sm2): this is only for mechanical ventilation

■ qn,s (l/sm2): The value for the summer should normally be at least as in the win-

ter but in average can be gained at hot summer days so we have supposed

0,6 l/sm2


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■ qm,n (l/sm2): It´s not necessary to have ventilation at night.

■ qn,n (l/sm2): It´s not necessary to have ventilation at night.

Bathrooms

Bathroom 1: This zone includes the bathroom´s boys (ground and first floor)

Bathroom 2: This zone includes the bathroom´s girls (ground and first floor)

Bathroom 3: This zone includes the little bathroom (ground and first floor)

Bathroom 4: This zone includes the disabled bathroom (ground and first floor)

■ Area: area corresponding to each zone

■ Working time (Fo,-): the ventilation system's working time is the same that the

building's occupied time,because there will be people traffic all times. So, the

working time is 1,00

■ qm (l/sm2): is the fresh air flow in the air inlet system divided with floor area of

the served area in the occupied time in winter.

■ n vgv (-):0 because it doesn´t use the heat recovering

■ ti (°C): for systems with regulated heat ex-changer but without heating battery

an air inlet temperature of 18 °C is pointed out

■ El-HC: 0 because for natural ventilation not use electricity

■ qn (l/sm2): according to SBI,in zones with mechanical extraction normally the

value "0” is stated here,

■ qi,n (l/sm2): infiltration of 0,09 litres/sec. per m2 heated floorage outside the oc-

cupied time

■ SEL (KJ/m3): according to BR10For extraction systems without mechanical

fresh air supply, the specific power consumption for air movement must not ex-

ceed 800 J/m³= 0,8 KJ/m3

■ qm,s (l/sm2): this is the same value that qm (l/sm2)

■ qn,s (l/sm2): There isn´t natural ventilation in summer at the night because the

building will be closed


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■ qm,n (l/sm2): There isn´t natural ventilation in summer because the building will

be closed

■ qn,n (l/sm2): There isn´t natural ventilation in summer because the building will

be closed

Ventila-tion

Area (m

2)

Fo,

-

qm

(l/sm2)

n

vgv

(-)

ti

(°C)

El-

HC

qn

(l/sm2)

qi,n

(l/sm2)

SEL (KJ/m

3)

qm,s

(l/sm2)

qn,s

(l/sm2)

qm,n

(l/sm2)

qn,n

(l/sm2)

Zone 1294 0/1 Winter Winter Sum-mer

Sum-mer

Night Night

Classes and Direc-tion

1209 1 0 0 0 0 0,5

0 0 0 0,6 0 0

Bath-room 1

37,74 1 1,2 0 18 1 0 0,09 0,8 1,2 0 0 0

Bath-room 2

30,24 1 0,96 0 18 1 0 0,09 0,8 0,96 0 0 0

Bath-room 3

5,94 1 0,1 0 18 1 0 0,09 0,8 0,1 0 0 0

Bath-room 4

10,9 1 0,2 0 18 1 0 0,09 0,8 0,2 0 0 0

Table 15: Ventilation

4.4 INTERNAL HEAT SUPPLY

■ Area (m2): The area of the zones are calculated in the same way as the build-

ing's heated floorage

■ Persons (W/m2): In other buildings than dwellings is normally accepted an inter-

nal heat contribution from people of 4,0 W per m2 heated floorage in average

for the building in the occupied time

■ App. (W/m2): we have an internal heat contribution from apparatus of 6,0 W per

m² heated floorage in average for the building in the occupied time.

■ App, night (W/m2): the apparatus isn't working outside the occupied time.

Internal heat supply

Area (m²) Persons (W/m²)

App. (W/m²) Appnih (W/m²)

Zone 1294 5176 7764 0

Heated floor area

1294 4 6 0

Table 16: Internal heat supply


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4.5 LIGHTING

■ Zone: The building is split up into zones with a uniform lighting- and day light

conditions. The building is split up into zones with a uniform lighting and day

light conditions. for this reason we have different zones depending of the orien-

tation and quantity of light required for that room.

For this table we have considering our new reference system.In this way,we

have the following zones:

Zone Orientation Room Floor

Ground First

A South Classrooms X X

B South Cleaning room X

C North Toilets X X

D Northwest Library X

E West Main corridor X X

F North Corridor X

G South Stairs X X

H West Classrooms X

I East Classrooms X

J West Administration and direction

X

K - Deck - - Table 17: Lighting

*You can see in the annexes the planes where the zones are indicated

■ General min (W/m2): If the effect isn't known a value of 2,0 W/m² is accepted. If

the lighting installation is interrupted entirely the minimum-effect is 0. So, we

have like value 0 in toilets, corridors and cleaningroom

■ General inst (W/m2): our actual lighting system isn't defined, we an installed ef-

fect for the light source of 10 W/m² per 200 lux is assumed. In smaller rooms

(below 15 m2) the installed effect is assumed 13% (cleaningroom)

■ Lighting (lux): according to the memory project we have achieved we have now

like Lighting level 300,500,150 or 50 lux. Obviously this will give us problems

because they exceed the limit established by the regulations.

■ DF (%):


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Orientation Reference systeme Our reference system

North 0 1

South 2 1

East 1 0

West 1 2

Table 18: Daylight factor

■ Control (U,M,A,K): all of our lights are without daylight control (U)

This enables us to present a major cost of electricity

■ Fo (-): is the lighting's nominal occupied time compared with the building's oc-

cupied time. The utilization factor is normally 1,0 for premises that are used all

time like corridors, stair, library and Administration/Direction. The factor is typi-

cally 0,8 - 0,9 in classrooms, We chose 0,85.

For cleaning room we estimated an utilitation factor of 0,2 and for toilets

we put like value 0,1 because we have movement sensors here.

■ Work (W/m2): Working-lamps will be always switched on in the occupied time,

so the value is 1,00 in all rooms.

■ Other (W/m2): we don´t have other things special lighting

■ Stand-by (W/m2): we don´t have stand-by effect

■ Night (W/m2): in this part, at night we will only consider the emergency lights

which have 6W each one. In this way we applicated the following equation:


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LIGHTING AREA (m2) GENERAL (W/m2)

GENERAL (W/m2)

LIGHTING (Lux)

DF (%) CONTROL (U,M,A,K)

Fo (-)

WORK (W/m2)

OTHER (W/m2)

STAND-BY (W/m2)

NIGHT (W/m2)

Lighting Zone 1293,72 Min. Inst. U,M,A,K

A 431,65 2 10 300 1 U 0,85 1 0 0 0,08

B 9,37 0 13 50 1 U 0,2 1 0 0 0,62

C 122,19 0 10 50 1 U 0,1 1 0 0 0,29

D 103,86 2 10 500 1,5 U 1 1 0 0 0,05

E 189,76 0 10 150 2 U 1 0 0,28

F 22,35 0 10 150 1 U 1 1 0 0,27

G 46,66 0 10 150 2 U 1 1 0 0 0,51

H 81,71 2 10 300 0 U 0,85 1 0 0 0,29

I 73,23 2 10 300 2 U 0,85 1 0 0 0,16

J 72,69 2 10 300 0 U 1 1 0 0 0,17

K 140,25 0 0 0 2 U 0 1 0 0 0,04

Table 19: Lighting


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4.6 OTHER EL.CONSUMPTION:

We don't have any electricity consumption not included in the building's heat bal-ance or included by determining of the building's energy requirements.

4.7 MECHANICAL COOLING

Basing on the relevant European standards, as we do not have too much informa-

tion about our system, we have reached the following amounts:

o EI-demand, kWh-el/kWh-cool : 0,5

o Heat-demand, kWh-heat/kWh-cool: 0

o Load factor: 1

o Heat capacity phase shift (cooling), Wh/m2: 0

o Increase factor,-, Extra cooling energy due to water effect: 1,2

4.8 HEAT DISTRIBUTION PLANT

Nowaday there isn´t heat distribution plant in our building

4.9 DOMESTIC HOT WATER

○ Hot water consumption. In other buildings than dwellings a yearly consumption

of hot domestic water is normally assumed to be 100 litres per m2 heated floo-

rage.

○ Domestic hot water system: The hot domestic water is assumed heated up to

55 °C.

○ Hot water tank: the characteristics of our building are:

Number of tanks: 1 Volume: 30 l Supply temperature from central heating: 70 °C Heat loss from hot- water tank: 2,9 W/k Temp. factor: 0 (heated zone)

○ Charging pump:

Effect: 1500 W Charge effect: 1,5 kW

Pipe lengths in supply and return

l (m) Loss (W/mK) b

57,22

Pipe First floor 27,37 0,19 1

Pipe Groundfloor 29,85 0,19 1 Table 20: Hot water

4.10 SUPPLY

We haven´t developped this part because, like we said before,the conservatory only

uses electricity for supply all necessities


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5. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Key numbers by BE10 program:

○ Energy frame in BR 2010:

Total energy frame: 72,6

Total energy requirement: 405,20





Total energy frame: 25


Currently we have a transmission loss of 28,1 W/m²

These are the results after to introduce the actual data about our building. Such as

it show us, the conservatory has a total energy requirement too high

Looking the heating requirement table we can determine where there are a major

loss and, starting from there we have to find other solutions that helps us to reduce it.

*We can see that table in annex 2 “Results”

There is an over-temperature in rooms, this is the equivalent electricity requirement

to remove the over-temperatures with a standard mechanical cooling system.

Due to that currently to provide heating and hot water only the installation of elec-

tricity is used we will have to satisfy the net requirements for room heating and hot domes-

tic water that the program show us.

The ideal situation will be when it won´t be necessary to require a lot of electricity to

supply to our building, without numerous losses or a high consumption.

We have a total heating requirement of 74,33 MWh, It is excesive.

*You can see the result tables in the annex 2


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Our actual energy demand is:

Figure 61: Heating demand calculation results distributed for each month.

6. SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS

Basing on the previous results we will analyse the following improvements:

INSULATION:

External walls

Our external walls are bad insulation as it is a very old building, so we will introduce a

good insulation and suitable cladding to prevent heat loss from our building.

Slab

Study about the foundation to see how we can introduce some insulation, which current-

ly does not have, and proceed to do it

False ceilings:

In this part of the building it is necessary insulation to avoid heat loss between floors

Roof

Like the above, the roof needs insulated to concentrate the heat within the building and

avoid an overload of energy.

We will remove also the free space in the deck as it currently isnt used and it is an unne-

cessary loss to heat in installation

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Initial state

Month

En

erg

y

De

ma

nd

(m

Wh

/m

ont

h)


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NEW INSTALLATION

Photovoltaics panels

We will carry out the installation of photovoltaics panel in our building. With this it will be

resolve the problem with the actual excessive electricity requirements

Heat pump

We will provide our building with a heat pump required for the installation of photovoltaic

panels and that will give us significant advantages:

- Could lower fuel bills, especially replacing our conventional electric heating.

- Don't need fuel deliveries.

- Can heat our home and provide hot water.

Automatic devices on-off regulation according to the daylight

If there would be some these devices in certain rooms it is possible to reduce the con-

sumption so we are going to look for which rooms that need it.

Mechanical cooling

We will dispense of this facility because we are looking for, with all the proposed im-

provements, get to have a low-energy building

REPLACEMENTS

Windows

The windows existing in our building don´t satisfy the low consumption criteria. We have

to find other ones which have a good U-Value and help to keep the heat inside.


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7. CHECKING THE IMPROVEMENT PROVIDED BY BE10 PROGRAM

7.1 EXTERNAL WALL, ROOFS AND FLOORS

External wall

Have been followed the next steps:

o Remove the paint layer and part of the mortar (chopped) , both on the

outside and inside

o Put the insulation on the inner side wall

o Let an air chamber as next layer

o Add a layer of plasterboard

o Wall covering of both sides

The area is defined by the outer surface of the outer walls

The new U-Value is calculated by the following equation:

Figure 62: Detail of New external wall Table 21: New external wall´s layers

So the loss are: External walls, roofs and floors

Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 1980,48 46467,4


893,1 0,2059 1,00 183,889 5884,46


642,9 0,297 1,00 190,941 6110,12


437,32 1,489 1,00 651,169 20837,4

Slab 577,77 2,36 0,70 954,476 10 13635,4 Table 22: New external wall, roofs and floor (1)

The rest of parameters aren´t unchanged from the previous.


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With this first change we obtain a new key numbers a little lower:

Total energy requirement: 340,9 (actual 405,2)



Roof

To improve the insulation in the roof we chose to change the false ceiling of our building because it has not insulation. In this way we resolve the problem in the roof and ceiling.

So, it isn´t a inclined layer but rather we will put the insulation horizontally, therefore the area will be different (the same that floor area)

The old false ceiling has been torn down and replaced by another that has an insulation of 10 cm.

The new U-Value is calculated by

Figure 63: Detail of New roof Table 23: New roof´s layers


Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 2486,1 61817,3


893,1 0,895 1,00 799,325 25578,4


437,32 0,1262 1,00 55,1898 1766,07


437,32 1,489 1,00 651,169 20837,4

Slab 577,77 2,36 0,70 954,476 10 13635,4

Table 24: New external wall,roofs and floors (2)

The rest of parameters aren´t unchanged from the previous. With this first change we obtain a new key numbers a little lower:


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Floor

We go to change the floor finish. To do it we will do some steps:

We don´t need remove the floor tile because nowadays this part of the build-

ing is on reforms and there aren´t ceramic tile except in the bathrooms

After that the insulation will be put as next layer

Include protection with mortar

Placement carpet

In the ceilings we will allow for it was said previously in roof´s part


Figure 64: Detail of New floor Table 25: New floor´s layers

The carpet is placed throughout the building except bathrooms,where the

same previous steps will be carry out but the last layer will be the tiles that were

in the beginning.

There will be carpeting throughout the building except in the bath-

rooms,therefore we will have another u-value to apply to the area of the bath-

rooms.

After calculation we can see that this u-value is similar to the u-value of floor

with carpet, in this way the total area won´t be divided.


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Table 26: U-value in bathrooms

So the loss are:


Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 2026,52 47940,8


893,1 0,895 1,00 799,325 25578,4


642,9 0,297 1,00 190,941 6110,12


437,32 0,187 1,00 81,7788 2616,92

Slab 577,77 2,36 0,70 954,476 10 13635,4 Table 27: New external wall,roofs and floors (3)





Slab

Remove the existing gres

Put a mortar layer

Introduce the insulation

Make the vapour control

Finish with a hardwood (parquet) layer



2013

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Figure 65: Detail of New slab Table 28: New slab´s layers


Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 1700,89 53375,3


893,1 0,895 1,00 799,325 25578,4


642,9 0,297 1,00 190,941 6110,12


437,32 1,489 1,00 651,169 20837,4

Slab 577,77 0,147 0,70 59,4525 10 849,322






All changes together


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Areas (m2)

U (W/m2k)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss(W)

2551,09 380,31 11116,8


893,1 0,2059 1,00 183,889 5884,46


642,9 0,1262 1,00 55,1898 1766,07


437,32 0,187 1,00 81,7788 2616,92

Slab 577,77 0,147 0,70 59,4525 10 849,322






7.2 FOUNDATION

The connections on the side of door and windows have been changed (6.12.1a table of DS418). We have a cold bridge interruption of 50 mm now.

Table 31: New linear loss foundations

Foundations and joints at windows

l(m) loss (W/mK)

b Ht (W/K)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)

790,35 108,989 3487,64

Connection on the side 66,86 0,01 1,00 0,6686 21,3952


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of doors

Connection on the side of windows

543,83 0,01 1,00 5,4383 174,026

Outer wall foundations 122,46 0,70 1,00 85,722 2743,1

Inner wall foundation 57,20 0,30 1,00 17,16 549,12 Table 32: New foundation





7.3 WINDOWS AND OUTER DOORS

The windows have been replace. We will use a new type of window which sa-tisfy the required needs.

COMFORT 3 : window is warm and friendly on the inside, firm and durable on the outside. The interior appearance of your window can be adjusted to match your furniture; the outside appearance of the window can match the facade. The characteristcs of this window are:

The aluminum mask on the outer side protects the window against the elements

Optional: installation of insulation glass with built-in window blinds (COM-FORT +)

Optics and sealing are guaranteed without glass strips

Mask fixation system ensures unobstructed airing and eliminates dimen-sion oscillation when humidity and temperature change

Mechanically made aluminum joints are permanent (welded joints are al-so possible).

The use this kind of windows will give us some benefits like easy maintenance, ex-

ceptionally long product lifespan and numerous color combinations.


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Figure 66: New window

Table 33: Properties of the new window

In the case of the doors we will only apply insu-

lation of 5 cm since we can not replace them be-cause it has dimensions that do not exist in the market for low-power components and liabilities.

the u-value remains the same To complete the next table we have to know the changes that this windows assume:

● U (W/m2K): the

windows has an U-Value of

0,9 W/m2K and the wood

doors 0,64 W/m2K

● Ff: For windows

the glazing part typically is 0,5-0,8. We put 0,5 because our windows is a good

passive element now.

● g: According to pane type, our solar transmittance have to be between

0,50-0,55, so we put 0,5.

Table 34: New solar transmittance



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2013

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Num-ber

Orien-tation

Inclina-tion

Area (m2)

U (W/m2K)

b Ht (W/K)

Ff (-) g (-) Shand-ing

Fc (-)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)

63 255,71 226,92 7261,28

West Groundfloor A

4 W 90 4,51 0,9 1,00 16,236 0,50 0,50 West Groundfloor A

0,95 519,552

West Firstfloor A

1 W 90 3,65 0,9 1,00 3,285 0,50 0,50 West Firstfloor A

0,95 105,12

West Firstfloor B

3 W 90 5,28 0,9 1,00 14,256 0,50 0,50 West Firstfloor B

0,95 456,192

West Groundfloor B

1 W 90 6,2 0,64 1,00 3,968 0 0 West Groundfloor B

0,95 126,976

East Groundfloor A

2 E 90 4,61 0,9 1,00 8,298 0,50 0,50 East Groundfloor A

0,95 265,536

East Firstfloor A

2 E 90 2,92 0,9 1,00 5,256 0,50 0,50 East Firstfloor A

0,95 168,192

East Groundfloor B

4 E 90 4,61 0,9 1,00 16,596 0,50 0,50 East Groundfloor B

0,95 531,072

East Groundfloor C

1 E 90 4,61 0,9 1,00 4,149 0,50 0,50 East Groundfloor C

0,95 132,768

East Firstfloor B

4 E 90 4,73 0,9 1,00 17,028 0,50 0,50 East Firstfloor B

0,95 544,896


Number

Orientation

Inclination

Area (m2)

U (W/m2K)

b Ht (W/K)

Ff (-) g (-) Shanding

Fc (-)

Dim. Inside (C)

Dim. Outside (C)

Loss (W)


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East Firstfloor C

1 E 90 4,73 0,9 1,00 4,257 0,50 0,50 East Firstfloor C

0,95 136,224

North Groundfloor A

1 N 90 6,2 0,64 1,00 3,968 0 0 North Groundfloor A

0,95 126,976

North Groundfloor B

1 N 90 4,5 0,9 1,00 4,05 0,50 0,50 North Groundfloor B

0,95 129,600

North Firstfloor A

1 N 90 4,69 0,9 1,00 4,221 0,50 0,50 North Firstfloor A

1 135,072

North Firstfloor B

1 N 90 4,69 0,9 1,00 4,221 0,50 0,50 North Firstfloor B

1 135,072

North Groundfloor C

9 N 90 2,5 0,9 1,00 20,25 0,50 0,50 North Groundfloor C

0,95 648

North Firstfloor C

9 N 90 1,37 0,9 1,00 11,097 0,50 0,50 North Firstfloor C

1 355,104

South Groundfloor A

9 S 90 5,27 0,9 1,00 42,687 0,50 0,50 South Groundfloor A

0,95 1365,98

South Firstfloor

9 S 90 5,32 0,9 1,00 43,092 0,50 0,50 South Firstfloor

0,95 1378,91

Table 35: New Windows and outer doors


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7.4 VENTILATION

After carrying out an analysis of ventilation, we do not think it necessary to make any changes at this facility as regards to classrooms,corridors or similars. We do not need a mechanical ventilation, the natural ventilation current is enough because there are large windows on all facades.

On the other hand, in the bathrooms is where his installation would be neces-sary but this is already resolved.

7.5 INTERNAL HEAT SUPPLY

There will be no change, as it is considered the same occupation and the same systems.

7.6 LIGHTING

It has been observed that a large loss in the building is due to the constant operation of the lighting.

This energy waste would be menor if we would use some elements that would helps us to exploit daylight

Currently the type of lighting is constant, the U class defined in the document SBI edition-2013 and it does not vary according to the daylight.

Figure 67-68: Examples of electronic ballasts system.

We also have to change the type of illumination because the existing lighting

doesn´t satisfy the actual regulations. SBI show us the amount of lux that should be in every stay.


2013

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LIGHTING AREA (m2) GENERAL

(W/m2) GENERAL (W/m2)

LIGHTING (Lux)

DF (%) CONTROL (U,M,A,K)

Fo (-)

WORK (W/m2)

OTHER (W/m2)

STAND-BY (W/m2)

NIGHT (W/m2)

Lighting Zone 1293,72 Min. Inst. U,M,A,K

A 431,65 2 10 200 1 A 0,85 1 0 0 0,08

B 9,37 0 13 50 1 A 0,2 1 0 0 0,62

C 122,19 0 10 200 1 A 0,1 1 0 0 0,29

D 103,86 2 10 200 1,5 A 1 1 0 0 0,05

E 189,76 0 10 200 2 A 1 0 0,28

F 22,35 0 10 200 1 A 1 1 0 0,27

G 46,66 0 10 200 2 A 1 1 0 0 0,51

H 81,71 2 10 200 0 A 0,85 1 0 0 0,29

I 73,23 2 10 200 2 A 0,85 1 0 0 0,16

J 72,69 2 10 200 0 A 1 1 0 0 0,17

K 140,25 0 0 0 2 A 0 1 0 0 0,04

Table 36: New lighting


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Zone Orientation Room Floor

Ground First

A South Classrooms X X

B South Cleaning room X

C North Toilets X X

D Northwest Library X

E West Main corridor X X

F North Corridor X

G South Stairs X X

H West Classrooms X

I East Classrooms X

J West Administration and direction

X

K - Deck - - Table 37: Zones of Lighting





7.7 MECHANICAL COOLING

According to the definition of low power consumption house, this is a home

where it is not necessary an air conditioning system. Due to their own condi-

tions and properties ensures low internal temperature being expendable cooling

system.

For this reason all the ventilation system will be removed while the demolition

of the ceiling is done, since after carrying out the appropriate measures we will

obtain a low-energy building.

With this first change we obtain a new key numbers a little lower:




7.8 HEAT DISTRIBUTION PLANT, DOMESTIC HOT WATER AND SUPPLY


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Heat distribution plant - Suppy pipe temperature, (at outdoor temp. of -12 º C) :65 º C - Return pipe temperature: 55º C - Type of plant: dual

These temperatures have been chosen according to other examples projects where we found the characteristics of radiators for its installation in a similar building.

The type of plant will be dual because we did the comparison of both and we

saw that this type gave us less loss.

Pipe lengths in supply

l (m) Loss (W7mK) b Outdoor comp. (J/N)

Unused summer (J/N)

164

Radiators 164 0,26 0 J J Table 38: Heat distribution plant

o Heat loss (w/mK): we found the loss of a standard pipe o b: the pipes are placed in heated rooms so the temperature factor is

b = 0. o Outdoor compensation: there is external temperature compensation of

the pipe tem-perature in the involved pipe distance. o Unused summer: the heating of the pipe distance is stopped in summer

time

Pumps: here we put the pump to supply to radiators

Pump table Type (A,V,T,K) Number Pnom (W) Fp(-)

Radiators pump K 1 550 0,8 Table 39: Pump

Type

K, combi-pums that both circulate water for room heating and for the hot water tank.

Pnom and Fp These datas can be seen at the catalog in annex 4

Domestic hot water


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○ Hot water consumption. This data is the same that we had before, 100 li-

tres per m2 heated floorage.

○ Domestic hot water system: The hot domestic water is assumed heated

up to 55 °C.

○ Hot water tank the new characteristics of our building are:

Number of tanks: 1 Volume: 450 l Supply temperature from central heating: 60 °C Heat loss from hot- water tank: 2,5 W/k Temp. factor: 0 (heated zone)

○ Charging pump:

Effect: 50 W Charge effect: 10 kW


l (m) Loss (W/mK) b

4

Pipe 4 0,19 1 Table 40: New Hot water

○ Pump:

We have 1 pump with 55 W like effect and a reduction factor of 1 now.


l (m) Loss (W/mK) b

58

Pipe first floor 28 0,19 1

Pipe second floor 30 0,19 1 Table 41: PumpCirc

○ Water heaters:

Electric water heater:

0,1 share od DHW in separate el. Water heaters

0 heat loss from hot water container

b=0 because we have a heated zone

Gas water heater: We don´t have it now

Supply New heat pump


2013

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This heat pump has the following characteristics: o Type: combined o 0,5 share floor area o Volume 450l

Room heating DHW

12,4 12,4 Nominal effect, kW

3,83 3,83 Nominal COP, Incl. of pumps, ventilators and automatics

0,8 0 Rel. COP at 50€ load

Test tempera-tures

°C.

7 20 Cold side

45 50 Warm side

Outdoor air Cold side: earth hose, vent, outdoor air or other source

Heating plant Warm side: room air, air supply or heating plant

Table 42: Heat pump

Table 43: Technical data heat pump

Photovoltaic panels

We have decided to put 50 solars panels because this is the maxi-

mum number that we can choose according to the square meters of roof facing south and the square meter of the panels that we used. With 50 panels the system produce:

Step 1: 50 panels x 200 Wpeak = 10 kWpeak


2013

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Figure 69: PVGIS sun irradiation tool provided by the EU

Step 2: 34 degree slope and 0 degree azimuth

Solar radiation database used: PVGIS-CMSAF: Nominal power of the PV system: 10.0 kW (crystalline sili-

con) Estimated losses due to temperature and low iradiance:

10.2 % (using local ambient temperature) Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects: 2,5 % Other losses (cables, inverter etc): 14% Combined PV system losses 24,7 %


2013

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Table 44: Results of PVGIS program

- Annual power production: 15.500 kWh - Area of system: 1,330 x 0.999 x 50 = 66,5 m2 - Total sun irradiation of the PV system: 66,5 x 2060 = 136.990 kWh

System efficiency: (15.500/136.990) x (100) = 11,31% or about 11%

Payback - 402.68 € x 50 panels = 20.134 € - Annual production (Savings) = 15.500 x 0,172 = 2.666 € - 20.134 / 2.666 = 7,55 years

Area sloping roof conservatory:


2013

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Figure 70: Area to system pho-

tovoltaic panels

PV Panel:


2013

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Figure 71: PV panel

PVGIS takes as optimum slope 34 º for all Spain.

Figure 72: Slope of panels

l = 1,33 m ß = 12º Latitude Fortuna: 40,24 sen 12º = h / 1,33m; h= 0,28m d2= h / tan (61º - (Latitude - inclination of the cover)) d2= 0,28m / tan (61º - (40,24 – 22)) d2= 0,30 m

So we have to separate the PV panels at least 0,30 m to avoid the shadows between

the PV panels.

Then, at the program we will introduce the followings data:

66,5 m² panel areal 1 kW/m² peak power (RS) 0,5 as system efficiency Orientation: south Slope: 34° Horizon cutoff: 0° Left shadow: 0° Right shadow: 0°

8. INTERPRETATION OF NEW RESULTS

We go to introduce at the program be10 all previous change to see the improve

final result.

Key numbers by BE10 program:


2013

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Total energy frame: 25


Currently we have a transmission loss of 6,2 W/m²

These are the results after to introduce the new data about our building. Such as it

show us, the conservatory has a good total energy requirement

Our actual energy demand is:

Figure 73: New Heating demand calculation results distributed for each month.

9. ECONOMIC ASPECT

In this section we will discuss a list of changes to make in our building with price re-

lationship than it costs to each activity. Of this manner we will make an economic study to check if our changes are viable or conversely are not.

External Walls:

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Initial state

Month

En

erg

y

De

ma

nd

(m

Wh

/m

ont

h)


2013

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To make the economic repercussions that will have the changes made and analyze both the viability and the amortization thereof, the cost study assumes that this reform. For this purpose we will apply the following formula to analyze to what extent would cost, the cost-effectiveness of the work is calculated according to the Danish rule, Building Regula-tion 10:

The result of the last formulate should be bigger than 1.33 to be cost-effective. We go to change the floor finish. To do it we will do some steps:

Remove the paint layer and part of the mortar (chopped) , both on the outside

and inside

Put the insulation on the inner side wall

Let an air chamber as next layer

Add a layer of plasterboard

Wall covering of both sides

Table 45: Work plaster face indoors.

m² Work plaster face indoors

Chipping of plaster of lime and cement, applied inside vertical face up to 3 m tall, with manual means, and manually loading on truck or container debris

Separate Ud Breakdown

Efficiency S.P. Price item

mo106 h Laborer ordinary construction

0,450 15,92 7,16

%

%

Assists means

Indirect costs

2,000

3,000

7,16

7,30

0,14

0,22

Total: 7,52

m² Chopped render plaster indoors.

Chipping of plaster lime and cement, applied inside vertical face up to 3 m tall, with manual means, and manually loading on truck or container debris.


Efficiency. P. S. Price item


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Table 46: Chopped render plaster indoors

Table 47: Insulation inside of the double-skin facade of facing brick

mo106 h Laborer ordinary

construction.

0,450 15,92 7,16

%

%

Auxiliary re-sources

Indirect costs

2,000

3,000

7,16

7,30

0,14

0,22

Total: 7,52

m² Insulation inside of the double-skin facade of facing brick,

Insulation inside of the double-skin facade of facing brick consisting of rigid expanded polystyrene panel,, 80 mm thick, fixed with cementitious adhesive.


Efficiency S.P. Price item

mt16pea010ga mo050 mo094

m² h h

Rigid expanded polystyrene panel, according to UNE-EN 13163, 80 mm thick, thermal resistance 2.22 m² K / W, thermal conductivity 0.036 W / (mK), Euro class E fire reaction with designator EPS-EN 13163-L1-W1-T1-S1-P3-DS (N) 2-BS100-CS (10) 60. Official 1ª assembler of insulation Assistant assembler of insulation.

1,050

0,118

0,118

4,82

17,82

16,13

5,06

2,10

1,90

%

%

Assists means Indirect costs

2,000

3,000

9,42

9,61

0,19

0,29

Ten-year maintenance cost: 0,20 € in the first 10 years. Total: 9,90

m² System "KNAUF" of Direct plasterboard, of gypsum boards, in interior partitions

Direct plasterboard over internal separation, W 622 "KNAUF", made with gypsum plasterboards - |15 Standard (A)| anchored to the vertical surface using Omega type profiles, 30 mm in total thickness, 600 mm separation between screeds

Separate Ud Breakdown Efficien. S. P. Shipment

price

mt12pik015 mt12pfk011d mt12ppk010b mt12ptk010ad mt12pik010b mt12pck010a mo049 mo093

Kg M m² Ud Kg M H H

Gypsum glues for plasterboar dsperlfix "KNAUF". Screeds Omega "KNAUF" 90x15x50 mm, de galva-nised sheet steel louvers Gypsum plasterboard A / UNE-EN 520 - 1200 / length / 15 / honed edge,standard "KNAUF". Self-tapping screw. TN "KNAUF" 3,5x25. Liquid gasket Jointfiller F-1 GLS "KNAUF. Gasket tape "KNAUF" of 50 mm wide. Skilled worker 1ª Separation fitter. Assistant fitter of prefabricated interiors

0,100

2,000

1,050

14,00

0,300

1,600

0,403

0,137

0,60

1,52

5,23

0,01

1,39

0,04

17,82

16,13

0,06

3,04

5,49

0,14

0,42

0,06

7,18

2,21

%

%

Auxiliary resources. Indirect costs

2,000

3,000

18,60

18,97

0,37

0,57

Ten-year maintenance cost: 2,15 € in the first 10 years. Total:


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Table 48: System "KNAUF" of Direct plasterboard, of gypsum boards, in interior partitions

Table 49: Thermal and acoustic mortar for interior coating.

Table 50: Plastic paint over exterior walls.

Table 51: Plastic paint on interior walls of gypsum board or projected plaster

BUDGET OF EXTERNAL WALLS

STEPS PRICE (€) AREA ( m2)

Remove inside part of the mortar 10,11

Remove outside part of the mortar 7,52

Thermal and acoustic mortar for external coating 15,10

Plastic paint over exterior walls 10,41

Insulation 9,90

Plasterboard 19,54

Plastic paint over interior walls 8,49

∑ = 81,07 893,10

TOTAL 72403,62

Table 52: budget of external walls

19,54

m² Thermal and acoustic mortar for interior coat-ing.

Thermal and acoustic cladding, perlite and lime mortar, designed to good view, 10 mm thick on vertical wall, gypsum plaster finish applied in thin layer C6.

Ten-year maintenance cost: 2,15 € in the first 10 years.

Total: 15,10

m² Plastic paint over exterior walls.

Decorative cladding with plastic paint, to perform the topcoat continuous , cleaning and sanding prior to mortar industrial, in good state of preservation, and two coats of finish (yield: 0 , 1 l / m² each hand).


Total: 10,41

m² Plastic paint on interior walls of gypsum board or projected plaster

Plastic paint with smooth texture, white color, matte finish on interior horizontal and vertical surfaces projected plaster or gypsum plaster base coat and two coats of finish (yield: 0.125 l / m² each hand).


Total: 8,49


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As seen in the previous result the reform is considered very profitable, because the

value is higher than the minimum.

Floor:



Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates.

Installing new false ceiling



Placement carpet

m² Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates.

Demolition of continuous false ceiling plasterboard or plasterboard with manual means, and manually loading on truck or container debris.

Total: 4,18

Table 53: Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates

m² False ceiling plate rockwool.

False ceiling, situated at a height less than 4 m, acoustic rock wool panel, composed of modules 600x600x15 mm, smooth white finish for visible profiling T 24.


Total: 25,62

Table 54: False ceiling plate rockwool.

m² Insulation of floating floors with extruded polysty-


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rene.

Insulation of floating floors consisting of rigid extruded polystyrene panel, lateral thermal straight smooth mechanized surface, of 50 mm thick, compression strength> = 300 kPa, endurance 1.5 m² K / W, thermal conductivity of 0.034 W / (mK), covered with polyethylene film 0.2 mm thick, prepared to receive a slab of mortar or concrete (not included in this price).

Total: 16,36

Table 55: Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene.

m² Thin layer of self-leveling cement mortar (CT), (2-10 mm)

Thin layer of leveling paste soil type CT C20 F6 to EN 13813, 5 mm thick, manually applied for regularization and inner support leveling concrete or mortar surface, after application of primed modified synthetic resins, acting as a bridge (not including surface preparation), ready to receive ceramic tiles, cork, wood, laminate, flexible or fabric (not included in this price).


Total: 14,86

Table 56: Thin layer of self-leveling cement mortar (CT), (2-10 mm)

m² Flexible textile flooring

Carpeted Floor of 100% polyamide synthetic fiber, supplied in rolls of 4x20 m, finished in loop af-fixed with contact adhesive.


Total: 20,94

Table 57: Flexible textile flooring

BUDGET OF FLOOR

STEPS PRICE (€)

AREA ( m2)

Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates. 4,18

Installing new false ceiling 25,62

After that the insulation will be put as next layer 20,12

Include protection with mortar 14,86

Placement carpet 20,94

∑ = 85,72 437,32

TOTAL 37487,07

Table 58: budget of floor


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Roof:



Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates.

Installing new false ceiling


Table 59: Demolition of continuous false ceiling of plates.

Table 60: False ceiling of plate rockwool.

m² Demolition of continuous false ceiling of plates.

Demolition of continuous false ceiling of plates, plasterboard or gypsum board with manual means, and manually loading on truck or container debris.

Total: 4,18

m² False ceiling of plate rockwool.

False ceiling, situated at a height less than 4 m, acoustic rockwool panel, composed of modules 600x600x15 mm, smooth white finish for profiling T 24

Ten-year maintenance cost: 6,41 € in the first 10 years

Total : 25,62


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Table 61: Insulation of floating floors with expanded polystyrene

BUDGET OF ROOF

STEPS PRICE (€)

AREA ( m2)

Demolition of continuous false ceiling plates. 4,18

Installing new false ceiling 25,62

After that the insulation will be put as next layer 20,12

∑ = 49,92 437,32

TOTAL 21831,01

Table 62: budget of roof

As shown in the table above, we have introduced the surface does not correspond

to the one introduced in this section in the BE10 program. It is because the value of 642.9

m2 corresponds to the true scale of the roof and the changes are going to make in the ho-

rizontal view and not the inclined surface of the roof itself.



Slab:


m² Insulation of floating floors with expanded polysty-rene

Insulation of floating floors consisting of rigid extruded polystyrene panel, of 50 mm thick, compression strength> = 300 kPa, endurance 1.5 m² K / W, thermal conductivity of 0.034 W / (mK), covered with polyethylene film 0.2 mm thick, prepared to receive a slab of mortar or concrete (not included in this price).

Total: 16,36


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Demolition of pavement cement / terrazzo

Vapour control layer

Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene.


Hard wood

Table 63: Demolition of pavement cement / terrazzo.

Table 64: Sheet for waterproofing and uncoupling under ceramic or natural stone floor

m² Insulation of floating floors with extruded po-

lystyrene.

Insulation of floating floors consisting of rigid extruded polystyrene panel, lateral thermal straight smooth machined surface, of 50 mm thick, compression strength> = 300 kPa, endurance 1.5 m² K / W, thermal conductivity of 0.034 W / (mK), covered with polyethylene film 0.2 mm thick, prepared to re-ceive a slab of mortar or concrete (not included in this price).

Total: 16,36

Table 65: Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene.

m² Demolition of pavement cement / terrazzo.

Demolition of existing pavement inside the building, terrazzo tiles, and crushed material grip with jackhammer and ma-nual loading on truck or container debris.

Total: 4,94

m² Sheet for waterproofing and uncoupling under ceramic or natural stone floor

Waterproofing membrane, uncoupling and diffusing water vapor polyethylene and square shaped cavities dovetail, 3 mm thick, for waterproofing and uncoupling membrane under ceramic floor or natural stone (not included in this price). .

Total: 27,46

m² Thin layer (2-10 mm) self-leveling cement mortar (CT).

Thin layer of leveling compound soil type CT C20 F6 to EN 13813, 5 mm thick, manually applied for regularization and inner support leveling concrete or mortar surface, after application of primer modified synthetic resins, acting as a bridge (not including surface preparation), ready to receive


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Table 66: Thin layer (2-10 mm) self-leveling cement mortar (CT).

Table 67: multi-layer parquet

BUDGET OF FLOOR

STEPS PRICE (€)

AREA ( m2)

Demolition of pavement cement / terrazzo 4,94

Vapour control layer 27,48

Insulation of floating floors with extruded polystyrene. 25,41

Include protection with mortar 14,86

Hard wood 42,08

∑ = 114,77 437,32

TOTAL 50191,22

Table 68: budget of floor

As shown in the table above, we have introduced the surface does not correspond

to the one introduced in this section in the BE10 program. This is because the value of

577.77 corresponds to the total area occupied by both including partitions walls as surface.

ceramic tiles, cork, wood, laminate, flexible or fabric (not included in this price).


Total: 14,86

m² multi-layer parquet

Parquet flooring, slat 2180x200x14 mm, with a top layer of oak wood, assembled with adhesive, placed on foam sheet HDPE 3 mm thick.


Total: 42,08


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Windows:



Withdrawal of ancient window

Installing thermal bridge

Placement of new window

We have found the unit price window. The characteristics of the window are as described above: three layers of energy-pane, thermal bridge rupture ...

BUDGET OF WINDOWS

STEPS PRICE (€) UNITS (ud)

Unit price window 410,15

∑ = 410,15 61

TOTAL 25019,15

Table 69: budget of windows

As seen in the previous result the reform is considered very profitable, because the value is higher than the minimum. Mechanical cooling

To make the economic repercussions that will have the changes made and analyze both the viability and the amortization thereof, the cost study assumes that this reform. For


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this purpose we will apply the following formula to analyze to what extent would cost, the cost-effectiveness of the work is calculated according to the Danish rule, Building Regula-tion 10:

The result of the last formulate should be bigger than 1.33 to be cost-effective. m² Removing installation of air conditioning.

Removing installation of air conditioning ducts, or local office of 894 m² built, with manual loading and manual means of disassembled on truck or container material.

Total: 1561,64

Table 70: Removing installation of air conditioning.


value is higher than the minimum. Ligthing


The result of the last formulate should be bigger than 1.33 to be cost-effective. We have decided to implement as saving measures electronic ballasts system, which cor-respond to the A class.

BUDGET OF LIGTHING

STEPS PRICE (€) UNITS (ud)

Unit price lamp 35

∑ = 35 149

TOTAL 5215,00

Table 71: budget of lighting


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10. CONCLUSIONS

COMPARISON OF RESULTS

RESULTS OF ACTUAL BUILDING

Total heat loss:

- Transmission loss 89,0 kW 68,8 W/m²

- Ventilation loss withour HRV 26,4 kW 20,4 W/m² (in winter)

- Total 115,4 kW 89,2 W/m²


Transmission loss:

For building envelope exd. Windows and doors: 28,1 W/m²

Key numbers:

Figure 74: First results of key numbers


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NEW RESULTS AFTER APPLY THE CHANGES

Total heat loss:

- Transmission loss 21,8 kW 18,9 W/m²


- Total 45,5 kW 39,4 W/m²


Transmission loss:

For building envelope exd. Windows and doors: 6,2 W/m²

Key numbers:

Figure 75: Final Results of key numbers

After conducting all the changes that have been described and analyzed the economic

cost would suppose us,we can say now that our conservatory is a low consumption building, it

is perfectly adapted to the needs and satisfies the actual regulations.

The cost of the installations for this reform is considered cost effective as it will have a

fairly high savings during its usable life.


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11. PURPOSE AND GROUP WORK EXPERIENCE

PURPOSE

At the beginning our purpose was to study our building (Spain), looking for the heat

losses and the best way to reduce our consumption, which could fulfill with the Danish

regulation nowadays.

We had very thick walls without any insulation, a floor and a roof with the same condi-

tions, no insulation and old thin material and finally a foundation slab that don’t fulfill with

the Danish regulations regarding thermal bridges.

HOW WERE WE GOING TO DO

We will base much of our work into the Danish regulation program BE10. We must learn all about this program using SBI direction 213, first how to introduce our building with all the installation and then know how to interpret the program results.

Once we will have all the results we must take some decision to achieve the minimum required us by the Danish Regulation, changing our building envelope and looking for the best installation to obtain our low consumption building.

HOW DID WE DO FINALLY

One of the biggest problem that we had was to understand the BR10 program, with a lot of Danish Standard references and values which we didn’t know where it come from.

Once we understand it, interpreting the program results, we looked for some ideas in internet, with different projects where we found the best way to convert our old Spanish building into a low consumption building according to the Danish regulation.

Then we had to follow the BR10 to check if the changes made were profitable or not as investment, the useful life of the improvement and energy savings.

Finally we selected the best changes introducing into the BE10 to obtain the results.

WAY OF WORKING

Since we started the project we tried to understand the program all together, to under-stand how our building work, chiefly the building envelope. We tried to introduce it several times incorrectly until we had it as a cornerstone for understanding the BE10.

Then we tried to divide the project, two by two changing each day between writing the memory and further comprising the program.


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12. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBSITES CONSULTED

BR10 – English

DS418 7th edition

SBI direction 213 - second edition

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_pasiva

www.passivehouse.us/

http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Earth/1-1-1-10-

Uvalues(INCOMPLETE).aspx

www.ccfltd.co.uk

www.uvalue.co.uk

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_solar .

www.nousol.com › Material Fotovoltaic

www.zolawindows.com/passive-house-windows

www.internorm.com/uk/.../passive-house.html

www.passivehwindow.com/

http://hhwindows.com/features-2/energy-performance/

https://www.google.es

http://translate.google.com/

http://www.wordreference.com/es/

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php

Memory of our project

Low consumption building, spain denmark (english)

Engineering

Transcript of Low consumption building, spain denmark (english)