Low Carbon Technologies for the Agro-Food...

27.09.2013

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Institute for Process- and Particle Engineering

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Hans.Schnitzer @ TUGRAZ.AT SDEWES 2013

Low Carbon Technologies for the Agro-Food Sector

Hans Schnitzer

Graz University of Technology

[email protected]


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Sources, projects and partnerships used for the preparation of this presentation:

UNIDO: Regional LOW CARBON Project Participants on Balkan:

National Cleaner Production Centers (NCPC) of

– Macedonia www.ncpc.com.mk

– Serbia www.cpc-serbia.org

– Albania www.ecat-tirana.org

– Croatia www.cro-cpc.hr

– Montenegro

– Moldova www.ncpp.md

AEE Intec, Gleisdorf Austria

GREENFOODS (IEE-Project)

IEA-SHC Task 33 and Task 49

Cooperation with Ho Chi Minh University in Vietnam

And others, …

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A critical challenge

• One of the EU's key ambitions must be to develop a low-carbon economy. The EU has put in place a comprehensive policy framework, including among others: the climate and energy targets for 2020 and a carbon price through the Emissions Trading System. Now, we have to deliver, both in terms of the 2020 targets and, in the longer term, aiming for an 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.

Source: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies (SET-Plan)


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A critical challenge

• Reinventing our energy system on a low carbon model is one of the critical challenges of the 21st Century. Today, in the EU, our primary energy supply is 80% dependent on fossil fuels.

• Networks and supply chains have been optimised over decades to deliver energy from these sources to our society. Economic growth and prosperity has been built on oil, coal and gas.

• But, they have also made us vulnerable to energy supply disruptions from outside the EU, to volatility in energy prices and to climate change.

• There are different possible pathways to a low carbon economy. Clearly, no single measure or technology will suffice, and the precise mix in each country will depend on the particular combination of political choices, market forces, resource availability and public acceptance.

Source: COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS. Investing in the Development of Low Carbon Technologies (SET-Plan)

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The leaders of the Group of Eight expressed the need for a reduction of Global Warming

Gases (GHGs) like this

• 65. We reaffirm the importance of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and notably of its Fourth Assessment Report, which constitutes the most comprehensive assessment of the science. We recognise the broad scientific view that the increase in global average temperature above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2°C. Because this global challenge can only be met by a global response, we reiterate our willingness to share with all countries the goal of achieving at least a 50% reduction of global emissions by 2050, recognising that this implies that global emissions need to peak as soon as possible and decline thereafter. As part of this, we also support a goal of developed countries reducing emissions of greenhouse gases in aggregate by 80% or more by 2050 compared to 1990 or more recent years. Consistent with this ambitious long-term objective, we will undertake robust aggregate and individual mid-term reductions, taking into account that baselines may vary and that efforts need to be comparable. Similarly, major emerging economies need to undertake quantifiable actions to collectively reduce emissions significantly below business-as-usual by a specified year.

Source: G8 summit at L‘Aquila, Italy, 2009 RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE


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Goals of a sustainable industrial development

industrial development should: for 8 billion people

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EU GHG emissions towards an 80% domestic reduction (100% = 1990)

Source: EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011): A Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050.


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S-shaped scenario for CO2-emissions reduction in Europe (Tg/a = Mt/a)

0,0

1000,0

2000,0

3000,0

4000,0

5000,0

6000,0

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

2011

2014

2017

2020

2023

2026

2029

2032

2035

2038

2041

2044

2047

2050

2053

2056

2059

2062

2065

2068

2071

2074

2077

2080

2083

2086

2089

2092

2095

2098

Year

Mt/

a

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

120,0

140,0

160,0

180,0

200,0

Mt/

a

emissions

targets

reduction in year

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Japan‘s Low Carbon Strategy


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Japan‘s Low Carbon Strategy

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Reduction of service demand

• Reduction of post-harvest food losses (production to retailing)

• Reduction of food waste (retail and consumer)

• Changing diet

Souce: FAO


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Ways to reduce energy consumption and GHG-emissions in production

Emission Reduction

Improvement of energy intensity

Improvement of carbon intensity

supply andtransformation

technologies connected to he

final energy demand

switch in between fossil fuels

switch to renewable energy sources

CH

Pc

om

bin

ed

he

at

an

d p

ow

er

pro

ce

ss-

inte

gra

tion

effic

ien

cy

of

ele

c.

req

uire

me

nt

pro

ce

ss-

inte

ns

ifica

tion

Ze

ro e

ne

rgy

s

tan

da

rds

for

pro

du

ctio

n h

alls

co

a l-

oil -

ga

s

bio

ma

ss

so

lar th

erm

al

en

erg

y a

nd

p

roc

es

s h

ea

t

en

erg

etic

u

tilizatio

n o

f w

as

te

sa

le o

f w

as

te h

ea

t

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Hydro-power

Wind Waves

dT, dcSolar-

thermalPhoto-voltaics

Therm.Power.

Tides

Geo-thermal

Storage

StorageStorage

StorageElectricity

High-temperature

LightInformation

PowerDrives

ChemicalIndustry

Low-temperature

MobilityTransport

passive active

HP

Short rotation

Wood Waste

biomass

Hydrogen

Incin-eration

Therm.-Chem.-

processes

Bio-Tech.processes

Solid, gas.

& liqu.Bio-fuels

Bulk &fine

Chemic.

Direct utilization

Indirect utilization

Photo-synthesis


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Hydro-power

Wind Waves

dT, dcSolar-

thermalPhoto-voltaics

Therm.Power.

Tides

Geo-thermal

Storage

Storage

Electricity

High-temperature

LightInformation

PowerDrives

ChemicalIndustry

Low-temperature

MobilityTransport

passive active

HP

Short rotation

Wood Waste

biomass

Hydrogen

Incin-eration

Therm.-Chem.-

processes

Bio-Tech.processes

Solid, gas.

& liqu.Bio-fuels

Bulk &fine

Chemic.

Direct utilization

Indirect utilization

Photo-synthesisNo FLAMES

at T < 100°C

No ELECTRICITYat T < 100°C

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Why did we select the agro-food sector?

• The raw materials for the food sector are renewable. The food sector is based on plants, produced out of CO2 and water with the help of sunlight – a process called photosynthesis.

• Only a small fraction of the plant material harvested ends finally up at the consumer’s table. The majority of the mass (including carbon) is “lost” or “wasted” along the production chain and can be used for valuable by-products and useful energy.

• At the same time, this sector uses great amounts of fossil energy for processing, storage and transport.

• The agro-food sector offers possibilities for the recovery of organic and organic components for recycling to and reuse in the agriculture.

• Waste water from the food processing can be recycled to the agriculture as well.

• New business opportunities in this sector are in the production of fine chemicals and energy (gaseous, liquid and solid biofuels).


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bio

wast

e

AgricultureForestryFishery

…

Food Production

Chemical Industry

Whole saleRetail

Consumertransport transport transport

Electricity fromRenewables

PV, wind, hydro,..

FermentationRefinment

ChemicalTreatment

BiogasFermentation

Treatment

WasteLogistic system

sugarstarch

oily

wet

dry char coal, torrefaction

wood chips

pellets

biofuels

biogas

waterfertilizer

ethanol

biodiesel

methane

Existin

g fo

ssil based syste

m

gasolinediesel

nat.gas

coal

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So

urc

e: P

rof.

S.

Ulg

iati, N

ap

les,

Ita

ly


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Processes and Temperature LevelsIndustry sector Process Temperate level °C

food and beverages DryingWashingPasteurisingCookingSterilisingHeat treatment

30 - 9040 – 8080 – 11095 – 105140 – 15040 – 60

Textile industry WashingBleachingDying

40 –8060 – 100100 – 160

Chemical industry EvaporationDistillationvarious chem. processes

95 – 105110 – 300120 - 180

all preheating of boiler feed water, heating of production halls

30 – 10030 – 60

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Energy SupplySubsystem

Process Energy Demand

Subsystem USE

CoolingSubsystem

Energy RecoverySubsystem

electricity

steamhot water

press. air

cold

heat losses toair, water, products

coalgasfuel oilbiomass

electricity

Industrial environment


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utilities

heat exchanger network

separation

Hierarchy of measures

reactors

efficiency

fuel shift

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Typical processes in the food sector

• pasteurization, sterilization

• bio-chemical reactions, fermentation

• drying

• evaporation, distillation

• washing, rinsing– bottles, kegs, boxes, ...

– CIP

– cars, tanks, …

Improve efficiency of technologies


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bottle rinsing machine

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Heat integration with heat pumps in a bottle rinsing

machine


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blanching line for vegetables

cooling

heat demand

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spray drier for milk

heat demand


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Heat integration and energy recovery, process intensification

• Heat recovery from hot streams within the production process

• Heat exchange with an other process in the company, but in an other production line

• Heat pumps (compression and absorption)

• Waste heat driven ORCs

• Heat delivery to customers outside company (other company, fish farm, district heating, …)

HIERARCHIE

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Process intensification addresses the need for energy savings, CO2 emission reduction and enhanced cost competitiveness throughout the process industry.

The potential benefits of PI that have been identified are significant:

• Petro and bulk chemicals (PETCHEM): Higher overall energy efficiency – 5% (10-20 years), 20% (30-40 years)

• Specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals (FINEPHARM): Overall cost reduction (and related energy savings due to higher raw material yield) – 20% (5-10 years), 50% (10-15 years)

• Food ingredients (INFOOD): – Higher energy efficiency in water removal – 25% (5-10 years), 75% (10-15

years)– Lower costs through intensified processes throughout the value chain – 30%

(10 years), 60% (30-40 years)

• Consumer foods (CONFOOD):– Higher energy efficiency in preservation process – 10-15% (10 years), 30-

40% (40 years), – Through capacity increase – 60% (40 years)– Through move from batch to continuous processes – 30% (40 years)

Process intensification


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Integration of operations:

• Several processes occur in a sequence, like milling and mixing (e.g. cacao beans, sugar and milk powder). The integration of these process steps would not only reduce the operation time and energy consumption but also the need for cleaning the equipment.

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Shift from batch processes to continuous operation

• Most processes in the agro-food sector are operated in batch mode. We hardly found any continuous processes for the treatment of raw materials or the production of the final products. Drying, roasting, milling, mixing and sieving are used in most companies, but the opportunity of a continuous process is practically not used. The batch processes are hardly equipped with control devices and the operation instructions are poor. Many apparatuses (e.g. mixers, smelters, roasters) are just filled and switched on, there are no or at least few instructions about when and why to stop the process; operators just have a look and decide if they stop the operation or not. A continuous process with a suitable process control could not only utilize the equipment better and offer the possibility for heat integration, but also would guarantee a better quality


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Heat recovery from effluents.

• Based on the fact that most operations are in batch mode, but also due to missing equipment and awareness, heat recovery or heat integration are hardly applied. In food processing we have on the one side large amounts of waste heat from cooling and freezing devices and on the other hand a large demand for warm water for cleaning purposes. We hardly found any installation for that. Many materials have to be heated and cooled in sequence (e.g. for pasteurisation, melting, roasting, …), where heat integration could take place.

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Aims of Pinch Analysis

• Visualization of the total cold- and heat demand of a system in one diagram – energy demand of single processes and which temperature level the energy has to be supplied

• Maximum of heat recovery

• Heat exchanger network – combination of the process streams

• Be aware of existing piping systems and heat exchnagers and the location of the buildings and processes


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Production processes -process flow sheet

Cheese form - cycle

Milk thermizationPasteurized skim

milk 8°C4 x 180.000 l1 x 100.000 l3 x 60.000 l

Cheese line

Whey line

preheating

hetaing

70°C27°C

65°C

Internal HR

25.000 l/h8°C

Cheesefermenter

(6 x 12.000 l)

Casomatic(Portioner)

collection a.storage tank

whey 33-40°C35.000 l

Salt bath PHT 8-12h

15°C

33-40°C33-40°C 15°C

Primary a.secondary

whey 33-40°C

TertiäreMolke 33-40°C

26.000 l/h33-40°C

Cheese press32°C

Heat from HWR

Air conditioned storage rooms

4 - 21°C33-40°C

whey(to feeding)

33-40°C

3-step cheese fermenter-cleaning; internal HR

rem. heat demand 45 60°C

heating

preheating

Fresh water4.000 l/h 12-15°C

36-65°C

36-65°C

Heat from HWR

Ice water installation

Rejected heat to HWR

Dust seperation Cooling toRO-Temp. !!


RO-plant18-28°C

33-40°C 18-28°C

Vacuum-evaporation

Rejected heat to HWRRejected heat

to HWR

55-60°C

55-60°C

18-28°C

15.000 l retentate towaste water canal

18-28°C

100-150 kg/d cheese(external processing to soft cheese)

Whey creamto raw cream tank

25°C (target temperature)

8°C

Steam / HW

Steam / HW

33-40°CCream removal

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

15

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Improve system efficiency – cogeneration

• Cogeneration of heat and electricity– No heat without electricity

– All fuels (oil, bio-gas, biomass,…)

• Cogeneration of compressed air and heat– Heat recovery from compressed air

• Cogeneration of cold and heat– Heat recovery from chillers

• Tri-generation of heat / cold / electricity

• Quatrogeneration = heat / cold / power / CO2


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Cogeneration of power, heat and cold

• In practically every company there is a need for electricity, heat and cold. Most thermal processes run at rather low temperatures, so that their heating by fuels offers a very low 2nd law efficiency. “Thermodynamic heating” – taking the energy from the environment and only the exergy from the fuel – will become more and more important in future. In some cases this could conflict with the promising technologies of volumetric heating, but high exergetic sources of energy should not be used at low temperature applications if possible. So could “in plant” cogeneration of heat and power be done in spray drying plants

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Cogeneration – combined production of power and heat (and cold)


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Process integration for drying processes

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Heat pump in malt kiln

heat demand


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Heat pump in pasteurizer

heat demand

cooling

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Energy SupplySubsystem

Process Energy Demand

Subsystem USE

CoolingSubsystem

Energy RecoverySubsystem

electricity

steamhot water

press. air

cold

heat losses toair, water, products

coalgasfuel oilbiomass

electricity


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Solar Heat for Industrial Processes

• Principles– Integration into

the heating system

– Direct heating of processes

Boiler

Fuel

TH

TP

TS

Process

SolarCollector

Hot Water

Boiler

Fuel

TH

TPTS

Process

SolarCollector

Hot Water or Steam Hot Water

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cleaning X X x X x X X x x X

drying X X x x X X x x X X Xevaporation and distillation X x X

pasteurisation X X

sterilization X X

cooking Xgeneral process heating x x x X x x X x xboiler feed water preheating X X x x x x xheating of production halls X X x x x x X X X Xsolar absorptioncooling X x X X

Industrial sectors for solar process heat

ind

ustry

secto

rprocess

foo

d

textile

bu

ildin

gm

ate

rials

ga

lvan

isin

ga

no

dis

ing

Ph

arm

ac.

bio

ch

em

ica

l

fine

ch

em

ica

ls

pu

lp &

pa

per

se

rvic

e.

se

cto

r

au

tom

ob

.su

pp

lye

r

tan

nin

g

pa

intin

g

timb

er &

w

oo

d p

rod

.


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Potential solar powered operations in the food industry

• Drying (fruits, tea, meat, fish, …)

• Pasteurization (liquids solids, …)

• Evaporization, distillation

• Hot water for cleaning

• Pre heating of boiler feed water

• Cooling

Source: Planters Energy Network, INDIA

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Drying process with airFields of application

Coffee

Tea

sweet corn

• Tobacco

Typical process temperature: 30 - 80°C

Heat carrier: air

collector:

glazed or non glazed air collectors

Solar Wall ®


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Solar fruit dryer

Source: Planters Energy Network, INDIA

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Tea dryer in India


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Solar coffee dryer

Biomass furnace

Air canal

Hot airgrid

coffee

Fresh air

Air collector

Hot water

storage

Heat exchangerblower

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Drying of coffee, Zimbabwe


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Washing processes

Fields of application

• bottle

• textiles

• cars, containers

Typical operation temperatures: 40 - 90°C

Heat carrier: water

collectors: flat plate collector

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Rinsing water for food industry


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Plant:

Tyras

Location:

Trikala (Greece)

Solar field:

1040 m2 (flat plate)

Process:

dairy

Working temp.:

80 ºC

Source:

CRES /

SolenergyHellas SA

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Hans.Schnitzer @ TUGRAZ.AT SDEWES 2013Rns.tugraz.atwww.joanneum.at/nts

Gangl, Austria

60 m² Flat plate collectorsstorage: 21,9 m³ (1 x 20 m³ , 1 x 1,9 m³)

Pasteurization of fruit juicebottle rinsing

production of vinegar and sider

Back-up: oil

installation: 2004

Pasteurizing of juice


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Production processes -process flow sheet

Cheese form - cycle

Milk thermizationPasteurized skim

milk 8°C4 x 180.000 l1 x 100.000 l3 x 60.000 l

Cheese line

Whey line

preheating

hetaing

70°C27°C

65°C

Internal HR

25.000 l/h8°C

Cheesefermenter

(6 x 12.000 l)

Casomatic(Portioner)

collection a.storage tank

whey 33-40°C35.000 l

Salt bath PHT 8-12h

15°C

33-40°C33-40°C 15°C

Primary a.secondary

whey 33-40°C

TertiäreMolke 33-40°C

26.000 l/h33-40°C

Cheese press32°C

Heat from HWR

Air conditioned storage rooms

4 - 21°C33-40°C

whey(to feeding)

33-40°C

3-step cheese fermenter-cleaning; internal HR

rem. heat demand 45 60°C

heating

preheating

Fresh water4.000 l/h 12-15°C

36-65°C

36-65°C

Heat from HWR

Ice water installation


Dust seperation Cooling toRO-Temp. !!


RO-plant18-28°C

33-40°C 18-28°C

Vacuum-evaporation

Rejected heat to HWRRejected heat

to HWR

55-60°C

55-60°C

18-28°C

15.000 l retentate towaste water canal

18-28°C

100-150 kg/d cheese(external processing to soft cheese)

Whey creamto raw cream tank

25°C (target temperature)

8°C

Steam / HW

Steam / HW

33-40°CCream removal

1 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

15

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mass balance of a brewing process


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energy balance of a brewing process

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Göss – Green brewery

1.500 m² solar thermal collectors

Hot water storage tank


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Solar Cooling

Solar thermal absorption system

Photovoltaic + compression system

?

heat

wasteheat

cold

75-95 °C

100%

8-15 °C

70%

30-40 °C

170%

Solar collectors

Cooling device

Cooling tower

Questions:• Stand alone or grid connection?• Heat needed

• Same time or • Different time

• Deep freeze needed• Other constrains

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WIKI.ZERO-EMISSIONS.AT


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WIKI.ZERO-EMISSIONS.AT - Subsection food

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Potential for solar process heat in Europe

Quelle: Vannoni, C. et al.: Task 33/IV SHIP Potential Studies Report

Industrial Final

Energy

Consumption.

Indutrial heat

demand *

Solar process

heat potential

at L&M

temperature

Solar process

heat/ Indutrial

heat demand

Potential in

terms of

capacity

Potential in

terms of

collector area

Source of the data used

for calculation

[PJ/year] [PJ/year] [PJ/year] [GWth] [Mio m2]

Austria 264 137 5.4 3.9% 3 4.3Eurostat energy balances,

year 1999; PROMISE project

Spain - 493 17.0 3.4% 5.5 - 7 8 - 10 POSHIP project

Portugal - 90 4.0 4.4% 1.3 - 1.7 1.9 - 2.5 POSHIP project

Italy 1653 857 31.8 3.7% 10 14.3Eurostat energy balances,

year 2000

Netherlands 89 46 1.95 3.2% 0.5 - 0.7 0.8 - 1

Onderzoek naar het

potentieel van zonthermische

energie in de inustrie. (FEC

for 12 branches only)

EU 25 12994 6881 258.2 3.8% 100 - 125 143 - 180Eurostat energy balances,

year 2002

Country


60


Torrefaction of (waste) biomass

Source: http://grz.g.andritz.com

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Captive power generation at rice mill in Cambodia

Source: www.cambodian-cpc.org


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Biogas – organic waste from agriculture

• Animal waste from– cows

– pigs

– chicken

– …

• renewable crops– corn

– elephant grass

– green waste from vegetable production

– …

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Biogas – organic waste from food processing

• Food processing industry

• fruit processing industry

• beverage industry (breweries, …)

• dairies

• distilleries

• …


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Food processing industryEnvironmental aspects and waste management

FILLING Canned

pineappleWASHING 3

WASHING 2

SLICING

(Pineapple sliced)

REMOVING

Pineapple eyes

PEELING

CORING (Cylinders)

SEAMER, RETORT

STERILIZATION

PRODUCTCanned

pineapple

TRIMING LABELLING

INSPECTION

CLEANING 1

SORTING

SCRAPING

COOLING

AND DRYING

PACKAGING

Market

Pineapple

Pre

limin

ary

sta

ge

Prim

ary

stage

Mate

rial

Water supply

Water supply

Wastewater

SHIPPING

Fill

ing s

tage

Pro

duct

sta

ge

Wastewater

Wastewater

Pineapple waste

Pineapple eyes waste

Head and Stem pineapple

Core pineapple Waste

Pineapple peels waste

Pineapple Waste

Sand, suspended

Wastewater

Sew

er d

rain

age

Sugar water

Waste water

Wastewater

Pineapple waste

Cans, boxes

Pineapple waste

LOADING

Water

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Zero emissions pineapple processing industry

Model of a zero emissions agro-based industrial system on canned pineapple production.

Loading

Filling

Washing

Washing

Slicing

Removing (Pineapple eyes)

Peeling

Coring

SeamierRetort

Sterilization

ProductShipping

Stem

TrimmingHead

Core

Peel

Eyes

ResidueSugar water Cooking

t = 90 – 100oc

Sugar

Filtration (Activated Carbon)

Aecrotank

Mixing tank

Fine screen

Equalization tank(Wastewater treatment plant)

Digester Anaerobic digestion

Disinfection tank -NaOCl

Digestive residues

Bio

gas

(18

,00

0m

3–

24

,00

0m

3/d

ay)

Fertilizer(305kg/ton)(9.5ton/day)

Pin

e a

pp

le w

aste

(4

0 –

49to

ns/h

a)(5

20kg

was

te/t

on)

Labeling

Sludge tank

t = 80 – 100oc

Wastewater

Water

Slu

dge

Notes:Flow of material: Flow of recycle material: Flow of sludge: Flow of waste water:Flow of water recycled: Flow of biogas:

Water

Harvest transportation(75 – 90tons)

Bio

-cycle

pro

cess

- Livestock manure- Municipal solid waste - Household waste- Residues- Agricultural waste- Food waste - Sludge

Inspection(1ton fruit)

Cleaning

Sorting

Scraping

Cooling

Storing

Packaging

UASB(Up-flow

Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)

Sedimentation

Market

Coagulation tank

Bar racks

PINEAPPLE YIELD(1hectare)

Dire

ct g

asi

fica

tio

n

Water

Water

Bio-cycle process

Manufactured foods


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Greenhouses with 950 kWp PV on the roof in Mureck / Austria

Quelle: http://www.riebenbauer.at/ger/Unsere-Projekte/Photovoltaik/Photovoltaik-Buergerbeteiligungs-Grossanlage-Region-Mureck-ABS2

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Modified from Janis Gravitis; A Biochemical Approach to Attributing Value to Biodiversity – The Concept of the Zero Emissions Biorefinery

Agricultural products

Argicultural waste

Foresty

Animal breeding

Industrial waste

Domestic waste

BIOREFINERY

ha

rve

st ,

tran

sp

ort s

tora

ge

Food

Feed

Bulk and fine chemicals

Monomers

Fibre products

Fertilizer

Water

Power & heat

Biofuels

Overview resources and productsprio

rity

Use waste first… then crops!

SolidsLiquids Gases


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Green biorefinery: utilization of whole, green

(wet) plants

Green Biomass(Grass, clover, alfalfa

Silage(solid phase fermentation)

Pretreatment and pressing

Press-cake

Amino acidseparation

Lactic acidseparation

residues

BiogasPlant

Fiber-processing

Conversion toliquid biofuels

Amino acids

lactic acid

fertilizer

Biogas(electricity, heat, fuel)

fibermaterials

Grass-juice

fuels

Source: M. Mandl. JR, Graz, Austria

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GrapesFermentationFermentation

& Pressing

Filtration &

MaturationWine

CO2

Grape

Marc

Grape

Seeds

Tank Bottoms

KHT / DE

By-products recovery (extraction

Distillation, crystallisation, etc.)

Wine

EtOH

Tartrates

Fodder

Fertilizer Valu

ab

le b

y-p

rod

ucts

100 %w/w

10 %w/w

20 %w/w

up to 80 %w/w(with recovery)

KHT: Potassium bitartrateDE: Diatomacious Earth

Source: Böchzelt, JR, Graz

Utilation of grape press cake


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Grape Pomace –Overview: By-products recovery

Lees

Fodder

OPCs

GS-Oil

PolyphenolicPolyphenolicPigments

Ethanol

Leesessence

Tartaricacid

Methane

PomacePomace

Seeds

Pomace

Distillation

Extraction

DryingPressing/Extraction

Crystallisation

AnaerobicDigestion

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(waste) Biomass Fuels


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Bio-based packaging

Source: www.vpz.at

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Bio-plastics for packaging

Tea bags made of polylactide(PLA), (peppermint tea)

Packaging blister made from cellulose acetate

Packaging peanuts made from bioplastics(thermoplastic starch)

Bioplastic fordeep-freeze

packaging


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The existing geo-centric system

• In the existing geo-centric system resources are taken from the earth crust, processed, diluted and deposited again– crude oil

– coal

– gas

– uranium

– landfills

– carbon storage

• Some emissions are stored in the atmosphere and cause serious problems there (CO2, CFCs,…)

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The upcoming helio-centric system

• In the to-be heliocentric system, the economy will be driven by solar energy:– Indirect utilization of solar radiation as

biomass, wind, waves, hydro power,…

– Direct utilization of solar radiation through photo voltaic and solar thermal heat

– Biorefineries as a basis for an agro-based economy


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The Copernican Revolution in economics: from a geo-centric to a helio-centric

system

• So far: Geo-centric

• To-be: Helio-centric

This change will face similar problems like the Copernican Revolution in natural science, although it

comes 500 years later!

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Noch Fragen?

THANKYOU !

Low Carbon Technologies for the Agro-Food...

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