Low Band Aquisition Radars

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Last Updated: Tue Jun 12 09:47:46 UTC 2012 Russian / PLA Low Band Surveillance Radars (Counter Low Observable Technology Radars) Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0901 by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng September, 2007 Updated May, December, 2008 Updated January, May, 2009 Updated February, 2010 Updated April, 2012 © 2007 - 2012 Carlo Kopp Top Rated Radar Detectors Expert Advice from Radar Roy on Quality Brand Name Radar Detectors! www.RadarBusters.com Ground Penetrating Radar Nationwide Ground Penetrating Radar Service www.nationalgpr.com Applied Radar, Inc. Specializing in signal generation frequency conversion products www.AppliedRadar.com converted by Web2PDFConvert.com

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Page 1: Low Band Aquisition Radars

Last Updated: Tue Jun 12 09:47:46 UTC 2012

Russian / PLA Low Band Surveillance Radars(Counter Low Observable Technology Radars)

Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0901

by Dr Carlo Kopp, AFAIAA, SMIEEE, PEng September, 2007

Updated May, December, 2008Updated January, May, 2009

Updated February, 2010 Updated April, 2012

© 2007 - 2012 Carlo Kopp

Top Rated Radar Detectors Expert Advice from Radar Roy on Quality Brand Name Radar Detectors! www.RadarBusters.com

Ground Penetrating Radar Nationwide Ground Penetrating Radar Service www.nationalgpr.com

Applied Radar, Inc. Specializing in signal generation frequency conversion products www.AppliedRadar.com

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(Images Rosoboronexport, RuMoD, NNIIRT, US DoD, Other)

The Northrop-Grumman B-2A 'Batwing' is sufficiently large that its shaping remains effective against lower bandradars. The same is not true for fighters with LO shaping (US DoD).

Nebo SVU VHF AESA Analysis [Click for more ...]SAM System Radar Index [Click for more ...]

BackgroundReferencesVHF Band Radars

55ж6-1 Небо-УЕ Трехкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима55Zh6-1 Nebo UYe / Tall Rack 3-Dimensional Surveillance RadarРадиолокационная станция Резонанс-Н/НЭRezonans N/NE Surveillance Radar1L13-3 Nebo SV / Box Spring 2-Dimensional Surveillance Radar1L119 Nebo SVU Mobile 3-Dimensional Surveillance RadarCETC JY-27 VHF Band Long Range Surveillance RadarCETC YLC-8/8A VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance RadarМОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГОДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН «ВОСТОК D/Е»Vostok D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric Band Surveillance RadarМОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГОДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН П-18-2P-18-2/P-18M Spoon Rest D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric Band Surveillance RadarПОДВИЖНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ МЕТРОВОГОДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН НИТЕЛ 5Н84АЭ «ОБОРОНА-14» (1РЛ113/44Ж6/5Н84)NITEL 5N84AE Oborona-14 / Tall King C Mobile 2-Dimensional VHF Band SurveillanceRadar

L-Band / UHF Band RadarsРАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ 51У6/39Н6Э «КАСТА-2Е1» / «КАСТА-2Е2» / П-15 / П-15M / П-19 51U6/39N6E Kasta 2E1/2E2 /P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face E / Squat Eye E Surveillance RadarРадиолокационная станция 22ж6 «Десна-М»22Zh6 Desna M Surveillance RadarАвтоматизированный радиолокационный комплекс 29H6 «Дельта»29N6 Delta Automated Surveillance Radar SystemРАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ с активной фазированной антенной решеткой67H6E «ГАММА-ДЕ»67N6E GAMMA-DE Mobile 3-Dimensional Solid-State AESA Surveillance RadarТрехкоординатная РЛС 59H6E «Противник-ГЕ»59N6E Protivnik GE 3D Surveillance Radar

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Трехкоординатная РЛС обнаружения 96Л6E96L6E 3D Acquisition RadarNRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-2 / YLC-2A / YLC-2V 3D Long Range Surveillance Radar [Clickfor more ...]NRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-4 2D Long Range Surveillance Radar

Multistatic and Bistatic RadarsКомплекс обнаружения низколетящих малозаметных целей методом локации "напросвет" Барьер-ЕBarrier E Bistatic Early Warning Radar for Low Altitude Low Signature TargetsБереговой загоризонтный радар поверхностной волны (БЗГР) «Подсолнух-Э»коротковолнового диапазона радиоволнPodsolnukh E Coastal HF Band Surface Wave Effect RadarPLA OTH-B Over-The-Horizon Backscatter Radar [Click for more ...]PLA CEIEC Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) Radar [Click for more ...]

Multiband Radars"Небо-М" мобильный многодиапазонный Радиолокационный комплексNebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System

Background

Prior to the rout of Saddam's extensive IADS in the 1991 Desert Storm campaign, theSoviets did not take US stealth technology seriously. Desert Storm changed that entirely,and the Soviets launched an effort to develop capabilities to detect VLO aircraft. W ith thecollapse of the USSR funding dried up, but Russian design bureaus including NNIIRT, wellknown for their line of P-18 Spoon Rest VHF band radars, continued developing new systemsoperating in the lower bands - from VHF through UHF to L-band.

Most stealth design features are intended to scatter incoming illumination in a controlledfashion, evidenced by the use of edge alignment, faceting and other geometrical shapingfeatures, supplemented by the use of absorbent materials. All of these techniques areintended to defeat radars operating in the geometrical optics and less frequently, resonanceregimes of scattering. The precondition for this to work is that the wavelength be muchshorter than the cardinal dimensions of the shaping feature of interest. An edge alignedengine inlet of typical dimensions will perform best in the centimetric Ku- and X-bands, andless so with increasing radar wavelength.

The Russian approach has been to invest in the further development of low band radars,especially operating in the VHF band. W ith wavelengths of the order of a metre or more,only very large stealth aircraft (e.g. B-2A) satisfy the physics requirement for geometricaloptics regime scattering. A fighter sized aircraft such as the JSF will see most of its carefullydesigned shaping features fall into the resonance or Raleigh scattering regions, whereshaping is of little or no import, and skin depth penetration of the induced electrical surfacecurrents defeats most absorbent coatings or laminates.

The physics of radar scattering depend to a large extent on the size of the radar wavelength vs the physical sizeof the target. In the Raleigh scattering regime, the wavelength is similar or greater in magnitude to the physical

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size of the target, and the magnitude of the reflection is essentially proportional to the physical size of thetarget. As the wavelength is reduced, the resonant region is entered, where the wavelength is comparable in sizeto key shaping features on the target, and the magnitude of the reflection fluctuates strongly with wavelengthand aspect. Finally, in the optical scattering regime, target shaping can be used to precisely control themagnitude and direction of reflections. The high effectiveness of stealth designs against decimetric andcentimetric band radars reflects the reality that for most aircraft sizes, these wavelengths are a tenth to ahundredth of the size of key shaping features (Author).

Low band radars are not a panacea for the defeat of VLO (Very Low Observable) aircraft.Their angular accuracy has been until recently poor, and the required antenna size results inungainly systems which are usually slow to deploy and stow, even if designed from theoutset for mobility. The size and high power emissions of these radars, in types with limitedmobility, makes them much easier to detect and destroy than typical mobile systemsoperating in the decimetric and centimetric bands, which can relocate rapidly after a missileshot.

Despite these drawbacks, the older Russian low band radars still provide a valuable earlywarning capability, and enable cueing of other sensors and platforms. In an IADS context, a55Zh6 Nebo, 1L13 Nebo SV, Nebo SVU or 5N84 Oborona would be used to cue the highpower aperture X-band 30N6E Flap Lid/92N2E Tomb Stone series and 9S32M Grill Pan seriesengagement radars in the S-300PMU, S-400/S-400M and S-300VM systems to a smallacquisition box in which the VLO aircraft can be found. This allows significantly more RFpower to be focussed into a small volume of space, increasing the probability of detection.Some newer radars such as the Nebo SVU , Gamma DE and Protivnik GE are accurate enoughto direct a missile shot, using the engagement radar primarily as a midcoursecommand/datalink channel to the missile.

Where fighters with high power aperture X-band radars are available, such as Irbis-E or ZhukASE equipped Su-30/35 Flanker E/G/H variants, a low band radar can provide GCI vectors toposition the fighter near enough for acquisition of the target, if need be with other sensorssuch as an IR Search and Track set.

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US DoD Band Allocation Chart

In practical terms one of the key advantages of VLO aircraft, surprise, is largely denied bythe use of such systems. The VLO capability is still enormously valuable in terms ofdegrading or defeating most engagement radars and missile seekers, but the defenderregains access to the early phases of the engagement cycle otherwise also defeated by VLOcapability.

The US Air Force is expected to use the F-22A Raptor armed with the glide wing equippedGBU-39/B SDB to destroy a defender's low band systems in the opening minutes of anengagement, relying on the standoff range of the weapon and speed/altitude of the fighterto deny engagement opportunities by defending IADS elements being cued by the low bandradars. Other fighters do not have these capabilities and become exposed to defending IADSelements.

The notion that Russian low band radars are artifacts of the Cold War with little combatvalue is foolish, as current production models are typically 'digitised' through most of thesignal and data processing, and display components, and many now use solid statetransmitters. At least two designs are AESAs (active phased array). Russian manufacturershave thus followed much the same trend as Western manufacturers, enhancing Cold War erasystems designs with digital processing. More than often modern Digital Moving TargetIndicator (DMTI) or digital pulse Doppler techniques are employed, some types also usingSpace Time Adaptive Processing (STAP), exploiting the high performance of COTS computingtechnology, readily available in the open market and easy to ruggedise for a semi-mobileapplication of this kind.

Russian industry is very actively marketing digital upgrades to the P-18 Spoon Rest, andnew production digital 55Zh6 Nebo UE / Tall Rack and Nebo SVU VHF radars, specifically asa "Counter-Stealth" capability.

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While the JSF is frequently criticised for the limitations of its stealth capability in the mid and upper microwavebands, the compact size of this aircraft makes it highly susceptible to detection by low band radars, unlike largeraircraft such as the B-2A Spirit (US Air Force).

References

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1. ПВО России, URL: http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo.html2. Нижегородский научно-исследовательский институт радиотехники' (ННИИРТ), Россия, 603950,

Нижний Новгород, ул. Шапошникова, 5, тел. (+78312) 65-00-69, факс (+78312) 64-02-833. Eugene Yanko - Warfare.ru - Russian Air Defence Radars4. С.М. Костромицкий, И.С. Садовский, П.Н. Шуйский, Мобильная твердотельная обзорная

радиолокационная станция метрового диапазона «Восток», научно-производственноереспубликанское унитарное предприятие «КБ Радар», Минск.

5. С.М. Костромицкий, RADARS AND EW EQUIPMENT OF «DB RADAR» TRADE MARK, научно-производственное республиканское унитарное предприятие «КБ Радар», Минск.

6. Гречишкин В.С.,д.ф.м.н.,профессор,засл.деятель науки РФ,академик двух академий., НОВЫЕТЕХНОЛОГИИ СТЕЛС И АНТИСТЕЛС РАДАР, Nauka-Izveyestiya, URL:http://www.inauka.ru/blogs/article86501/print.html

7. Береговой загоризонтный радар поверхностной волны (БЗГР) «Подсолнух-Э» коротковолновогодиапазона радиоволн, URL: http://www.niidar.ru/item33/

VHF Band Radars

55ж6-1 Небо-УЕ Трехкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима

55Zh6-1 Nebo UYe / Tall Rack 3-Dimensional Surveillance Radar

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(Images via NNIIRT)

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Радиолокационная станция Резонанс-Н/НЭ

Rezonans N/NE Surveillance Radar

Marketed by Rosoboronexport as a "Stealth Air Target Early Warning Radar" the Rezonans Nand NE are large long range VHF band semi-mobile radars. Little has been disclosed on thisdesign and only one image has been officially released to date, depicting an antenna arrayand separate antenna installation.

Rosoboronexport's description is largely devoid of technical detail:

"The Rezonans-N radar is a mobile highly automated coherent all-round surveillance phased-array radar employing the resonance wave reflection effect in the metric wavelength band.It is designed to monitor airspace, to acquire, identify and measure with high accuracy co-ordinates and flight characteristics of a w ide range of existing and prospective air targets atlong ranges and high altitudes, including low-observable cruise and ballistic missiles andhypersonic aircraft, as well as stealthy ones, in severe jamming and clutter environment, aswell as to be used within automated/non-automated command and control systems, non-strategic missile defence systems, rapid deployment assets, and in various military/civil-

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purpose applications."

Other Russian sources claim the radar is deployed on six trailers or semitrailers, requiring 24hr to set up or stow for movement. Cited power consumption is 100 kiloWatts whichsuggests robust peak power ratings at low duty cycles.

1Л13-3 Небо СВ Двухкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима

1L13-3 Nebo SV / Box Spring 2-Dimensional Surveillance Radar

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1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring. NB vertical polarisation of Yagi elements.

1Л119 Небо СВУ МОБИЛЬНАЯ Трехкоординатная РЛС дежурного режима

1L119 Nebo SVU Mobile 3-Dimensional Surveillance Radar

Nebo SVU VHF AESA Technical Report [Click for more ...]

The new Nebo SVU AESA is an improved new technology derivative of the baseline 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Springseries of VHF radars. It has an array of 84 (14 x 6) vertically polarised VHF Yagis, unlike the 72 elements in the1L13, each with a 3/8 folded dipole and director element. Unlike the 1L13 carried by a Ural 4320 6x6 truck, thelarger Nebo SV is a semi-trailer arrangement towed by a Ural 4320 tractor.

The fully digital Nebo SVU is a solid state VHF band surveillance radar intended for thedetection of airborne and ballistic targets. These include tactical and bomber aircraft, and

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low altitude and stealth aircraft targets. Capabilities include an integrated IFF array and theability to track airborne noise jammers. Key features include:

1. Active phased array antenna (AESA) design with a Transmit Receive Modules integratedwith each of the antenna elements, analogue-to-digital conversion of each channel,with the option of digital beamforming in the vertical plane for ABM operating modes.

2. Fully digital signal processing.3. Adaptive automatic operation to handle countermeasures and antenna element failures.4. Digital processing designed to handle adverse weather and intensive chaff bombing.5. Adaptive sidelobe cancellation.6. Heightfinding capability.7. Very high 500 hour MTBF compared to legacy VHF radars, as a result of the AESA

technology used.

A key consideration when assessing the Nebo SVU is its greater mobility compared to otherVHF radars. The Ural 4320 towed trailer arrangement has similar cross country and roadmobility to the KrAZ-260 towed variants of the S-300PMU/S-400 TEL. More importantly, the~20 minute deployment and stow times are much improved over earlier VHF radars in thisclass, more than twofold compared to the P-18 Spoon Rest or Nebo SV, and threefold overthe legacy S-300PMU acquisition radar, the 36D6 Tin Shield. Currently the most mobileRussian acquisition radar is the 64N6E/91N6E series ESA, towed by a MAZ-543 derivedtractor, and capable of "shoot and scoot" operations with times of minutes.

A self propelled variant of the Nebo SVU has been developed as part of the new NNIIRTNebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System, it is claimed to be equipped with a more advancedhydraulic stow/deploy mechanism to emulate the "shoot and scoot" capabilities of the64N6E/91N6E series.

What has not been disclosed about the Nebo SVU is the specific mechanism used for highprecision angle tracking, it is likely that high speed electronic sequential lobing is employedto emulate amplitude monopulse techniques. Details of the active sidelobe cancellation andjammer nulling mechanisms have also not been disclosed. While reports have emerged ofthe integration of the 55Zh6 Nebo UE with the S-400 C3 system, none have been seen asyet on the integration of the Nebo SVU.

Basic CharacteristicsWaveband metricUpper limits of detection range andtarget coordinate measurement:

In altitude, km No less than 100 in search mode;no less than 180 in tracking mode

In elevation, deg No less than 25 in search mode; noless than 45-50 in tracking mode

Detection range for aircraft andballistic targets with RCS of 1 m2,km:

at 0.5 km altitude, km 65at 10 km altitude, km 270at 20 km altitude, km 380Measurement Accuracy:range, m 200

azimuth, arcmin 30

elevation angle, arcmin 1.5 (within 3 to 45 deg elevationangle range)

Output data format tracksNumber of individual targets tracked

100

Data update rate, s 10 and 5MTBF, hr at least 500

MTTR, hr 0.5Crew, personnel 4 (single )Number of vehicles 2Deployment time, min 20

Основныехарактеристики:Диапазон волн метровыйВерхняя граница зоныобнаружения иизмерения координат:по высоте, км не менее 100 – в режиме

регулярного кругового обзора;не менее 180 – в режимедосопровождения

по углу места, град. не менее 25 – в режимерегулярного кругового обзора;45-50 – в режимедосопровождения

Дальность обнаруженияаэродинамических ибаллистических целей сЭОП 1м2, км:на высоте 0,5 км 65на высоте 10 км 270на высоте 20 км 380Точность измерениякоординат:дальности, м 200азимута, мин. 30угла места, мин. 1,5 (в диапазоне углов места

от 3 до 45 град.)Вид выходнойинформации

трассы

Количество одновременносопровождаемых целей

100

Темп обновленияинформации, с

10 и 5

Среднее времянаработки на отказ, ч

не менее 500

Среднее времявосстановления, ч

0,5

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Power consumption, kW 30 восстановления, чОбслуживающийперсонал, чел.

4 (в одну смену)

Количествотранспортных единиц

2

Время развертывания,мин.

20

Энергопотребление, кВт 30

CETC JY-27 VHF Band Long Range Surveillance Radar

The CETC JY-27 is a recent Chinese design which is clearly influenced by the 1L13 Nebo SV /Box Spring and 1L119 Nebo SVU. Yet to be validated open source specifications are:

Detection range (Pd = 0.8, Pf = 0.000001, σ = 1.5 m²) [NMI] 240.0 - 390.0

Frequency Band VHF

Array Geometry 16 x 6 = 96 elements H-pol

Bandwidth Δ f 15% of carrier frequency

Detection accuracy - Range ±150m

Detection accuracy - Azimuth ±1º

Mainlobe width 7º

MTI Clutter rejection [dB] 35.0

MTBF [hr]MTTR [hr]

>250.00.5

Power Consumption [kW] <50.0

The radar is claimed to provide pseudorandom frequency hopping, and ECCM capabilities.The absence of elevation error specs suggests the radar lacks a height finding capability. All

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images to date show a towed installation. The very sparse brochure claims the radar is 'fullysolid state' but no further details have been disclosed.

CETC YLC-8/8A VHF Band Long Range 2D Surveillance Radar

The CETC YLC-8 and YLC-8A are clearly derivatives of the P-12/P-18 Spoon Rest family ofradars, widely exported as part of S-75 Dvina / SA-2 Surface to Air Missile Batteries. Unlike

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the self propelled Soviet original, the YLC-8 is carried on a semi-trailer. Like the Spoon Rets,this design uses a horizontal boom to deploy sixteen Yagis, each with a reflector, dualfolded dipole and five director elements.

Specifications (J.C. Wise)

Coverage: (for Pd = 50%, RCS = 2m2)

Range: ≥ 320km

Range (flat reflecting surface) : ≥ 500km

Azimuth: 0º ~ 360º

Elevation: 0º ~ 18º

Height: ≥ 3,000m

Accuracy:

Range: ≤ 200m

Azimuth: ≤ 1º

Resolution:

Range: ≤ 450m

Azimuth: ≤ 11º

Data processing capacity: 1,000 tracks / scan

Deployment time: ≤ 30 mins

Stow time: ≤ 30 mins

MTBCF: ≥ 800 hrs

MTTR: ≤ 25 mins

МОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯМЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН «ВОСТОК D/Е»

Vostok D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric Band Surveillance Radar

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The KB Radar (Agat) Vostok D/E is an entirely new 2D VHF radar design, using a unique wideband "Kharchenko"square ring radiating element design, in a diamond lattice pattern (all images KB Radar).

Developed recently by Agat/KB Radar in Byelorussia, the Vostok is an intended replacementfor the P-18 Spoon Rest series. It is a digital solid state design, operating in the VHF band.While detailed specifications have been disclosed, design details have not, especially inrelation to the internal architecture of the design.

The manufacturer claims a detection range of ~40 nautical miles against the F-117ANighthawk, or other types with similar VHF band RCS, in a jammed environment, and 190nautical miles in an unjammed environment, with an overall 30 to 40% improvement inrange performance against the Spoon Rest D/E. Two demonstrators were built and displayedat the Milex 2007 industry expo in Minsk. A technical white paper and concurrent discussion paper reveal some interesting details,although not as much as has been disclosed on competing Russian designs like the NeboSVU.

The design uses a unique wideband "Kharchenko" square ring element radiator, arranged in adiamond lattice pattern, intended to improve frequency agility against earlier VHF designs.The boxes distributed through the framework of the active array antenna are transmit-receive modules for the radiating elements. The cited system MTBF is 1200 hours,exceptional for this class of radar. The hydraulically folded and elevated antenna ismechanically rated for 65 knot wind gusts, and both levelling of the platform and antennadeploy/stow operations are fully automated.

Specific design aims in the Vostok E included overcoming common limitations in legacy VHFradars, in particular the poor sensitivity and clutter rejection performance, the high peakpower which exposes the radar to ESM equipment, the long time to deploy and stow theantenna, and the poor fractional bandwidth which limited frequency agility.

The radar has a centre frequency of 175 MHz, and is frequency agile across fifty discretefrequency channels in the radar passband, using either random frequency hopping, or anadaptive control law which avoids frequency channels occupied by jammers.

Three channels are used for adaptive suppression of jammer signals. Low peak power isused to minimise detection range against hostile ESM. Coherent integration techniques areused, and all signal processing is digital. An adaptive processing technique is used forclutter rejection (whether this qualifies as STAP will depend on future disclosures). TheDigital MTI processing is claimed to provide a dynamic range of 50 to 60 dB.

The cited RMS ranging error is 25 metres, angle error 1.1°, and velocity error 1.8 m/s,bearing to a jammer can be measured with an error of ±1°. This performance is not as goodas the AESA design in the Nebo SVU, and the Vostok E lacks a heightfinding capability.

The fully automated digital data processing subsystem provides a range of automatictracking modes, and is designed to interface to cable or RF datalink channels to other IADSelements. No less than 120 aerial targets can be tracked. A satellite navigation terminal isintegrated to facilitate rapid operation starts, in a "shoot and scoot" environment. A digitalmap system is provided to facilitate operations, the design can display target parameters,and programmable engagement zones or other airspace boundaries. The radar is alsoequipped with a signal emulator which generates synthetic target tracks, and possiblyjamming waveforms. Signal and data processing is performed in the radar van equipment.

The time to deploy or stow the antenna is cited at less than 6 minutes, making this agenuine "shoot and scoot" design. The operator van is based on the same arrangement asthe van for the truck mounted Ranzhir E variant or Polyana command posts, carried on a 6 x6 MZKT 65273-020 series chassis.

A production Vostok E will be a formidable 2D acquisition radar, by virtue of its modern RFdesign and high mobility. As a replacement for the legacy Spoon Rest, the Vostok is muchmore capable and mobile than the 1L13 Nebo SV / Box Spring used by Russian forces. Weshould not be surprised if a future Vostok AESA derivative emerges, as a competitor to thelarger Nebo SVU. KBR reported the first export sale, to an undisclosed customer, early in2009.

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A Vostok E demonstrator deployed. The van houses the three operator stations and electronic hardware.

Operational deployment of a Vostok E at a prepared site.

Vostok E antenna system stowed (above), and unfolding for operation (below).

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Сопоставительные характеристики мобильной твёрдотельной цифровой РЛС метрового диапазона и устаревшей РЛС П-18 Comparative characteristics of digital mobile solid-meter range radar and outdated radar P-18

РЛС / Radar

П-18 / P-18 «Восток» /"Vostok"

Измеряемые координаты и параметры Measured coordinates andparameters Дальность Range

Азимут Azimuth

Дальность / Range Азимут / Azimuth Скорость / Speed

Число несущих частот The number of bearing frequencies 4 50

Время перестройки несущей частоты Time adjustment carrier frequency 3...5 секунд 3 ... 5 seconds

3 мкс 3 microseconds

Дальность обнаружения с вероятностью 0.9 при одной ложной тревоге заобзор в условиях воздействия АШП (эквивалентная спектральнаяплотность АШП на выходе антенны постановщика с учетом коэффициентаусиления антенны 500 Вт/МГц, дальность до постановщика 500 км) навысоте 10000м:

Detection range with a 0.9 probability of detection, with one false alarm underECM conditions (ECM equivalent spectral density at emitter antenna 500 W /MHz at emitter range of 500 km) at an altitude of 10000 m:

стратегический бомбардировщик B-52 / strategic bomber B-52истребитель F-16 / F-16 fighterсамолёт-невидимка F-117A / F-117A stealth fighter

43 км / 43 km 23 км / 23 km 12 км / 12 km

255 км / 255 km 133 км / 133 km 72 км / 72 km

Количество подавляемых помеховых направлений Number of rejected ECM sources Нет / No 3

Коэффициент подавления АШП при отношении помеха/шум 25...40 дБ The ECM rejection at J/S of 25 ... 40 dB 0 23...35 дБ

23 ... 35 dBКоэффициент подавления отражений от местных предметов, не менее Clutter rejection, not less 20 дБ 20 dB 30...40 дБ

30 ... 40 dBКоэффициент подавления отражений от облаков дипольных отражателей Chaff cloud rejection 20 дБ 20 dB 25...30 дБ

25 ... 30 dBЗона работы устройства защиты от пассивных помех Chaff cloud rejection footprint 0...255 км 0 ... 255 km 0...360 км

0 ... 360 kmКоэффициент подавления несинхронных помех Asynchronous interference rejection 10 дБ 10 dB 15...18 дБ

15 ... 18 dBОдновременное подавление несинхронных помех и отражений отместных предметов, не менее: The simultaneous clutter and asynchronous interference rejection, no less: отражений от местных предметов local clutterнесинхронных помех asynchronous interference

10 дБ 10 dB 10 дБ 10 dB

25...30 дБ 25 ... 30 dB 15...18 дБ 15 ... 18 dB

Разрешающая способность: 900 м 150 м

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Разрешающая способность: Resolution:

по дальности / rangeпо азимуту (на средней несущей частоте) / azimuth (at average carrier

frequency)по радиальной скорости / in radial velocity

900 м 900 m

6,386.38 ОтсутсвуетAbsent

150 м 150 m

5,5 5.5 10,6 м/с 10.6 m / s

Дальность радиотехнической разведки РЛС системой РТР противника Range of hostile ESM

Не менее 1000 км Not less than 1000 km

Не более 203 км No more than 203 km

Автоматическая обработка радиолокационной информации иформирование трасс целей Automatic processing of radar information andthe track generation

Отсутствует / Missing Обеспечивается /Provides

Автоматическое сопровождение пеленгов постановщиков помех Automatic tracking of ECM emitters Отсутствует / Missing Обеспечивается /

Provides

Пропускная способность (количество обрабатываемых целей за периодобзора 10 секунд) Track capacity (number of processed per scan, 10 seconds)

До 10 (визуальный съем) Up to 10 (visual removal)

Не менее 120(автоматическийсъем) Not less than 120(automatic removal)

МОБИЛЬНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯМЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН П-18-2

P-18-2/P-18M Spoon Rest D/E Mobile 2-Dimensional Metric BandSurveillance Radar

P-18 Spoon Rest (Hungarian MoD)

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NNIIRT modernised P-18 Spoon Rest (NNIIRT)

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NITEL modernised P-18 Spoon Rest (NITEL).

Slovakian Army P-18 (Images © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

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ПОДВИЖНАЯ ДВУХКООРДИНАТНАЯ РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯМЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ВОЛН НИТЕЛ 5Н84АЭ «ОБОРОНА-14»

(1РЛ113/44Ж6/5Н84)

NITEL 5N84AE Oborona-14 / Tall King C Mobile 2-Dimensional VHFBand Surveillance Radar

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Stowed Configuration Image (1) Here.

(Images via http://forum.valka.cz/)

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L-Band / UHF Band Radars

РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ 51У6/39Н6Э «КАСТА-2Е1» / «КАСТА-2Е2» / П-15 /П-15M / П-19 51U6/39N6E Kasta 2E1/2E2 /

P-15 / P-15M / P-19 Flat Face E / Squat Eye E Surveillance Radar

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Kasta 2E1 Flat Face E UHF Band Acquisition Radar.

The Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are the latest incarnations of the well established Flat Face andSquat Eye family of semimobile UHF band tactical acquisition radars. The initial P-15 FlatFace A introduced the now characteristic double stacked array of elliptical paraboloid sectionantennas. This radar was widely exported by the Soviets to Warsaw Pact nations and SovietThird World allies and clients. The radar has been used to support interceptors, as well asSA-3, SA-4, SA-6 and SA-8 missile batteries as an acquisition radar. The P-15M Squat Eye isa derivative of the baseline design with a single antenna on a tethered latticework mast. Itwas employed to improve low altitude coverage, but also to permit use of the radar inheavily forested terrain where the height of the foliage canopy exceeded the height of theantenna phase centre in the P-15.

The P-19 Flat Face B is the improved follow-on to the P-15 with a range of improvements.Since the 1990s a number of manufacturers are now offering comprehensive digital upgradesfor the P-15 and P-19 inventory.

Kasta 2E1 and 2E2 are heavily redesigned derivatives using a new KAMAZ 6 x 6 chassis andmostly digital hardware. The redesign of the Squat Eye antenna is the most visually

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prominent change with the increased aperture improving range performance.

Due to their low power-aperture ratings this family of radars is generally not regarded to beparticularly effective against LO and VLO aircraft.

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Kasta 2E2 Squat Eye E deployed.

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P-15 Flat Face A

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P-19 Flat Face B.

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Радиолокационная станция 22ж6 «Десна-М»

22Zh6 Desna M Surveillance Radar

The VNIIRT Desna M series of surveillance radars are intended to be kept in use until 2025 with upgrades. Thedesign is semi-mobile with a similar configuration to the Bar Lock series. There are no reports of significantexports of this radar.

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SpecificationsДиапазон волн Operating Band

дециметровый UHF

Дальность обнаружения цели (типа "истребитель") (на высоте 10000 м), кмRange for "fighter RCS target" at 10,000 m, in km

300

Верхняя граница обнаружения цепи (типа "истребитель"), км 40Темп обзора, об./мин.Scan Rate, RPM

6

Точность измерения координат целей (СКО, на высоте 10000 м): Accuracy of target tracking at 10,000 m Alt.по дальности, мin range (m)

300

по высоте, мin altitude (m)

500

по азимуту, мин.in azimuth (minutes of arc)

15

Коэффициент подавления отражений от местных предметов, дБClutter rejection in dB

не менее 30

Время развертывания (свертывания), чStow/deploy time in hr

не более 10

Потребляемая мощность, кВтPower consumption kW

260

Обслуживающий персонал, чел.Crew complement

16

Автоматизированный радиолокационный комплекс 29H6 «Дельта»

29N6 Delta Automated Surveillance Radar System

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The 29N6 Delta was designed for fixed operation in remote locations and is commonly deployed on a latticeworkmast with tethers.The antenna arrangements available include single reflectors or Janus-faced paired reflectors.A IFF arrays are often attached to the side of the primary aperture. The design uses three stacked beams. Thereare no reports of significant exports of this radar.

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SpecificationsДиапазон волнWavelengths

дециметровыйL-band

Зона обзора:Search Coverage:

по высоте, м altitude in m 0-10000

по азимуту, град. Azimuth, deg. 360

по углу места, град. in elevation, deg. 0-12

Дальность обнаружения цели типа "истребитель"одним АРСП при подъеме фазового центра антенны

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на 12 м (с вероятностью 0,5), км: Detection range for a "fighter RCS target" for antennaphase centre elevation of 12 m (with a probability of0.5), km:

на высоте, м: at an altitude of, m:

100 м 100 m 40

1000 м 1000 m 115

3000-10000 180

Обобщенная зона обнаружения двух АРСП прирасстоянии между ними 100 км, на высоте, км: Detection footprint of two systems with a distance of100 km between stations, and for a given targetaltitude, km:

500 м: 500 m:

глубина depth 160

протяженность length 270

3000 м: 3000 m:

глубина depth 360

протяженность length 460

Точность измерения: Accuracy:

дальности, м range, m 1000

азимута, мин. azimuth minutes. 60

Определяемые эшелоны высоты, км: Altitude bands, km: 0-2; 2-4; 4-6

Количество трасс, выдаваемых на АСУ Number of tracked targets 100

Темп обновления информации, с Track update rate, sec

5, 10 и 20 5, 10 and 20

Среднее время наработки на отказ, ч: MTBF, hr:

1400 (АРСП) 800 (ПОДУ) 1400 (ARSP) 800 (PODU)

Потребляемая мощность, кВт Power consumption, kW

16 (АРСП) 16 (ПОДУ) 16 (ARSP) 16 (PODU)

Обслуживающий персонал в одну смену, чел. Crew requirement, per

2-3 (на ПОДУ) 2-3 (in PODU)

РАДИОЛОКАЦИОННАЯ СТАНЦИЯ с активной фазированной антенной решеткой67H6E «ГАММА-ДЕ»

67N6E GAMMA-DE Mobile 3-Dimensional Solid-State AESA SurveillanceRadar

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VNIIRT Gamma DE AESA deployed configuration (above) and stowed configuration (below). Three subtypes exist,the D1/D1E, D2/D2E, and D3/D3E with differing module power ratings and range performance. Depicted is thetowed configuration with a 20 minute deploy/stow time. VNIIRT disclosed in 2007 that a self-propelled variant wasavailable, with a 5 minute deploy/stow time compatible with the S-300PMU2 and S-400 SAM systems. To date noimagery of the self-propelled variant has been disclosed.

The VNIIRT Gamma DE is a solid state long range L-Band 3D Active Electronically SteeredArray (AESA) search and acquisition radar intended to support interceptors and IntegratedAir Defence Systems. It is intended to detect and track aircraft, cruise missiles, precisionguided munitions and tactical ballistic missiles at medium and high altitudes. Themanufacturer cites two basic operating modes "iso-range" and "iso-altitude".

Gamma DE installations can be supplied with three different AESA module power ratings,yielding the D1/D1E, D2/D2E and D3/D3E variants. Cited MTBF in recent literature is ~1,000hrs which is consistent with mature AESA technology.

Detection Range Performance by Variant: D1E D2E D3E

Range/Altitude in [km] for 1 m2 target. 400/40 (315/120) 370/40 (315/120) 310/40 (285/120)

Range/Altitude in [km] for 0.1 m2 target. 240/40 (230/120) 210/40 (195/120) 175/40 (165/120)

The VNIIRT designers paid considerable attention to operation in high threat environments.A number of design features were introduced for this reason:

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1. The ability to concentrate emitted power into search sectors which are being subjectedto jamming, to decrease the J/S ratio.

2. W ideband pulse-to-pulse automatic frequency hopping with automated avoidance ofjammed frequencies (i.e pre-transmit sniffing), employing a spectrum analyser.

3. Signal processing functions to reject incoherent signals received in the mainlobe, suchas jammers or other interfering in-band emitters.

4. Multichannel rejection of jamming. This is likely to have been implemented by formingnulls in the mainlobe.

5. Jammer rejection by sidelobe blanking.6. Adaptive multichannel pulse Doppler filtering for clutter rejection. While VNIIRT

literature describes this as DMTI, it is not clear whether the technique used isconventional DMTI or pulse Doppler.

7. Rejection of jammers and signals with low radial Doppler shifts relative to the radar.

Another very modern feature in this design is the use of Non-Cooperative Target Recognition(NCTR). This is claimed to be performed by the analysis of backscatter power levels,correlation against known signatures, and the flight trajectory characteristics of the track.Helicopters are recognised by analysing the advancing and receding rotor blade Dopplershifts.

To defeat anti-radiation missiles and Emitter Locating Systems, the Gamma DE employsshort burst transmissions, with radar emission timing slaved to the Gazetchik E emittinganti-radiation missile decoy system. In addition chaff, smoke generators and infrared decoysare employed to seduce missiles with active radar, electro-optical or imaging infaredseekers. The Gazetchik E is claimed to achieve a 0.85-0.95 Pk against anti-radiationmissiles. It is worth noting than many such missiles do not have the band coverage to homein on an L-band emitter such as the Gamma DE.

Like many Western L-band radars, such as the MESA, the Gamma-DE has an integrated IFFfunction in the primary array, supporting Mark XA and XII modes. This is performed using theVNIIRT developed Voprosnik-E secondary radar, embedded in the Gamma-DE antennasystem.

The AESA design provides cited mainlobe steering angles of up to ±60° in azimuth andelevation. VNIIRT claim a robust detection range of up to 600 nautical miles against highelevation angle ballistic missile targets. Like Western phased array radars the Gamma DE iscapable of adaptively interleaving search and track beams, and nulling particular angularsectors which are subject to jamming. Modes include high update rate search waveforms innarrow solid angles, providing for high quality tracking of high speed closing targets.

A single Gamma DE system comprises a towed antenna head trailer with the 1280 element 8x 5.2 metre AESA on a turntable, a semi-trailer radar cabin with electronics and operatorstations, and a dual redundant 16 kiloWatt diesel generator. An option cited for the GammaDE is deployment of the radar head on the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latter are carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor. Cited time to deploy the basic demonstrator configuration is 1.5 hrs.More recent (2007) VNIIRT data states 20 minutes to deploy the towed configuration, and 5minutes to deploy a self-propelled configuration carried on a truck. This qualifies the towedGamma DE as mobile, and the self-propelled configuration as "shoot and scoot".

To date no details of the self propelled variant have been disclosed. Given the size andweight of the Gamma DE antenna system, the configuration is likely to be similar to that ofthe 91N6E Big Bird rather than 96L6 , most likely using the MZKT-7930 tow tractor, and agas turbine generator equipped semi-trailer for the antenna head and equipment cabin.

In the towed variant, radiofrequency datalinks permit the cabin to be located up to 1 kmfrom the AESA, and additional datalinks permit up to 15 km separation between the cabinand an IADS command post. For semi-hardened revetted deployment optical fibre cables areavailable.

Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces areavailable between the S-400 battery and the Gamma DE system. The azimuthal trackingaccuracy of 0.17-0.2°, elevation accuracy of 0.2-0.3° and range accuracy of 60-100 metresmake this radar eminently capable of providing midcourse guidance updates for a range ofSAM systems. For comparison, the 64N6E Big Bird series used in the SA-20/21 has aroundtwice the angular and range tracking error magnitude compared to the Gamma DE.

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Основные тактико-технические характеристики РЛС «Гамма-ДЕ»(2007 VNIIRT Data)

Диапазон волн дециметровыйЗона обзора: по азимуту, град 360 по дальности, км 10-400 по углу места, град -2…+60 по высоте, км 120Дальность обнаружения, км: цели с ЭПР = 1 м2 400

цели с ЭПР = 0,1 м2 240Точность измерения координат: дальности, м 60-100 азимута, мин. 10 угла места, мин. 15-18Коэффициент подавления отражений от местных предметов, дБ 50Количество одновременно сопровождаемых целей, не менее 200Среднее время наработки на отказ/среднее время восстановления, ч 1000/0,5Время развертывания при размещении АПУ, мин.: на прицепе 20 на автомобильном шасси 5Время включения РЛС, мин. 1,2Количество транспортных единиц 2-3Эксплуатационный расчет (одна смена), чел. 3

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VNIIRT Gamma DE AESA with radomes open for maintenance of the AESA .

Notional configuration of a production 67N6E Gamma DE in mast mounted and self propelled variants. The exactconfiguration of either variant has yet to be disclosed (Author).

Трехкоординатная РЛС 59H6E «Противник-ГЕ»

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59N6E Protivnik GE 3D Surveillance Radar

The NNIIRT Protivnik GE is a large mobile L-band 3D surveillance radar. Carried on a pair of semitrailers, it can bedeployed for operation in ~15 minutes.

The NNIIRT Protivnik GE entered service in 1999 as a long range 1.3 GHz Band 3D searchradar intended to support interceptors and Integrated Air Defence Systems. It is intended todetect and track aircraft and cruise missiles at all altitudes.

The primary antenna planar array is designed for low sidelobes and backlobes - the innersidelobes being cited at -40 dB and the average sidelobe level at -53 dB. The transmitterdelivers a peak power rating of 500 kiloWatts, and a average power rating of 12 kiloWatts,with a 3 dB receiver noise figure. An IFF array is mounted beneath the primary aperture.Russian sources claim the use of Space Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) techniques, as wellas adaptive sidelobe nulling. All radar processing is digital. The 8.5 x 5.5 metre apertureplanar array uses electronic beamsteering in elevation while azimuthal pointing is achievedby rotating the turntable. EU claim the ability to form up to twenty pencil beams to trackprecisely individual targets. The azimuthal tracking accuracy of 0.2°, elevation accuracy of0.17° and range accuracy of 50-100 metres make this radar capable of providing midcoursecueing for a range of SAM systems.

Almaz-Antey literature on the S-400 / SA-21 system states that compatible interfaces areavailable between the S-400 battery and the Protivnik GE.

The radar is mobile, and with 15 minutes to deploy according to NNIIRT, it almost qualifiesas "shoot and scoot". It is carried on a pair of semitrailers thus providing high road transitspeed. A 22 metre elevation mast system, probably the 40V6M, is claimed to be available,but imagery has yet to become available.

A self propelled reduced aperture solid state AESA variant of the Protivnik GE has beendeveloped as part of the new NNIIRT Nebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System, it is claimedto be equipped with a more advanced hydraulic stow/deploy mechanism intended to emulatethe "shoot and scoot" capabilities of the 64N6E/91N6E series. Significantly, this new variantis an AESA design and will therefore provide agile beam steering and tracking capabilitiesabsent in the original Protivnik GE, bringing it up to the technological standard andreliability of the competing VNIIRT Gamma DE series.

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Rosoboronexport Specifications:

NNIIRT Specifications (2008)

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Stowed electronics subsystem (Image © Miroslav Gyűrösi).

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Трехкоординатная РЛС обнаружения 96Л6E

96L6E 3D Acquisition Radar

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LEMZ 96L6E deployed configuration (above) and stowed configuration (below). Russian sources consistentlydisagree on whether the radar operates in the S-band or L-band. It is carried by an MZKT-7930 vehicle. The96L6E is standard with S-400 / SA-20 batteries and an option for older types such as the S-300PUM1/PMU2 / SA-20(© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).

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LEMZ 96L6E antenna deployed (© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).

The 96L6 was developed by KB Lira and is built by LEMZ. It was developed to replace the S-band 36D6 Tin Shield medium and high altitude acquisition radar, and the S-band 76N6 ClamShell low altitude acquisition radar, with a design which is fully mobile and can redeploy asquickly as a 'shoot and scoot' missile battery. The 96L6 can be operating 5 minutes aftercoming to a stop.

The 96L6 is the standard battery acquisition radar in the S-400 / SA-21 system, and isavailable as a retrofit for the S-300PM/PMU/PMU1 and S-300PMU2 Favorit / SA-20 Gargoyleas a substitute for the legacy acquisition radars. The radar interfaces to the S-300PMU2 viaa radiofrequency datalink or optical fibre cable, and interfaces to older missile batteries viaa conventional cable. Interfaces are available for the 30N6E Tomb Stone, the 83M6 batterycommand post, and Integrated Air Defence System command posts including the Baikal-1E,Senezh-M1E, Osnova-1E and Pole-E. Links to the latter include radiofrequency datalinks orcables.

The radar is a frequency hopping design intended to provide high jam resistance and highclutter rejection. Up to five operator consoles are provided. The planar array antennaemploys mechanical beamsteering in azimuth and electronic beamsteering in elevation.Several operating modes are available:

Full azimuth search involves rotating the aperture through 360° and performing verticalsweeps electronically. Medium to low altitude targets can be acquired by constraining the

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mainlobe elevation angle between -3° and +1.5°, with a 12 second sweep period, or -1.5°and +20°, with a 6 second sweep period. Target velocity is limited to a range of 30 m/s to1200 m/s. Sector search typically limits sweeps to a 120° sector, with a high sector searchbetween 0° and 60° elevation requiring 8 seconds, or a low sector search between 3° and+1.5° requiring 5.5 seconds. In these modes target velocities are limited to between 50 m/sand 2800 m/s. A dedicated low altitude search mode is also provided, with a 360 sweepperformed in 6 seconds, for elevations between -3° and +1.5°.

Two basic configurations of the design are available. The first is the best known, the selfpropelled TM966E configuration, is carried on the MZKT-7930 chassis, itself derived from theMAZ-543 series first used with the S-300PS. This variant mounts the antenna head on aturntable and carries the equipment cabin, as well as an SEP-2L power generator. Thesecond configuration is semimobile, and uses a pair of trailers, one mounting the antennahead and the SES-75M power supply, the other the equipment cabin, these being connectedby up to 100 metres of cable. Accessory options include the 98E6U generator, tow tractors,and either the 24 metre 40V6M or 40 metre 40V6MD semi-mobile mast systems. The latterare carried by semi-trailer and typically towed by a MAZ-537 or other tractor.

Main tactical and technical characteristics (LEMZ Data)Radiated frequencies waveband "C"Automatic frequency control availability +Diapason of detected targets slant ranges Radar coverage: А) In a mode of all-altitude detection: in azimuth in elevation (there is a possibility to adjust the lower limit of elevation coverage down to minus3°) in Doppler speed data renewal rate: in lower zone from 0 to 1.5° in upper zone from 1.5 to 20°

B) In the mode of sector scan: In the sector of coverage: in elevation in azimuth in doppler speed sector scan time Outside the decelaration sector: in elevation lower sector scan time Full scan cycle

В) In the mode of low-altitude detection in azimuth in elevation in doppler speed scan rate

5-300 km

360° from 0 to 20°

from ±30 to ±1200m/s

6 s 12 s

from 0 to 60° up to 120° from ±50 to ±2800m/s up to 8 s

from -3 to1.5° 5,5 s 13,5 s

360° 0 - 1,5° from ±30 to ±1200m/s 6 s

Tracking of targets is provided at elevation angles up to 60°Quantity of tracked targets up to 100Time of track initiation and outputting of target indication (TI): for aerodynamic target: at elevation angles below 1.5° at elevation angles above 1.5°

12 s 21 s

Quantity of false TI during 30 min of operation at most 3-5Readiness time: for manufacturing version on one transportation vehicle: from march from deployed state from on-duty state

for manufacturing version on two transportation vehicle: from march from deployed state from on-duty state

5 min at most 3 min at most 40 s

30 min at most 3 min at most 40 s

Time of installation of antenna on a tower 2 hrContinuous operation without limitThe radar provides serviceability under the following climatic conditions: at temperature at dust contents at wind speed stability against turnover at wind speed under solar radiation, icing

±50 °С up to 2.5 g/m3 up to 30 m/s up to 50 m/s +

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at altitude above sea level+ up to 3000 m

The radar crew 3 people

Both the manufacturer LEMZ and Almaz-Antey are offering the 96L6 with the 40V6M series masts widely usedwith the 76N6 Clam Shell and 36D6 Tin Shield S-band radars. To date no photographs of this configuration haveemerged. A towed variant also exists (Author).

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S-400 battery with 96L6 deployed (© 2010, Yevgeniy Yerokhin, Missiles.ru).

NRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-2 / YLC-2A / YLC-2V 3D Long RangeSurveillance Radar [Click for more ...]

NRIET / CEIEC / CETC YLC-4 2D Long Range Surveillance Radar

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The YLC-4 is large long range VHF/UHF band solid state redundant 2D search radar, intendedfor military and civil ATC and early warning. The system comprises the antenna and threeadditional trailers, at best the system is semi-mobile.

The design uses digital AMTI processing, and is a burst-to-burst, pulse-to-pulse automaticpseudorandom adaptive frequency hopper. The transmitter employs 21 air cooled solid stateamplifiers.

Specifications (J.C. Wise/NRIET)

Frequency range: 216~220 MHz

Rmax: 410 km (Pd=0.5)

Rmax: 380 km (Pd=0.8)

Coverage:

Azimuth: 0° < 360°

Elevation: 0° < 25°

Reliability

MTBFC: => 500 hours

MTTR: <= 0.5 hours

Aperture: 16.5 x 7.12 m Super cosecant square beam in elevation

Peak Power: ~50 kW

Pulse Width/Duty Cycle: 2 usec / 13%

Sweep Rate: ~10 sec

Sidelobes: < -30dB

Processing/MTI Improvement Factor: Digital AMTI / 41 dB

Clutter Rejection: ~45 dB

Power Requirements: 2 x 120 kW diesel generators

Multistatic and Bistatic Radars

Комплекс обнаружения низколетящих малозаметных целейметодом локации "на просвет" Барьер-Е

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Barrier E Bistatic Early Warning Radar for Low Altitude Low SignatureTargets

Barrier E transmit and receive antennas (NNIIRT via RusArmy.com)

NNIIRT's Barrier E is a low power bistatic radar system intended to provide tripwire earlywarning against low signature targets at low to medium altitudes. It is analogous in somerespects to the US Silent Sentry, but quite unique in implementation.

The stated purpose of the design is to detect stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, conventionalcombat aircraft, lighter-than-air vehicles and ultralights. Geographical emplacement isintended to exploit terrain, blocking mountain passes, harbour entrances, or narrow maritimestraits.

The system is typically deployed to form a radar fence in which a chain of stations producesindividual coverage zones between pairs of stations. The transmitters operate at very lowpower levels, cited at 1-3 Watts, and the transmit signal is modulated with datalink or othercommunications traffic. Antennas are mounted on tethered masts to provide best possiblestation spacing.

Up to ten stations may be chained together, ~30 NMI apart, to form a 300 NMI tripwirefence. Each segment in the chain provides altitude coverage up to ~23 kft, with a maximummainlobe width of 6.5 NMI.

The Barrier E is designed for unattended operation, with remote stations comprisingantenna/mast assemblies for transmit/receive functions, a containerised signal and dataprocessing module, a remote built in test facility, with the transmitters employed to providedatalinking to the central master station. The latter provides operator consoles and anautomated data processing facility.

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Barrier E operator display with digital map and track data (NNIIRT via RusArmy.com).

Basic Characteristics /Основные характеристикиДиапазон волн, МГц 390-430 (10 рабочих точек)Operating Band, MHz 390-430 (10 operating frequencies)Зона обнаружения: многозвенная (максимальное количество звеньев 10 )Coverage Zone: Variable (up to 10 bistatic links)

длина одного звена, кмdistance between stations, km До 50

up to 50поперечный размер барьерной зоны, кмwidth of mainlobe, km

1,5-12 ( в зависимости от типа цели)1.5 - 12 (depends on type of target)

высота барьерной зоны, кмcoverage altitude, km от 0,03 до 3-7

from 0.03 metres to 3 - 7

Точность определения координат и параметровдвижения воздушных объектов (усредненная потрассе):Target tracking accuracy (average per track)

вдоль барьера, мalong mainlobe, m 2100

поперек барьера, мnormal to mainlobe, m 170

азимута, град.azimuth, degrees of arc 1

скорости, м/сvelocity, m/sec 5,8

5.8

Разрешающая способность поперек барьера, мResolution within mainlobe, m

не более 300not exceeding 300

Средний период ложных тревог, чFalse alarm rate, he

не менее 72at least 72

Количество классов распознаваемых целей

Identifiable target categories

5 (крылатая ракета, истребитель, бомбардировщик,вертолет, легкомоторный самолет)5 (cruise missile, fighter, bomber, helicopter, ultralight)

Вероятность распознаванияProbability of detection

0,890.89

Вид выходной информацииOutput format

трассыtracks

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Output format tracksКоличество одновременно сопровождаемыхцелейNumber of tracked targets

5 ( в зоне обзора одного звена)5 (within each mainlobe)

Темп выдачи информации, сData output rate, sec

1

Source: Rusarmy.com

Береговой загоризонтный радар поверхностной волны (БЗГР)«Подсолнух-Э» коротковолнового диапазона радиоволн

Podsolnukh E Coastal HF Band Surface Wave Effect Radar

The NIIDAR Podsolnukh E is a Russian analogue to Australia's Daronmont TechnologiesSECAR high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). The manufacturer describes the systemthus:

"The Podsolnukh E HFSWR is intended for use in coastal defence systems to surveil surfaceand air targets in the 200-mile economic zones of littoral nations.

The Podsolnukh E HFSWR is an automated means to surveil the all-weather surface and airenvironment by creating a shortwave band surface wave extending to high altitudes andbeyond the radar horizon.

The processing and display of information on air and sea targets is performed by aspecialized multiprocessor computing system.

Digital interfaces provide the Podsolnukh E HFSWR with the ability to interface with avariety of other systems, according to the agreed customer requirements, and formatscoordinate and tracking information to match the system and command centers in digitalform.

OAO NPK NIIDAR performs development work on the adaptation of the Podsolnukh E HFSWRto accommodate local conditions in accordance with the requirements of the customer.

Radar equipment and components of the antennas are transported by road, rail and seatransport. Assembly, installation and deployment of the equipment is provided to pre-arranged sites."

Basic Characteristics /Основные характеристикиДиапазон волн Operating Band

декаметровыйHF

Зона наблюдения: Surveillance coverage:

по дальности, км range, km 15-300

по азимуту, град. azimuth, degrees of arc 110-120

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по углу места, град. elevation, degrees of arc 0-30

Обзор пространства Coverage

параллельный parallel

Максимальная дальность обнаружения морских надводных объектов, км: Maximum detection range against marine surface targets, km:судов водоизмещением, т: displacement of vessels, t:

до 1000 to 1000 200

от 2000 до 5000 from 2000 to 5000 250

более 7000 More than 7000 300

Максимальная дальность обнаружения воздушных объектов (самолет, вертолет) км:Maximum detection range against airborne targets (aircraft, helicopter), km:при высоте полета, м: at a flight altitude, m:

более 7000 More than 7000 300

от 200 до 5000 from 200 to 5000 200

от 3 до 200 from 3 to 200 150

Количество одновременно сопровождаемых объектов: The number of concurrently tracked targets:

надводных surface 100

воздушных air 100

Потребляемая мощность от сети первичного электропитания, кВт Power consumption, kW 200

Среднее время наработки на отказ, ч MTBF, hr 1000

Среднее время восстановления, мин. MTTR, min. 30

Срок службы, лет Equipment design life, years 15

Эксплуатационный расчет (одна смена), чел. Crew complement (one ), personnel 3

Время развертывания на подготовленных площадках, сутки Time to deployment at a prepared site, days 10

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PLA OTH-B Over-The-Horizon Backscatter Radar [Click for more ...]

PLA CEIEC Surface Wave-OTH (SW-OTH) Radar [Click for more ...]

Multiband Radars

"Небо-М" мобильный многодиапазонный Радиолокационныйкомплекс

Nebo M Mobile Multiband Radar System

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Nebo-M RLM-D L-band radar on BAZ-6909 vehicle, stowed.

In late 2008, details emerged of a new multiband 3D radar system in development byNNIIRT, designated the Nebo M. The Nebo M is a radical departure from previous Russiandesigns.

The self-propelled Nebo M is a package of three discrete radars and a single processing andcommand van, all hosted on BZKT BAZ-6909-015 8 x 8 all terrain 24 tonne chassis, based onthe same vehicle as the S-400 / SA-21 5P85TE2 TEL and the proposed wheeled SA-23variant.

The Nebo M combines derivatives of three existing NNIIRT 3D radars, the VHF band NeboSVU, the L-band Protivnik G and the S/X-band Gamma S1. While the NNIIRT slide (below)attributes the VHF component to the 55Zh6 Tall Rack, the actual antenna design is clearlybased on the solid state Nebo SVU AESA design. The L-band component antenna has areduced aperture size compared to the semi-trailer hosted 59N6E radar.

Available imagery of prototype hardware shows the VHF-band and L-band components, bothof which were not previously available in self-propelled all terrain configurations, unlike theGamma S1/S1E. The KU vehicle in the suite is the operator van. Each vehicle has anindependent generator rated at 100 kiloWatts. All radar vehicles have an integratedhydraulic stow and deploy system for folding and unfolding the antenna, to support shoot-and-scoot operation, and all are equipped with dual mode GPS/Glonass navigation systemsfor this purpose. All radars are cited as solid state AESAs, with the capability to operate inan agile beam sector search/track regime, or in a conventional circular scan regime, with theantennas mechanically rotated.

The idea of integrating three radars, each operating in a discrete band, is novel and clearlyintended to provide a counter-VLO capability. A track fusion system in the KU vehicle will berequired, providing a capability analogous to the US Navy CEC (Cooperative EngagementCapability)system. This technology was previously developed for the Salyut Poima E trackfusion system and is now becoming mature.

Available imagery of prototype Nebo M hardware shows the VHF band RLM-M system and L-band RLM-D system.

Technical details and marketing materials for the Nebo M have yet to be released, and whatis available appears to be a controlled leak by the design office, which excludes details suchas power ratings and component detection/track range and angle performance. Even if theNebo M does not achieve production status in its intended configuration, the development ofself propelled variants of the Nebo SVU and Protivnik G/GE low band radars is in itself asignificant advancement, as both present as effective battery acquisition radars for the S-300PMU1/2, S-400 and a range of legacy SAM systems, hosted on the BAZ-6909 both radarsacquire mobility to match other components of an S-300P/S-400 missile battery.

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NNIIRT Nebo M System ComponentsKU Central track processing and fusion system with multiple operator consoles.RLM-M Self-propelled AESA radar based on VHF band Nebo SVU designRLM-D Self-propelled AESA radar based on L band Protivnik G designRLM-S Self-propelled AESA radar based on S/X band Gamma S1 design

The Nebo-M system is clearly designed to hunt the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The VHF-Band component of thesystem provides sector search and track functions, with the X-Band and L-Band components providing a finetrack capability. By good placement of the radars relative to the threat axis, the L-Band and X-Band componentsilluminate the incoming target from angles where the target RCS is suboptimal. Attempts to jam the Nebo-M willbe problematic, since all of these radars have a passive angle track capability against jammers, as a result ofwhich usage of a jammer permits passive triangulation of the target using three angle track outputs. The RLM-Sand RLM-D have better elevation tracking accuracy than the RLM-M, and therefore the Nebo M should be capableof producing high quality tracks suitable for midcourse guidance of modern SAMs and full trajectory guidance oflegacy SAMs.

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RLM-M component of the Nebo M, based on the VHF band Nebo SVU. This is effectively a self-propelled derivativeof the Nebo SVU demonstrator design. Below, performance comparison between Nebo SVU and Nebo M.

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RLM-D component of the Nebo M based on the L band Protivnik G/GE series. This is effectively a self-propelledderivative of the towed 59N6E series, but using AESA technology and a smaller aperture area.

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Baseline Gamma S1/S1E on the BAZ-64022 chassis, the RLM-S will be a similar configuration (Said Aminov Vestnik-PVO).

BAZ-6909-015 8 x 8 all terrain vehicle. This design is also the basis of the tow tractor used for the new 5P85TE2TEL for the S-400 / SA-21 SAM system.

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