Louvers against the Elements – A winnable fight!
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Transcript of Louvers against the Elements – A winnable fight!
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Louvers against the Elements – A winnable fight!
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The Air Movement and Control Association International (AMCA), has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to the RCEPP. A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by NCEES or RCEPP.
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Define the purposes of a louverDefine the purposes of a louver• Describe louver typesDescribe louver types• List performance parameters for louversList performance parameters for louvers• Know how to select the proper louver Know how to select the proper louver • Understand louver constructionUnderstand louver construction• Be familiar with louver accessories, finishes and Be familiar with louver accessories, finishes and
installationinstallation
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Louvers!Louvers!
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Form and Form and FunctionFunction
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Beauty and Beauty and PerformancePerformance
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Louver Presentation Outline
I. What is a Louver? Definition and terms.
II. AMCA International: The leader in Air Movement Test Standards.
III. Louver Test methods: New test methods lead to new AMCA certified products providing better rain defense.
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What exactly is a Louver?What exactly is a Louver?
An air termination or entry device An air termination or entry device composed of composed of
multiple blades which, multiple blades which, when mounted in an openingwhen mounted in an opening
permit the flow of air, permit the flow of air, but inhibit the ingress of other elements, but inhibit the ingress of other elements,
for example rain and noise.for example rain and noise.
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• When designing louvers, consideration should be given to the following five criteria:
– Airflow
– Rain Defense
– Structural Integrity
– Noise
– Aesthetics
Louver Design Considerations
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Airflow
• Airflow/Volume– The measurement of the rate of airflow
that passes through a louver,(measured in cfm/m3s)
• Pressure Drop– The resistance to airflow across an open
louver (stated in inches of water/kpa)• Free Area Velocity
– Rate of airflow that passes through the free area of a louver (expressed in fpm/ms).
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Rain Defense
• AMCA 500-L– The louver test standard
• Water Penetration Test– The velocity at which .01 ounces of water
passed through the louver
• Wind Driven Rain Test– New test standard with wind pressure
applied to face of louver
• Effectiveness Class – New classification of louver performance
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• Windloads:– American Society of Civil Engineers
(ASCE) formula– Hidden or Visible supports– Effective Wind Speed (mph)– Louver panel size
• Blade Span (Span tables)
• Intermediate bracing
Structural Integrity
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• Sound Transmission Loss
– ASTM E90-99
• Sound Transmission Classification (STC)
– ASTM E413-87
• Free Field Noise Reduction
Noise
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• Louver Shape
– Performance difference
• Finish Type
– To match building construction elements
– Flouropolymer and Anodize most common
Aesthetics
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Who makes sure these louvers work?
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AMCA International
AMCA International …
• Is an independent, third-party, performanceverification organization.
• Administers the Certified Ratings Program.
• Has a state of the art testing laboratory.
• Serves as an information source for publicationsand test standards.
• Conducts seminars and training programs.
• Is available on the internet at www.amca.org.
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Certified Ratings Program…
• Provides independent, reliable, third party verification of manufacturer’s product performance ratings.
• Supplies performance information for product comparisons.
• Requires periodic retesting to verify performance and allows for challenge testing.
• Establishes criteria for informed decisions on purchasing and specifying air movement and control products.
AMCA International
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Licensed Products…
How do you know the product you specified is licensed by AMCA International?
• Visit AMCA International’s website ― www.amca.org and click on Licensed Products.
• Check the manufacturer’s catalogs.
• Look for AMCA International’s Certified Ratings Seal on the product.
• Contact AMCA International’s Certified Ratings Program Department ― [email protected].
AMCA International
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Testing Laboratory…
• State of the art equipment.
• Ability to test to many tests standards.– AMCA International test standards– Other recognized standards
• Traceable calibrations of equipment.
• Performs contract tests for any interested party.
• Laboratory accreditation body.
AMCA International
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As An Information Source…
• Test Standards
• Applications Guides
• Certification Programs
• General Publications
• Video and CD Programs
• Order at www.amca.org
AMCA International
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Seminars and Training Programs…
• Technical Seminars
• Engineering Conferences
• Training Programs
• TECHSPECS
AMCA International
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AMCA Louver Test Methods
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AMCA Standard 500-L
Tests and Certifies the following:
• Free Air Velocity through Louver
• Pressure Drop
• Beginning Point of Water
Penetration
• Water Rejecting Effectiveness
• Discharge Loss
• Leakage (for operable louvers)
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Standard 500-L Louvers
The AMCA Seal of Approval
• Water Penetration, Air Performance
• Air Leakage
• Air Performance, Wind Driven Rain
• Wind Driven Rain
• Water Penetration, Air
Performance,
Wind Driven Rain
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Free Area
• Measured
Clearance
• Minimum Inside
Blade to Frame
• Minimum Inside
Blade to Blade
Standard 500-L Louvers
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By Actual FA or % FA
Standard 500-L Louvers
Free Area Tables
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Standard 500-L Louvers
Pressure Drop
• Two Test
Configurations
• 5.4 Wall Intake
• 5.5 Wall Discharge
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5.4 Wall Intake
Pressure Required to Accelerate Air and Overcome Losses due to Blockage and Entrance Conditions
Standard 500-L Louvers
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5.5 Wall Discharge
Pressure Required to Accelerate Air and Overcome Losses due to Blockage and Exit Conditions
Standard 500-L Louvers
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Standard 500-L Louvers
Water Penetration or Water Rejection
• Two Test Configurations
• 5.6 Water Penetration for “Still Air”
• 5.11 Water Rejection for Wind Driven Rain
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Air ExhaustWater
Droplets
Waterdrop ManifoldWetted Wall Manifold
Test Unit
Air Entrained into chamber through louver
Air Flow Measurement
Collection Zone
ExhaustFan
“Still Air” Condition!
Standard 500-L Louvers
5.6 Water Penetration
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• Test Conditions• 4” per hour rain
• 1250 fpm max free area
velocity (approx 14
mph)
• Weight of water
penetration per ft2 free
area @ free area
velocity
Standard 500-L Louvers
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MASTERSPEC - EVALUATIONS 8/93
“Water-penetration testing measures the weight of water in ounces per sq. ft. of louver free area passing from the louver’s exterior to the interior at various air intake velocities...
It is important to realize that the test is based on still air conditions and simulates the effect of falling rain and rain flowing down the wetted surface of a building over a louver…
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MASTERSPEC - EVALUATIONS 8/93
…While this may provide accurate data for rain conditions with only fan-induced air-intake velocities,no test currently exists that provides data on louver performance during exposure to wind driven rain”
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AMCA 5.6 Test Method Water Penetration
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Why Traditional LouversDon’t Always Stop Rain
Entry
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Severe Storm footage - real life conditions. Extensive, continuous wind-driven rain.
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Hurricane/Tropical Storm Floyd
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Typical Drainable Louver Shape
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“Still Air” Louver in Wind Driven Rain Test
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International Airport:
Electrical service area for
the Monorail system shut down/ immobilized for days due to poor
louver selection
Standard louvers used where Storm Resistant could have been.
High Tech Secondary Rain Defense System
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• Prevents Damage– Generators,
Production Plants– Electrical switchgear
areas• Protects interior finishes
& contents.– Exhibition Halls,
Warehousing, Museums…
WINDWIND
RAINLouver Rain Defense
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Louver Rain Defense
• AMCA standard 500-L-99– AMCA revised its standard to include recommendations
for wind driven rain testing of louvers
• Masterspec 2000– Includes substantial changes to the advice given when
selecting louvers. Wind driven rain resistant louvers are now recommended for use.
• Products to meet these needs and recommendations have been developed and are increasingly specified.
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Wind/RainMachine
Test Louver
Wind DrivenRain plus
Air EntrainedInto Chamber
Through Louver
Air Exhaust
Exhaust FanCollection Zone
Rain WaterDischargeNozzles
Standard 500-L Louvers
5.11 Water Rejection Wind Driven Rain
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“Still Air” vs. Wind Driven Rain Tests
Chamber
Test LouverAir Exhaust
Fan
Straightener
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“Still Air” vs. Wind Driven Rain TestsAMCA AMCA Wind Driven Rain “Still Air”
Test Duration 30 minutes (minimum) 15 minutes (minimum)
Air Intake (fpm)
Maximum 1250+ 1250
Minimum No No
Wind Driven Rain Yes No
Rain Fall Rate 75mm/hr (3") 4"/hr
or 200mm/hr (8”)
Static Pressure Drop Yes Yes
Free Area Yes Yes
Test Points Numerous 4
Louver Test Size 40" X 40“ or 48” x48” 48" X 48"Goal Establish louver Establish point of
effectiveness by beginning water varying test conditions penetration
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Water pours right through a “Still Air” Drainable louver in
a storm
Water has a hard time getting through a Wind Driven Rain
Louver
Storm Resistant
Standard Drainable
AMCA 500-L test. Wind Driven Rain testing at 29 mph wind velocity and 3” of rain per hour
Storm Resistant
Standard Drainable
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Wind Driven Rain LouverNO water penetration
Water is outside where it belongs
OutsideInside
AMCA 500-L test. Wind Driven Rain testing at 29 mph wind velocity and 3” of rain per hour
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• Rejection Effectiveness Classes
A 99% to 100%
B 95% to 98.9%
C 94.9% to 80%
D below 80%
• 3” rain/29 mph wind
• 8” rain/50 mph wind
Standard 500-L Louvers
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Lets Compare!!!
Volume of water entering a 4’ X 4’ louver during a one-hour period.
Based on Wind Driven Rain testing at 29 mph wind velocity(For comparison purposes only)
28 liters = approx. 6 1/2 gallons
RAIN ENTERING YOUR BUILDING
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
LIT
ERS
OF W
ATER P
ER H
OU
R
WIND DRIVEN
D
RAIN
ABLE
60-90 mph windspeeds in real life storms.)
S
TAN
DARD
FIX
ED
Liters entering through a 4' x 4' Louver duringa one hour perios. Liters based on Wind Driven Rain Testing at 29 mph velocity (equal to
DRAINABLE
STANDARD FIXED
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Actual/Theoretical airflow• Discharge Loss Classes
– 1 - .4 and above– 2 - .3 to .399– 3 - .2 to .299– 4 - .199 and below
• EXAMPLE: A2 up to 2 m/s– at least 99% efficient and between .3 & .399 loss
at 394 fpm core velocity (maximum)
Standard 500-L Louvers
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Louver Evolution: Up to the Test!
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Louver Evolution and Expansion• “Z” or “J” Non-Drainable Blade Louver
– Good airflow; very little rain defense
• “K” Non-Drainable Blade Louver– Old “stormproof”; average airflow; very little rain defense
• Drainable Louvers– Good airflow; some rain defense
• Wind Driven Rain “Storm Resistant” Louvers– Good airflow on vertical blade; moderate airflow on
horizontal blade; stops most wind driven rain
• “Hurricane” Resistant Louvers – – Florida Code Compliant Louvers– Moderate airflow; most stringent tests; severe storm
conditions; missile impact resistance
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Non-Drainable Louvers
“Z or J” and “K”Good airflowLooks goodStop rain entry?
No! Do not use if water entry is a concern
Good as a screen
Cross section
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Drainable LouversGood airflowLooks goodVisible mullions
Rain EntryImprovement
No Wind Driven Rainprevention
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FlatFlat
HookHook
DrainableDrainable
Double DrainDouble Drain
High Performance
High Performance
Recessed DrainRecessed Drain
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Horizontal Line Blade Design
• Most common look• Adequate blade
support required• Many blade profiles
for visible or non-visible lines
• Welded or mechanically fastened
• 5’ span for drainable blades
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Visible Mullions
Hidden Mullions
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Vertical Line Blade Design
• Becoming more widely used
• Excellent mechanical performance
• Excellent for Wind Driven Rain
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Wind Driven Rain Louver Designs
• Sophisticated Blade Profiles
• Closely Spaced
• Vertical and Horizontal Blades
• Increased Depth
• Better Pressure Drop in many cases
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Louver Presentation Summary
Today we discussed…
I. Louver definitions and terms to familiarize ourselves with the subject matter.
II. Value of organizations like AMCA International: The leader in Air Movement Test Standards. Contact www.amca.org or email [email protected]
III. Old and new louver test methods and how louvers have evolved to keep up with the tests.
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Questions?Questions?
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Louvers against the Elements – Winning the battle!