• Louis XVI, was executed by guillotine (1793). • His death caused leaders of Prussia, Austria, Britain, Spain, and

Holland to declare war on France. • “Committee of Public Safety”, lead by Maximilien Robespierre;• Death penalty for enemies of France. • “levee en masse” or mass male conscription for military service.

• Moderates regained control of the French government (1794).

• Robespierre is executed and Reign of Terror ends.

• Known as the “Thermidorian Reaction.”

• New government formed, “Directory.”• Protection of natural

rights. • Abolished slavery in

the colonies.• Education reforms.• Stopped

“primogeniture” (the right of the eldest son to inherit all his parent’s property).

• Nationalism led to a coup led by the general Napoleon (1799).

• France returned to one-man rule governed by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1804-1814).

• One element of the French Revolution that Napoleon preserve was the secular legal code.

• “the Code Napoleon” a. All citizens were equalb. Right to trial by juryc. Freedom of religion

• “Concordat of 1801”, made peace with

Catholic Church.

• Defeated Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

• Created puppet kingdom in northern Italy.

• Brought end to the Holy Roman Empire.

• Created “Confederation of the Rhine” a unification of Germany states.

• Nationalism sprang up in areas conquered by Napoleon.

• “Continental System”, an international embargo of British trade.

• Failed because other nations refused to comply.

Napoleon’s downfall;• France invaded Spain

and Portugal (1807).• Britain helped fight

France. • “Peninsular Campaign”

tied up French troops and resources.

• Invaded Russia.• Victorious at the “Battle of Borodino”, outside Moscow, and

occupied the capital city. • Tsar Alexander I refused to sign a peace treaty. • Unable to remain in Moscow without supplies, his army retreated. • Entered Russia with 600,000, left with 100,000 (1812).

• Attack by the allied forces of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain (1814).

• Napoleon abdicated his throne. • Napoleon exiled to island of Elba.

• “Congress of Vienna,” ended Napoleonic Wars.

• Boundaries and former dynasties reestablished.

• Goal was to keep peace through a “balance of power.”