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Transcript of Lot
![Page 1: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Where does meaning start?
![Page 2: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
One place: from thinking
![Page 3: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Language of Thought
Is it real?
![Page 4: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Can we think without using language?
![Page 5: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Young babies can’t speak, right?
![Page 6: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Can they think?
![Page 7: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
If they can think, how can they?
![Page 8: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How do they think differently from adults?
![Page 9: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
And how about animals?
![Page 10: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
They don’t have human-type languages
![Page 11: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
But they seem to be able to think (and learn)
![Page 12: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
And use tools to solve problems
![Page 13: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lots of examples
![Page 14: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
They must be thinking, right?
![Page 15: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pretty clever
![Page 16: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How clever?
![Page 17: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How clever?
![Page 18: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Not as clever as humans
![Page 19: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Humans are the cleverest
![Page 20: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
We are very clever
![Page 21: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
We are the most intelligent animals
![Page 22: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Our intelligence is powerful
![Page 23: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The internet gives us superpower
![Page 24: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
We are superior to animals
![Page 25: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Our way of thinking is different
![Page 26: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
We can think abstractly
![Page 27: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
抽象的思考
![Page 28: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The meaning of meaning!
![Page 29: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Does Linguistics give us the answer?
• No• But• It gives us a way to think about some things• Which may be interesting• And may be boring sometimes
![Page 30: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
We are very very clever
![Page 31: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
So, simple question…?
![Page 32: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Can WE think without using language?
![Page 33: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Say we can… how?
![Page 34: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Is there a language of thought?
![Page 35: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Not Japanese or English …
![Page 36: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mentalese
• A “language”• Thinking without “words”
![Page 37: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mothers want to know what they’re thinking
![Page 38: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
But how can they think?
![Page 39: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Where did meaning come from?
![Page 40: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Old way of thinking
![Page 41: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
New way of thinking
![Page 42: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
There’s not supposed to be meaning
![Page 43: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Just nothingness and a huge explosion
![Page 44: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Then SOMEHOW we get very simple animals
![Page 45: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
That SOMEHOW evolved
![Page 46: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Single cell animal
![Page 47: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Which has a tail with a motor!
![Page 48: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Random changes …
![Page 49: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Leading to us!
![Page 50: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
So why meaningful thought?
![Page 51: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Why meaningful information?
![Page 52: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Why meaningful patterns?
![Page 53: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Why all the meaningful “Fibonacci” stuff?
![Page 54: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Why so many messages in nature?
![Page 55: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Very clear messages
![Page 56: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Which everything and everybody understands
![Page 57: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
No need for an explanation
![Page 58: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
We get the message
![Page 59: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Before it’s too late … usually
![Page 60: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
We’re always picking up messages
![Page 61: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
At least, MOST of the time
![Page 62: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Why does meaning exist at all?
![Page 63: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Shouldn’t we expect NO meaning?
![Page 64: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Isn’t it all a bit surprising?
![Page 65: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
And what is meaning, anyway?
![Page 66: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
• 意味論• Semantics• Semantic theory
![Page 67: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
In Linguistics
• (In language-related communication)• What the sender sends• And what the receiver receives
![Page 68: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Linguistic meaning
• The thing a sender sends• And the thing a receiver receives• What?• That’s a bit disappointing!
![Page 69: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Basically, it is a mystery
![Page 70: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
What’s that?
![Page 71: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
In Linguistics …
• Meaning is at the beginning of communication• And at the end of communication• It’s MAGIC• And we use our magic words
![Page 72: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
It is at the beginning and the end of communication
![Page 73: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
But what is it?
![Page 74: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Semantic meaning
![Page 75: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Why do we keep using funny pictures here?
![Page 76: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
What is meaning in the mind?
![Page 77: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Why do we always need a funny cloud or balloon or something?
![Page 78: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
What does the meaning look like before you put it into words?
![Page 79: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
And what does it look like after you receive it?
![Page 80: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Answer:
• We• Have• No• Idea• !• !!
![Page 81: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The true nature of meaning is a mystery
![Page 82: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
We have little idea why it exists or what it is like?
![Page 83: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Which makes you free to think
![Page 84: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
You’re free to think
![Page 85: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
About deep philosophical and psychological problems
![Page 86: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
So semantics deals with big mysteries
![Page 87: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
And provides a SMALL part of the answers!
![Page 88: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
We can translate our languages into other languages
![Page 89: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
But what happens in our heads? Or outside our heads?
![Page 90: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
• We• Have• No• Idea• !• !!• !!!
![Page 91: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
We only have hypothesis
![Page 92: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Cognitive semantics
![Page 93: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
We may be missing big ideas
![Page 94: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Can we be sure that meaning is confined to the mind?
![Page 95: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Maybe there are bigger mysteries
![Page 96: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Where is meaning?
![Page 97: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
And what form does it take?
![Page 98: Lot](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070515/5877e9cf1a28ab20088b58b1/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
We don’t know
• Linguistics is only concerned with limited questions
• And only provides limited answers• So don’t feel TOO disappointed• You can still think for yourself