SURVEY OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS Chapter 4. TYPICAL PROKARYOTIC CELL.
Look at the following images, what are some similarities and...
Transcript of Look at the following images, what are some similarities and...
Unit 3: Cells
Objective: To be able to compare and contrast the differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells.
The Cell Theory• All living things are composed
of cells (unicellular or multicellular).
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Prokaryotes• Genetic material
(DNA) is notcontained in a nucleus, it is free floating
PRO = No Nucleus
• Usually small and simple
Eukaryotes• Includes protists, fungi,
plants and animals.
Eu = You
• Usually larger and more complex than prokaryotes.
• May be unicellular like an amoeba or multicellular like a plant or human.
Eukaryotes
• Contains a NUCLEUS, to hold genetic information
• Contains dozens of specialized structures called organelles.
• You have 3 minutes to complete your Venn Diagram on Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells, then check your answers with your neighbor.
Types of Cells• Two kinds of cells depending on whether they have a
nucleus
Prokaryote Eukaryote
• No nucleus• Cells smaller• All have a cell
wall
• Nucleus• Cells larger• Organelles• Some have a cell
wall (plants)
• cells• DNA• Cell membrane• ribosomes
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
(a.k.a organelles)Objective : To be able to identify
organelles within a Eukaryotic cell
and their function.
What is an organelle?
• An organelle is a membrane bound structure that carries out specific activities for the cell (think of them as little organs with certain jobs to do).
• All organelles reside (live and float around in) the cytoplasm.
You need to know the following Organelles
associated with Animal and Plant Cells.
Discuss H.W. Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Golgi Complex Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER Vacuole Lysosome Chloroplasts Cytoskeleton (not an organelle but important)
Every cell is enclosed by a
Cell Membrane
• Function:
o Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
o Provides protection and support
Nucleus – The control center• Function:
o Contains almost all of the cells DNA for coding proteins and other molecules
o DNA is found on chromosomes which contain genetic information.
Nucleus-The control center• Structure:
• Surrounded by a double membrane called a nuclear envelope. It allows materials (RNA, proteins, etc) in and out of the nucleus.
• Small internal region called a nucleolus where ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes(not an organelle, but important)
• Function:
Site of protein assembly (synthesizes proteins)
• Structure:
Small pieces of RNA and protein found throughout the cell, and on the Rough E.R.
No membrane present.
Endoplasmic ReticulumFunction:
• Site where lipid parts of cell membrane are made, along with proteins. Transports materials throughout the cell. Sends ribosomes to the Golgi Complex.
Structure:
• Rough ER-has ribosomes on surface to assemble proteins (attached to the nucleus)
• Smooth ER-NO ribosomes on surface
Do Now: Answer the following Questions.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?
• Do animals, plants, or both have a cell membrane?
• What does a plant have surrounding the cell in addition to a cell membrane?
Cell Membrane FunctionObjective: To be able to understand the
function of the cell membrane as it relates to diffusion, osmosis, and active
transport.
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Outside of
cell
Cell
membrane
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)Protein
channel
Proteins
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Functions• Regulates what goes in and out of a cell• Maintains homeostasisCharacteristics• Lipid bilayer that carries a charge• Protein channels to help move material across the cell membrane
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane
Outside of
cell
Cell
membrane
Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)Protein
channel
Proteins
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Materials enter or leave a cell by:• Passive Transport (Diffusion)• Active Transport
We will discuss this further in a couple slides….
Cell membranes• Are Selectively permeable
(semi-permeable)• Allowing some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out because they have pores (holes) in it
Types of Cellular Transport
• Passive Transport(High Concentration to Low Concentration)
cell doesn’t use energy1. Diffusion (through the membrane)
2. Facilitated Diffusion (through channels)
3. Osmosis (water moving)
• Active Transport –(Low Concentration to High Concentration)
cell does use energy
- through channels
high
low
This is going to be hard work!!
high
low
Weeee!!!
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Before we can discuss cellular transport, let’s review some terms.
Solution
• A solution is a mixture of two or more substances.
– Examples: Lemonade
– Solute – substance that is dissolved (powder)
– Solvent – material that is dissolving the substance (water, the universal solvent)
Concentration = the mass of solute (mass of powder) in a given volume of solution (volume of water), or mass/volume.
Keep these things in mind when thinking about how materials cross the
cell membrane
• Size if the material (molecule)
• Concentration of material on either side of the cell membrane
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Passive Transport: DiffusionWhat Happens During Diffusion?
• Particles move from high concentration to low concentration (H L)
• When the concentration of the particles is the same throughout a system, the system has reached equilibrium (this is the goal!!)
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Simple Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries – molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane. High to low.
A B C
Time
Diffusion continued…• Some molecules are too large or charged, to
pass through the membrane using simple diffusion.
• How will the cell reach equilibrium with the external environment?
Facilitated diffusion: • Diffusion of specific particles using
protein channels found in the membrane
• Protein channels allow only specific molecules through (large or too charged)
• Still considered a form of passive transport because molecules travel from High to Low
Facilitated
diffusion(Protein channel)
Facilitated Diffusion (High Concentration to Low Concentration)
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Osmosis – a special kind of diffusionWhat is osmosis?
Osmosis the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (semi-permeable) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Time
Write a definition for the following terms related to osmosis
based on the pictures(Describe which way the
water is moving and why).
• Isotonic -
• Hypertonic -
• Hypotonic -
Q: What are two differences between diffusion and osmosis? Give an example of each.
• 1.
• 2.
Q: What does diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis all have in common?
Remember there were 2 ways materials enter or leave a cell by:
• Passive Transport (no energy needed)
• Active Transport (energy needed)
Brainstorm: When would a cell need to use energy to transport material across the cell membrane?
Active Transport•The movement of molecules
from an area of low
concentration to an area of
high concentration
•(LOW HIGH)
• Requires the use of energy (ATP)
•Three Types:
1. Protein Pump2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis
1. Protein Pumps (active transport)
1. Protein Pumps -transport proteins that require energy (ATP) to do work.
EX: Sodium Potassium Pumps (Active Transport using proteins)
Protein changes shape to move molecules: this requires energy!
Endocytosis (Endo=in)
"Cell Eating"
2. Endocytosis: the process in
which a cell takes in bulky material, like a macromolecule.
• Uses energy
• Cell membrane
• folds around food particles
• forms food vacuole & digests food
• This is how white blood cells eat bacteria!
Exocytosis (Ex = exit/out)3. Exocytosis: the process in which
large molecules are released from the cell.
Membrane of the vacuole
surrounding the material fuses
With cell membrane and
releases the material out of the
cell
• Cell changes shape –requires energy• Ex: Hormones or wastes
released from cell