Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
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Transcript of Long-term ecosystem development and plant diversity
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Long-term ecosystem development and belowground controls over
terrestrial plant diversity
Etienne LalibertéSchool of Plant Biology, UWAENVT3363 Ecological ProcessesSept 11, 2012
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Soil abiotic
properties
Soil biotic
properties
Climate Parent material Topography TimeOrganisms
Terrestrial plant
diversity
Soils
Ecosystem
processes
Community
processes
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Cowles (1899) Botanical Gazette
Vegetation succession on Lake Michigan dunes
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Classical vegetation succession model
Johnson & Miyanishi (2008) Ecology Letters
‘Climax’
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Odum (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164:262-270
Eugene P. Odum(1913-2002)
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Hawaiian 4.1 million-year island sequence
Crews et al. (1995) Ecology
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JurienBay
Perth
Jurien Bay >2-million-year dune chronosequence
0-7 ky
120-500 ky
>2000 ky
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Wardle et al (2004) Science
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Maximum standing biomass (‘climax’) does not persist in the in the absence of major disturbances:
• landslide• glaciation• volcanic eruption
Ecosystem decline or retrogression
Wardle et al (2004) Science
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Long-term soil chronosequences
Peltzer et al (2010) Ecol Monogr
Soil age
Build-up (progressive) phase Maximal phase Decline (retrogressive) phase
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Soil age
Total N
Total P
10 mg kg-1
What causes ecosystem decline?
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Pedogenesis – Jurien Bay dunes
A
C
Very young dune
(10’s—100’s years)
Ecosystem progression
Very low NHigh P
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Pedogenesis – Jurien Bay dunes
A
C
A
C
Very young dune
(10’s—100’s years)Young dune
(~1000’s years)
Ecosystem progression
Very low NHigh P
Highest NHigh PPeak fertility/productivity
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Pedogenesis – Jurien Bay dunes
A
C
A
C
Ae
B1E
A
B2
Very young dune
(10’s—100’s years)Young dune
(~1000’s years)
Old dune
(~500,000 years)
Ecosystem progression
Ecosystem retrogression
Very low NHigh P
Highest NHigh PPeak fertility/productivity
low Nlow P
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Pedogenesis – Jurien Bay dunes
A
C
A
C
Ae
B1E
A
B2
Ea
E
O
A
Very young dune
(10’s—100’s years)Young dune
(~1000’s years)
Old dune
(~500,000 years)
Very old dune
(>2,000,000 years)
Ecosystem progression
Ecosystem retrogression
Very low NHigh P
Highest NHigh PPeak fertility/productivity
low Nvery low P
low Nextremely low P‘terminal state’
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Implications for AustraliaP
rod
uct
ivit
y
Soil age
Most ecologists work here
Most of Australian terrestrial ecosystems
are here
Mt Michaud, Lesueur National Park
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Plant strategies
Soil ‘available’ P Leaf P concentration
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Ancient soils, high plant diversity
Source: http://katerva.org
Yasuní, Ecuador>1,100 tree species in 25-ha plot
weathered silty clay soils
Kwongan shrublands, SWA>70 species in 10x10-m plot
little dominancestrongly leached sandy soils
Valencia et al (2004) J Ecol Lamont et al (1977) Nature
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Plant diversity along soil chronosequences
Laliberté et al (in preparation)
Graham Zemunik
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Nutrient
availability and
stoichiometry
Time
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
resource-ratio
model, productivity-
diversity (+/-)
Nutrient availability and stoichiometry
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‘Humped-back’ model
• Low diversity at high fertility
• Low diversity at very low fertility
• Highest diversity at intermediate fertility
Grime (1973) Nature
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Jurien Bay
Fertility increases to a peak around 1000’s years and then declines in older soils
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High diversity at low productivity in old soils
Low diversity atlow productivity in young soils
Low diversity at high productivity
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Multiple resource limitation and diversity
Harpole & Tilman (2007) Nature
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Multiple resource limitation and diversity
Harpole & Tilman (2007) Nature
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High diversity under strong P limitation
N limitation
Strong PlimitationCo-limitation P limitation
Laliberté et al. (2012) J Ecol
Co-limitation
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Nutrient
availability and
stoichiometry
Time
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
resource-ratio
model, productivity-
diversity (+/-)
Nutrient availability and stoichiometry
• a role for productivity?• data inconsistent with resource-ratio model
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Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity
of N and
P forms
Plant
diversityresource
partitioning (+)
Resource partitioning
Diversity of N and P forms tend to increase in older soils
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Nitrogen uptake and partitioning
Bever et al (2010) TREE
Hill et al (2011) Nature Climate Change
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Phosphorus-acquisition strategies
P ‘scavengers’ = AM fungi
P ‘miners’ = non-mycorrhizal/cluster roots
Lambers et al (2008) Trends Ecol Evol
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Turner (2008) J Ecol
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Time
Pedogenic stage
Diversity
of N and
P forms
Plant
diversityresource
partitioning (+)
Resource partitioning
Perhaps, but no data yet!
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Soil spatial
heterogeneity
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
Soil spatial heterogeneity
Time
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More niches, more species
homogeneoussoil conditions calcrete
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Soil spatial heterogeneity does not explain plant diversity
Smaller islands burn less often:• last fire ~5000 years ago• accumulate humus• slower nutrient cycling• lower productivity• LOWER soil spatial heterogeneity• HIGHER plant species richness
Gundale et al (2011) Ecography
Arjeplogisland area
gradient, Sweden
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Soil spatial
heterogeneity
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
Soil spatial heterogeneity
Time
Niche theory = classical explanation, but does not seem to actually be important (at least in this island system)
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Time
Belowground
heterotrophs
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
Belowground heterotrophs
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Plant-soil feedback
Janzen-Connell hypothesis
Host-specific pathogen
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Mount St-Helens, USA
• volcanic eruption 1980
• high P, low N
• Lupinus lepidus = N2-fixing legume
• Pathogens/herbivores less abundant?
• Positive feedback = high dominance?
Photo: John Bishop
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Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Photo: STRI
Mangan et al (2010) Nature
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Time
Belowground
heterotrophs
Pedogenic stage
Plant
diversity
Belowground heterotrophs
• Positive feedback may explain lower species richness in young soils
• Negative feedback occurs in old soils: a role for plant species coexistence?
• More data needed
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Time
Stage-
specific
species
pool size
Pedogenic stage
Abiotic
conditions
Plant
diversity species pool
hypothesis (+)
environmental
filtering (-)
Species pool hypothesis
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Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA
Grace et al (2011) Ecology
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Carbonate dunes(Quindalup, stage 2: 100s-1000 years?)
pH > 8
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Time
Stage-
specific
species
pool size
Pedogenic stage
Abiotic
conditions
Plant
diversity species pool
hypothesis (+)
environmental
filtering (-)
Species pool hypothesis
Probably important in most systems
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Nutrient
availability and
stoichiometry
Soil spatial
heterogeneity
Climate Parent material Topography Time
Belowground
heterotrophs
Stage-
specific
species
pool size
Commonness
of habitatPedogenic stage
Diversity
of N and
P forms
Abiotic
conditionsOrganisms
Plant
diversityresource
partitioning (+)
species pool
hypothesis (+)
negative plant-
soil feedback (+)
niche
theory (+)resource-ratio
model, productivity-
diversity (+/-)
environmental
filtering (-)
time-area
hypothesis (+)
Multivariate controls over plant diversity
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Conclusions
• Ecosystem ‘build-up’ followed by ecosystem ‘decline
• Driven by loss of nutrients (e.g. P)
• Plant diversity often increases with soil age
• Multivariate controls over plant diversity:– productivity
– resource partitioning (N and P forms)
– plant-soil feedback
– species pools
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Honours, [email protected]