Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium And Government Policy.
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Transcript of Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium And Government Policy.
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Long-Run Macroeconomic Equilibrium And Government Policy
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SRAS to LRAS Economy is always at
a point (PL & real GDP) on the SRAS curve.
If that point is not also on the LRAS curve, the SRAS curve will shift until it is.
Let’s consider three scenarios…
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Long-Run Macro Equilibrium (#1)
Economy on both SRAS and LRAS curves
YE = YP
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Inflationary Gap (#2) Aggregate output above potential output Results from positive AD shiftSelf-Correcting in the Long Run… Low unemployment will lead to nominal
wages rising, along with other “sticky” costs
Producers decrease output, bringing the economy back into equilibrium (at a higher price level)
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Recessionary Gap (#3) Aggregate output below potential output Results from negative AD or negative SRAS
shiftSelf-Correcting in the Long Run… High unemployment will cause nominal
wages to fall, along with other “sticky” costs Producers increase output, bringing the
economy back into equilibrium (at a lower price level)
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Analysis of Gaps Output gap – The difference between actual
aggregate output and potential output
Output gap = Actual aggregate output – Potential output X 100
Potential output
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The Purpose of Macroeconomic Policy Most economists believe that it takes the
economy a decade or longer to self-correct Economists like Keynes believe in active
stabilization, use of government policy to reduce the severity and length of recessions or to rein in excessive expansions
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Response to Demand Shocks Fall in demand is easiest to correct through
policy Unfortunately, policy measures to increase
AD can increase deficits & may hinder long-run growth
Government tries to offset positive shocks too, as inflationary gaps have significant costs in the long-run
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Response to Supply Shocks No easy remedy for these, as they result
from changes in production costs A negative supply shock leads to rising
prices and decreasing output (& employment)
Policy to fix one of these problems makes the other worse
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Governmental Circular Flow Inflows – Taxes and borrowing Outflows – Government purchases and
transfers
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GDP = C + I + G + X - IM Government directly controls G, but also
indirectly influences C and I through fiscal policy
C is based on disposable income, which is directly related to transfers and taxes
I is influenced by business regulation
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Expansionary Fiscal Policy To address a recessionary gap, the
government attempts to increase AD: Increase government purchases AND/OR Cut taxes AND/OR Increase transfers
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Contractionary Fiscal Policy To address an inflationary gap, the
government attempts to decrease AD: Reduce government purchases AND/OR Raise taxes AND/OR Reduce transfers
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Lags in Fiscal Policy Many economists argue against
extremely active stabilization policies One caution for fiscal policy is time lag
1. Government must acknowledge gap2. Government has to develop a plan3. Plan implementation
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Multiplier Effect of Increasing Government Purchases Government spending is an autonomous
increase in aggregate spending Money is spent again and again, so it is
subject to the multiplier Also the same multiplier for reduction
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Multiplier Effect of Changes in Government Transfers & Taxes Smaller effect than government
purchases Instead, change in GDP results from
household spending – so its initial infusion is subject to the multiplier
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Taxes and the Multiplier Taxes capture part of the increase in
real GDP As a result of tax structure, government
revenue increases when real GDP does
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Types of Government Stabilizers The overall result of tax policies is to reduce
the multiplier, creating greater stability – so these are known as automatic stabilizers
Some government transfers are also automatic stabilizers, but active policies are discretionary fiscal policies