LONDON SMOG VS

L.A SMOG

Group members : Faizah Binti Ismail UK

23274

Nurazimah Binti Mansor UK 23672

Nur Farhana Binti Zulkifli UK 23533

Nurul Natra Binti Ahmad Tarmidi UK23535

Wan Nur Syakirah Binti Wan Yusoff UK 23723

smoke

fog

smog

Smog is refers to as noxious mixture of air

pollutants includes vapors, gases and

particles that can be seen as yellowish-

brown haze in the air.

Industrial smog

Photochemical

smog

Types of

smog

INDUSTRIAL / CLASSICAL SMOG

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

Also called London Smog. Occurs at New York city in 1952.

Also called Los Angeles Smog. Occurs at Southern California in 1944.

Smoke and sulfur dioxide produce from burning of coal and combine with fog. It produce particulate in air.

Chemical reactions of sunlight, volatiles organic compounds (VOC’s) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) released into atmosphere .

Gray haze. Yellow-brown haze.

It forms in the morning in winters.

It forms during mid-day in the mild summer months.

It involves smog and fog. It does not involve smog and fog.

It is reducing in nature because of sulfur dioxide.

It is oxidizing in nature because of the presence of nitrogen oxides and ozone.

Involves subsidence inversions.

Involves temperature inversions. A condition where the cooler air near Earth’s surface has warmer air above it.

Primary pollutants : SO2, soot particles

Primary pollutants : NOx, organics

Secondary pollutants : H2SO4, sulfate aerosol, etc

Secondary pollutants : O3, PAN, organics, acids,aerosols, etc

Relative humidity : High, usually foggy

Relative humidity : Low, usually hot and dry

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG REACTIONS

L.A SMOG

•Direct dissolution of SO2 into water drop and subsequent aqueous-phase oxidation toSulfate.

•Gas-phase conversion of SO2 to sulfuric acid gas (H2SO4), which has a low surface vapor pressure, and therefore, easily condenses onto particles.

•The gas phase conversion requires three steps:SO2 + OH + M HSO3 + MHSO3 + O2 SO3 + HO2

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

INDUSTRIAL SMOG REACTIONS

LONDON SMOG

LONDON SMOG L.A SMOGHigher rate of using (burning) coals and oil to heat up because of low temperature in London at that time(comparing to previous year)

High emissions of NOx and VOCs primarily from burning fossil fuels in various forms of transportation

night -light winds, cool air, and high humidity at ground-level were ideal conditions for the formation of thick, smoky fog, or smog.

The release of large amounts of Nox and VOCs into the atmosphere from forestry and agriculture

The smoke and fumes from the heavy coal combustion settled close to the ground and due to a temperature inversion, remained motionless and created dense smog.

warm, sunny regions where there are lots of cars burning gasoline

REASON WHY THIS HAPPEN????

Effect of LONDON AND LA SMOG

HEALTH EFFECT

1. Irritate the eyes and made the eyes sting2. Left a sulphurous taste in the mouth3. The high concentration of polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon (PAH) in the smog weaken the immune system of the body.

4. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide can cause severe respiratory problem and cardiovascular complication.

5. high proportion of zinc particles in the air damage the body cell and leads to their death

EFFECT TO SURROUNDING

• The smog make the surrounding foggy and block the vision that lead to the accident.

• The smog limit their daily activities such as schooling, and working.

• In Los Angeles, smog was attributed to the deaths of 50% of trees in nearby areas .

• It also damaged fabrics of the cloth and damage the rubber.

• Smog also cause the visual range decrease • People hard to see object in front of them

clearly.• Death rate increase because of accident.• Decline of government income due to the

decreasing number of tourists.

THE GOVERNMENT LEGISLATION TO OVERCOME SMOG LONDON SMOG L.A SMOG

Restricting the use of the dirty materials such as coals and soot in industry and banning emitting black smoke.

Every new vehicle sold in the Los Angelos must include a catalytic converter to reduce photochemical emissions.

Having set “smoke control areas” -> areas where no soft coal was allowed to be burned in homes or in businesses, only coke, which produces no smoke.

Government has requested that people not drive to work at least one day a week, encouraged use of oxygenated fuels, and experimented with fuels that create less smog.

Relocation of the power stations, where burning fuels and sulfurs, away from main cities

Offer free bus services, and create many environmentally-friendly regulations for homes.

SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION

• walk or cycle to the superstore inside your neighborhood, instead of making use of the car for such short trips.

• Drive your car less,opting for public transport twice a week

• Consider purchasing a hybrid vehicle

• Factories should be transferred outside city in order to avoid formation of smokes in city’s environment.

• Use of vehicles running through

diesel should be decreased.

• Wastes should not be thrown in open rather it should be buried in sand.