A VERSATILE HIGHWAY MISHAP POSITIONING SYSTEM AND BIO-PARAMETRIC

IDENTIFICATION USING NANO ID AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

RS.SENTHIL ARUN KUMAR : 31106106065 S.THOTHATHIRI KALLAPIRAN : 31106106073 G. LOKESHWARAN : 31106106307 V.SURENDRAN : 31106106312

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

KCG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI 600 097

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2010

1

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “A VERSATILE HIGHWAY

MISHAP POSITIONING SYSTEM AND BIO-PARAMETRIC

IDENTIFICATION USING NANO ID AND GLOBAL

POSITIONING SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of

RS.SENTHIL ARUN KUMAR : 31106106065 S.THOTHATHIRI KALLAPIRAN : 31106106073 G.LOKESHWARAN : 31106106307 V.SURENDRAN : 31106106312

Who carried out the research under my supervision during the year

2009-10.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISORDR.RANGANATHAN VIJAYARAGHAVAN MR.S.TAMIL SELVAN

Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Communication EngineeringKCG College of Technology KCG College of TechnologyOld Mahabalipuram Road Old Mahabalipuram RoadKarapakkam, Chennai 600 097 Karapakkam, Chennai 600 097

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE OF EXAM:

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mrs.ELIZABETH

VERGHESE, Chairman, Hindustan Group of Institutions and our Director

Mr.ANAND JACOB VERGHESE for providing us the facility required

to carry out our project work.

We thank our beloved Principal, Dr.T.RENGARAJA and

Dr.SUMATHI POOBAL, Vice Principal Academic, K.C.G. College of

Technology, Chennai for giving us an inspiring spirit for our project and

for providing us all the necessary facilities to pursue our studies in our

college.

We would specially like to thank

Dr.RANGANATHAN VIJAYARAGHAVAN, Head of Electronics and

Communication Engineering department who was instrumental in

providing the vital encouragement for the successful completion of our

project.

We express sincere thanks to our mentor guide,

Mr.S.TAMIL SELVAN, Lecturer, ECE Department for motivating in

the right direction and for his guidance during the project works.

We are extremely thankful to our External guide for providing us

valuable guidance and useful suggestions for constant improvement of this

project work.

Finally, we thank our beloved parents, friends, teaching and non-

teaching staffs of ECE department and others for their co-operation and

valuable suggestions in bringing out this project in exact time.

3

ABSTRACT

Automatic Crash Notification is a system designed to be used in a

crash situation. When a crash occurs, the intelligent system is activated and

automatically sends select crash details to the appropriate Emergency

Medical Service Center. The position of the vehicle can be send to the

rescue team using GPS technology. So the rescue team can easily found

out the place of accident. And they can hurry to the accident spot. Wireless

technology is used for collecting details about the person. According, to

the collected details first-aid facilities are promptly and properly delivered

to help the victims. Moreover, it would be a great advantage to include

information about the passengers, such as the details of the person’s health,

mobile no, any specified prescription for his first aid, relatives no in the

RFID tag in order to tackle the emergency situation.

The project focuses on implementation of Radio Frequency

Identification technology (RFID) to improve the Crash Notification

System with First-aid Profile (FAP). First-aid active RFID tag is pre-coded

with a unique serial number (FAP-ID) that can be used to gain access to

the First-Aid profile of that tagged person. Compatible reader detects the

presence of First-aid tags and reports their FAP-IDs to the control unit, so

that in crash situation, all passengers’ FAP-IDs will be messaged to

Emergency Medical Service Center. During the project, the possibilities

and constraints of using RFID technology for identifying passengers in

vehicle is investigated, based on given hardware technological solution.

Several tests are designed and carried out to investigate communication

between the active RFID tag and the reader.

4

CONTENTS

Chapters Page no.

1. Introduction 6 2. Block Diagrams 8 2.1. Person Section 8 2.2. Vehicle Section 11 2.3. Rescue Team Section 20

3. Circuit Diagrams 23 3.1. Person Section 23 3.2. Vehicle Section 23 3.3. Rescue Team Section 24

4. Power Supply 25

5. Microcontroller 28

6. RF Module 54 6.1. RF Transmitter 57 6.2. RF Receiver 58

7. GPS 60

8. GSM 64

9. Vibration Sensor 71

10. Coding 75

11. Conclusion 90

12. Reference 91

5

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

EXISTING SYSTEM:

The Existing system consist of many failures. Some of the

failures are the lack of Intelligence in the detection systems, it fails to

track the collision and pre-damage status, also the automatic collision

information is impossible. And at last the way of monitoring people to be

manual.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

In Highway mishap positioning system accident can be

easily detected using GSM and GPS Wireless technologies with medical

free error.GPS is used to get the latitude and longitude value and send it as

string message to the mobile.GSM is used to send the AT COMMANDS to

the corresponding mobiles.

In the Rescue section patients can be treated easily with

medical free error. In this section we can implement effective way of web

based design for medical Alert system and provides high efficiency while

enhancing the level of patient care. The patients medicals details can be

seen by the doctor globally through web. The project focuses on

implementation of Radio Frequency Identification technology (RFID) to

improve the Crash Notification System with First-aid Profile (FAP).

First-aid active RFID tag is pre-coded with a unique serial

number (FAP-ID) that can be used to gain access to the First-Aid profile of

that tagged person. Compatible reader detects the presence of First-aid tags

and reports their FAP-IDs to the control unit, so that in crash situation, all

passengers’ FAP-IDs will be messaged to Emergency Medical Service

6

Center. During the project, the possibilities and constraints of using RFID

technology for identifying passengers in vehicle is investigated, based on

given hardware technological solution. Several tests are designed and

carried out to investigate communication between the active RFID tag and

there.

7

CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

2.1 PERSON SECTION:

DESCRIPTION:

In person section each person has RF tag which transmits a unique

ID.

ENCODER:

An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream)

or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such

as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or

adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to

another.

The 2^12 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system

applications.

They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits

and 12N data bits.

8

Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states.

The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header

bits via an RF transmission medium .

Transmission is enabled by applying a low signal to the TE pin.

FEATURES :

Operating voltage:2.4V~12V for the HT12E

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology

Minimum transmission word’s of 4 words for the HT12E

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

Data code has positive polarity

Minimal external components

HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

RF TRANSMITTER :

It accepts both linear and digital inputs

It can operate from 1.5 to 12 Volts-DC

It is approximately the size of a standard postage stamp.

The transmitter output is up to 8mW at 433.92MHz with a range of

approximately few meters

Transmitter Supply Current:

At Logic High Input: 5.1 mA

At Logic Low Input: 1.8 mA

Low Power mode (PDN): 5 µA

9

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

It is a form of modulation which represents digital data as

variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. The simplest and most

common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier

wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero.

This type of modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio

frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave

operation).

More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which

represent data in groups using additional amplitude levels. For instance, a

four-level encoding scheme can represent two bits with each shift in

amplitude; an eight-level scheme can represent three bits; and so on. These

forms of amplitude-shift keying require a high signal-to-noise ratio for

their recovery, as by their nature much of the signal is transmitted at

reduced power.

If L different symbols are to be sent, L different levels of amplitude will be

necessary to achieve the communication. If the maximum amplitude of the

carrier wave is A (with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2A), putting the

symbols at the same distance one from the other, this distance will be:

It is possible to show that the probability to make an error (i.e. a symbol is

read that is different from the one that was sent) is:

10

where erfc (.) is the complementary error function, GT is the total gain of

the system and σN is the standard deviation of the noise. This relationship

is valid when there is no intersymbolic interference.

2.2 VEHICLE SECTION:

CRASH NOTIFICATION SENSOR

This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the

transducer is displaced from the mechanical neutral axis, bending creates

strain within the piezoelectric element and generates voltages. If the

assembly is supported by its mounting points and left to vibrate “in free

space” the device will behave as a form of vibration sensor. The sensing

element should not be treated as a flexible switch, and is not intended to be

bent.

11

Sensor Value 500 roughly corresponds to 0g acceleration.

Acceleration will deflect the sensing element up or down, causing Sensor

Value to swing either way. This sensor is not meant to measure precise

acceleration and vibration - use it to detect an acceleration impulse, or the

presence of vibration.

MICROCONTROLLER (DALLAS)

The DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450 offer the highest

performance available in 8051-compatible microcontrollers. They feature

newly designed processor cores that execute instructions up to 12 times

faster than the original 8051 at the same crystal speed. Typical applications

will experience a speed improvement up to 10x. At 1 million instructions

per second (MIPS) per megahertz, the microcontrollers achieve 33 MIPS

performance from a maximum 33MHz clock rate.

POWER SUPPLY

The ac voltage, typically 220V Rms is connected to a

transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc

output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is

initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This

resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A

regulator circuit removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value

even if the input dc voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc

voltage changes. This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of

the popular voltage regulator IC units. The operation of power supply

circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting

with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is obtained by rectifying the AC

12

voltage, then filtering to a DC level, and finally, regulating to obtain a

desired fixed DC voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC

voltage regulator Unit, which takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat

lower DC voltage, which remains the same even if the input DC voltage

varies, or the output Load connected to the DC voltage changes.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

GPS receiver determines just four variables: longitude,

latitude, height and time. Additional information (e.g. speed, direction etc.)

can be derived from these four components. This unit will receive all the

coordinates needed from the GPS satellites. It will send the information to

the microcontroller. We will be using the Garmin model GPS 12 XL. It

has the capability to refresh its data once every second and therefore will

be continuously updating the inputs for the microcontroller as the

automobile changes location. Using GPS technology we can determine

location, velocity and time, 24 hours a day in any weather conditions

anywhere in the world for free.

GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM

wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The

main difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives

data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and

receives data through radio waves.

A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA

Card. Typically, an external GSM modem is connected to a computer

through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in the form of a PC

Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use with a laptop computer. It should

13

be inserted into one of the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop

computer. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card

from a wireless carrier in order to operate. As mentioned in earlier sections

of this SMS tutorial, computers use AT commands to control modems.

Both GSM modems and dial-up modems support a common set of standard

AT commands. You can use a GSM modem just like a dial-up modem. In

addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended

set of AT commands. These extended AT commands are defined in the

GSM standards. With the extended AT commands, you can do things like:

Reading, writing and deleting SMS messages.

Sending SMS messages.

Monitoring the signal strength.

Monitoring the charging status and charge level of the battery.

Reading, writing and searching phone book entries.

The number of SMS messages that can be processed by a GSM modem per

minute is very low -- only about six to ten SMS messages per minute.

SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Serial communication is basically the transmission or reception

of data one bit at a time. Today's computers generally address data in bytes

or some multiple thereof. A byte contains 8 bits. A bit is basically either a

logical 1 or zero. Every character on this page is actually expressed

internally as one byte. The serial port is used to convert each byte to a

stream of ones and zeroes as well as to convert a streams of ones and

zeroes to bytes. The serial port contains a electronic chip called a Universal

Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) that actually does the

conversion.

14

The serial port has many pins. We will discuss the transmit and receive pin

first. Electrically speaking, whenever the serial port sends a logical one (1)

a negative voltage is effected on the transmit pin. Whenever the serial port

sends a logical zero (0) a positive voltage is effected. When no data is

being sent, the serial port's transmit pin's voltage is negative (1) and is said

to be in a MARK state. Note that the serial port can also be forced to keep

the transmit pin at a positive voltage (0) and is said to be the SPACE or

BREAK state. (The terms MARK and SPACE are also used to simply

denote a negative voltage (1) or a positive voltage(0) at the transmit pin

respectively).

When transmitting a byte, the UART (serial port) first sends a START BIT

which is a positive voltage (0), followed by the data (general 8 bits, but

could be 5, 6, 7, or 8 bits) followed by one or two STOP BITs which is a

negative(1) voltage. The sequence is repeated for each byte sent. Figure 1

shows a diagram of a what a byte transmission would look like.

Figure 1

At this point you may want to know what is the duration of a bit. In other

words, how long does the signal stay in a particular state to define a bit.

The answer is simple. It is dependent on the baud rate. The baud rate is the

number of times the signal can switch states in one second. Therefore, if

the line is operating at 9600 baud, the line can switch states 9,600 times

per second. This means each bit has the duration of 1/9600 of a second or

about 100 µsec.

15

MAX -232

MAX -232 is primary used for people building electronics with an

RS-232 interface. Serial RS-232 communication works with voltages (-

15V ... -3V for high) and +3V ... +15V for low) which are not compatible

with normal computer logic voltages. To receive serial data from an RS-

232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and the low and high voltage

level inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over

RS-232) the low logic voltage has to be "bumped up", and a negative

voltage has to be generated, too.

Fig 5.11 Pin Diagram Of Max 232

16

RS232 COMMUNICATION

Fig 5.12 Circuit Diagram Of Serial Communication

Introduction

In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial binary data

interconnection between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE

(Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer

serial ports.

Scope of the Standard:

The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard RS-232-C [3] as of 1969

defines:

Electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate,

timing and slew-rate of signals, voltage withstand level, short-circuit

behavior, maximum stray capacitance and cable length

Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin

identification

17

Functions of each circuit in the interface connector

Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications

The standard does not define such elements as character

encoding (for example, ASCII, Baudot or EBCDIC), or the framing of

characters in the data stream (bits per character, start/stop bits, parity). The

standard does not define protocols for error detection or algorithms for data

compression.

The standard does not define bit rates for transmission,

although the standard says it is intended for bit rates lower than 20,000 bits

per second. Many modern devices can exceed this speed (38,400 and

57,600 bit/s being common, and 115,200 and 230,400 bit/s making

occasional appearances) while still using RS-232 compatible signal levels.

Details of character format and transmission bit rate are controlled

by the serial port hardware, often a single integrated circuit called a UART

that converts data from parallel to serial form. A typical serial port includes

specialized driver and receiver integrated circuits to convert between

internal logic levels and RS-232 compatible signal levels.

Circuit Working Description

In this circuit the MAX 232 IC used as level logic converter. The

MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage

generator to supply EIA 232 voltage levels from a single 5v supply. Each

receiver converts EIA-232 to 5v TTL/CMOS levels. Each driver converts

TLL/CMOS input levels into EIA-232 levels.

18

In this circuit the microcontroller transmitter pin is connected in the

MAX232 T2IN pin which converts input 5v TTL/CMOS level to RS232

level. Then T2OUT pin is connected to reviver pin of 9 pin D type serial

connector which is directly connected to PC.

In PC the transmitting data is given to R2IN of MAX232 through

transmitting pin of 9 pin D type connector which converts the RS232 level

to 5v TTL/CMOS level. The R2OUT pin is connected to receiver pin of

the microcontroller. Likewise the data is transmitted and received between

the microcontroller and PC or other device vice versa.

19

2.3 RESCUE TEAM SECTION

RF RECEIVER

It also operates at 433.92MHz, and has a sensitivity of 3uV.

It operates from 4.5 to 5.5 volts-DC.

It has both linear and digital outputs

Receiver Supply Current:

During Operation (High or Low): 5.2 mA

Low Power mode (PDN): 28 µA

DECODER

A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the

encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same

method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode.

2^12 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system

applications.

20

The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 2^12

series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF

transmission medium.

They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their

local addresses.

If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded

and then transferred to the output pins.

The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.

The 2^12 series of decoders are capable of decoding information's that

consist of N bits of address and 12-N bits of data.

MICROCONTROLLER

ATMEL (AT89S51):

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile

memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with

In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51

is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-

effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K

bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data

pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt

architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock

circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for

21

operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable

power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the

RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue

functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes

the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external

interrupt or hardware reset.

TRANSFORMER

Potential transformers are the most common devices used.

These devices are conventional transformers with two or three windings

(one primary with one or two secondary). They have an iron core and

magnetically couple the primary and secondary. The high side winding is

constructed with more copper turns than the secondary(ies), and any

voltage impressed on the primary winding is reflected on the secondary

windings in direct proportion to the turns ratio or PT ratio.

A current transformer (CT) is a type of instrument transformer

designed to provide a current in its secondary winding proportional to the

alternating current flowing in its primary. They are commonly used in

metering and protective relaying in the electrical power industry where

they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in the presence

of high voltages. The current transformer safely isolates measurement and

control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit

being measured.

22

CHAPTER-3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

3.1 PERSON SECTION

3.2 VEHICLE SECTION

23

750K

U4

HT-12E

A01

A12

A23

A34

A45

A56

A67

A78

Vss9

D810D911D1012D1113/TE14

Vdd18

Dout17

Osc116

Osc215

TE

VCCDATA

ANT

GND

433.92MHz

Antenna

SW1

SW1

SW1

SW1

VCC

TRANSMITTER

GPS RECEIVER

GSM MODEM

POWER SUPPLY

VEHICLE SECTION

U 1

D S 8 9 C 4 5 0

R S T9

XTA L 21 8

XTA L 11 9

GN

D20

P S E N2 9A L E / P R O G3 0E A / V P P3 1

VC

C40

P 1 . 01

P 1 . 12

P 1 . 2 / R XD 13

P 1 . 3 / TXD 14

P 1 . 45

P 1 . 56

P 1 . 67

P 1 . 78

P 2 . 0 / A 82 1P 2 . 1 / A 92 2P 2 . 2 / A 1 02 3P 2 . 3 / A 1 12 4P 2 . 4 / A 1 22 5P 2 . 5 / A 1 32 6P 2 . 6 / A 1 42 7P 2 . 7 / A 1 52 8

P 3 . 0 / R XD 01 0

P 3 . 1 / TXD 01 1

P 3 . 2 / I N TO1 2

P 3 . 3 / I N T11 3

P 3 . 4 / TO1 4

P 3 . 5 / T11 5

P 3 . 6 / W R1 6

P 3 . 7 / R D1 7

P 0 . 0 / A D 03 9

P 0 . 1 / A D 13 8

P 0 . 2 / A D 23 7

P 0 . 3 / A D 33 6

P 0 . 4 / A D 43 5

P 0 . 5 / A D 53 4

P 0 . 6 / A D 63 3

P 0 . 7 / A D 73 2

D 3

S S F -L XH 1 0 1

C

R 3

S I P 9 1 0 k

123456789

IN

U 1

M A X2 3 2

R 1 I N1 3R 2 I N8

T1 I N1 1

T2 I N1 0

C +1

C 1 -3

C 2 +4

C 2 -5

V+

2

V -6

R 1 O U T1 2

R 2 O U T9

T1 O U T1 4

T2 O U T7

VC

C16

GN

D15

OUT7805GND

V C C

C 1

0 . 1 u F

V C CP 1

SE

RIA

L P

OR

T

594837261

SW

0R

ST

V C C

C2

10uF 8K

2

X11 1 . 0 5 9 2 M H z

C 4

3 3 P F

C 33 3 P F

C 3

1 0 u F

V C C

C 4

1 0 u F

C 5

1 0 u F

C 11 0 u F

Hurtle detection

9 V A C

11

22

V C C

R 3

3 3 0 E

Out

V C C

C 6

100u

F/1

6VC 5

4 7 0 u F / 2 5 V

- +

D 1

D B 1 0 6

1

2

3

4

Sensor

U 1

M A X2 3 2

R 1 I N1 3R 2 I N8

T1 I N1 1

T2 I N1 0

C +1

C 1 -3

C 2 +4

C 2 -5

V+

2

V -6

R 1 O U T1 2

R 2 O U T9

T1 O U T1 4

T2 O U T7

VC

C16

GN

D15

V C CP 1

SE

RIA

L P

OR

T

594837261

C 3

1 0 u F

C 4

1 0 u F

C 5

1 0 u F

C 11 0 u F

3.3 RESCUE TEAM SECTION

24

D A TA I N

V T

U 1

H T-1 2 D

A 01

A 12

A 23

A 34

A 45

A 56

A 67

A 78

V s s9

D 81 0D 91 1D 1 01 2D 1 11 3D I N1 4

V d d1 8

V T1 7

O s c 11 6

O s c 21 5

R 33 3 K

DATA

GND

VCC

DATA

VCC

GND

GND

RF 433.92MHz

ANT

V C C r

V C C r

U 1

A T8 9 S 5 1

R S T9

XTA L 21 8

XTA L 11 9

GN

D20

P S E N2 9A L E / P R O G3 0E A / V P P3 1

VC

C40

P 1 . 01

P 1 . 12

P 1 . 23

P 1 . 34

P 1 . 45

P 1 . 56

P 1 . 67

P 1 . 78

P 2 . 0 / A 82 1P 2 . 1 / A 92 2P 2 . 2 / A 1 02 3P 2 . 3 / A 1 12 4P 2 . 4 / A 1 22 5P 2 . 5 / A 1 32 6P 2 . 6 / A 1 42 7P 2 . 7 / A 1 52 8

P 3 . 0 / R XD1 0

P 3 . 1 / TXD1 1

P 3 . 2 / I N TO1 2

P 3 . 3 / I N T11 3

P 3 . 4 / TO1 4

P 3 . 5 / T11 5

P 3 . 6 / W R1 6

P 3 . 7 / R D1 7

P 0 . 0 / A D 03 9

P 0 . 1 / A D 13 8

P 0 . 2 / A D 23 7

P 0 . 3 / A D 33 6

P 0 . 4 / A D 43 5

P 0 . 5 / A D 53 4

P 0 . 6 / A D 63 3

P 0 . 7 / A D 73 2

C

R 3

S I P 9 1 0 k

123456789

V C C

C 1

0 . 1 u F

V C C

C2

10uF 8K

2

X11 1 . 0 5 9 2 M H z

C 4

3 3 P F

C 33 3 P F

V C C

SW

0R

ST

R XDTXD

U 1

M A X2 3 2

R 1 I N1 3R 2 I N8

T1 I N1 1

T2 I N1 0

C +1

C 1 -3

C 2 +4

C 2 -5

V+

2

V -6

R 1 O U T1 2

R 2 O U T9

T1 O U T1 4

T2 O U T7

VC

C16

GN

D15

V C CP 1

SE

RIA

L P

OR

T

594837261

C 3

1 0 u F

C 4

1 0 u F

C 5

1 0 u F

C 11 0 u F

SERVERHOSPITAL SECTION

CHAPTER-4

POWER SUPPLY

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which

steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode

rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered

25

by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc

voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit

removes the ripples and also remains the same dc value even if the input dc

voltage varies, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes. This

voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage

regulator IC units.

Block Diagram of Power supply

Working principle

Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage

(0-230V) to (0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer

will be connected to the precision rectifier, which is constructed with the

help of op–amp. The advantages of using precision rectifier are it will give

peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will give only RMS output.

Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is

called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the

diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from

the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working

properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative

potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3

and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1

and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow

current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will

block current flow. The path for current flow is from point B through D1,

up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back

26

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER IC REGULATOR

LOAD

to point B. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.One-

half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse,

forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow

will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through

the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the

broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4.

The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing

through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown

waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half

cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

Advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave

rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a

voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave

circuit. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum

voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is

nearly-but never exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop

across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum

voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000

volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly

1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge

rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-

wave rectifier circuit.

IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator

IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier,

control device, and overload protection all in a single IC.. The regulators

can be selected for operation with load currents from hundreds of milli

27

amperes to tens of amperes, corresponding to power ratings from milli

watts to tens of watts.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, Vi, applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage,

Vo, from a second terminal. The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive

regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators

provide fixed negative regulated voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

For ICs, microcontroller, LCD --------- 5 volts

For alarm circuit, op-amp, relay circuits ---------- 12 volts

CHAPTER-5

MICROCONTROLLER

The generic 8031 architecture sports a Harvard architecture, which

contains two separate buses for both program and data. So, it has two

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distinctive memory spaces of 64K X 8 size for both program and data. It is

based on an 8 bit central processing unit with an 8 bit Accumulator and

another 8 bit B register as main processing blocks. Other portions of the

architecture include few 8 bit and 16 bit registers and 8 bit memory

locations.

Each 8031 device has some amount of data RAM built in the

device for internal processing. This area is used for stack operations and

temporary storage of data. This base architecture is supported with on chip

peripheral functions like I/O ports, timers/counters, versatile serial

communication port. So it is clear that this 8031 architecture was designed

to cater many real time embedded needs.

The following list gives the features of the 8051 architecture:

Optimized 8 bit CPU for control applications.

Extensive Boolean processing capabilities.

64K Program Memory address space.

64K Data Memory address space.

128 bytes of on chip Data Memory.

32 Bi-directional and individually addressable I/O lines.

Two 16 bit timer/counters.

Full Duplex UART, On-chip clock oscillator.

6-source / 5-vector interrupt structure with priority levels.

Now you may be wondering about the non mentioning of memory space

meant for the program storage, the most important part of any embedded

controller. Originally this 8031 architecture was introduced with on chip,

‘one time programmable’ version of Program Memory of size 4K X 8.

Intel delivered all these microcontrollers (8051) with user’s program fused

inside the device. The memory portion was mapped at the lower end of the

Program Memory area. But, after getting devices, customers couldn’t

29

change any thing in their program code, which was already made available

inside during device fabrication.

Figure5.1 - Block Diagram of the 8051 Core

So, very soon Intel introduced the 8051 devices (8751) with re-

programmable type of Program Memory using built-in EPROM of size 4K

X 8. Like a regular EPROM, this memory can be re-programmed many

times. Later on Intel started manufacturing these 8051 devices without any

on chip Program Memory.

Now I go ahead giving more information on the important

functional blocks of the 8051.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER AND

MICROPROCESSOR:

Microprocessors have many instructions for moving data from external

memory to internal memory. But microcontrollers have a few such

instructions.

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Microprocessors have less bit handling instructions, but microcontrollers

have many such instructions.

Microprocessors are concerned with rapid movement of code and data

from external memory. But Microcontroller is concerned with that of bits

within the chip.

Of course Microprocessor needs additional chips for memory, parallel port,

timer etc and microcontroller needs no such external ports.

Figure 5.2 - 8051 Microcomputer Pinout Diagram

31

8051

Figure 5.3 - 8051 Microcomputer logic symbol

OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of

an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an onchip

oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic

resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,

XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in

Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock

signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-

by two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time

specifications must be observed.

8051 CLOCK

8051 has an on-chip oscillator

It needs an external crystal

32

Crystal decides the operating frequency of the 8051

IDLE MODE

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip

peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content

of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain

unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any

enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle

is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes program

execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the

internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to

internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To

eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is

terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle

should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

POWER DOWN MODE

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the

instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The

on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the

power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a

hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip

RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its

33

normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the

oscillator to restart and stabilize.

8051 RESET

RESET is an active High input

When RESET is set to High, 8051 goes back to the power on state

Power-On Reset

Push PB and active High on RST

Release PB, Capacitor discharges and RST goes low

RST must stay high for a min of 2 machine cycles

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The CPU is the brain of the microcontrollers reading user’s

programs and executing the expected task as per instructions stored there

in. Its primary elements are an 8 bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU),

Accumulator (Acc), few more 8 bit registers, B register, Stack Pointer

(SP), Program Status Word (PSW) and 16 bit registers, Program Counter

(PC) and Data Pointer Register (DPTR).

34

THE ACCUMULATOR

If worked with any other assembly language you will be familiar

with the concept of an accumulator register. The Accumulator, as its name

suggests, is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large

number of instructions. It can hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most

versatile register the 8052 has due to the sheer number of instructions that

make use of the accumulator. More than half of the 8052ís 255 instructions

manipulate or use the Accumulator in some way.

For example, if you want to add the number 10 and 20, the resulting 30

will be stored in the Accumulator. Once you have a value in the

Accumulator you may continue processing the value or you may store it in

another register or in memory.

THE "R" REGISTERS

The "R" registers are sets of eight registers that are named R0, R1,

through R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many

operations. To continue with the above example, perhaps you are adding

10 and 20. The original number 10 may be stored in the Accumulator

whereas the value 20 may be stored in, say, register R4. To process the

addition you would execute the command:

As mentioned earlier, there are four sets of ‘R’ registers, register

bank 0, 1, 2, and 3. When the 8052 is first powered up, register bank 0

(addresses 00h through 07h) is used by default. In this case, for example,

R4 is the same as Internal RAM address 04h. However, your program may

instruct the 8052 to use one of the alternate register banks;

i.e., register banks 1, 2, or 3. In this case, R4 will no longer be the same as

Internal RAM address 04h. For example, if your program instructs the

8052 to use register bank 1, register R4 will now be synonymous with

Internal RAM address 0Ch. If you select register bank 2, R4 is

35

synonymous with 14h, and if you select register bank 3 it is synonymous

with address 1Ch.

The concept of register banks adds a great level of flexibility to the

8052, especially when dealing with interrupts (we'll talk about interrupts

later). However, always remember that the register banks really reside in

the first 32 bytes of Internal RAM.

THE "B" REGISTER

The "B" register is very similar to the Accumulator in the sense that

it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The "B" register is only used implicitly

by two 8052 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. Thus, if you want to

quickly and easily multiply or divide A by another number, you may store

the other number in "B" and make use of these two instructions. Aside

from the MUL and DIV instructions, the "B" register is often used as yet

another temporary storage register much like a ninth "R" register.

THE PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)

The Program Counter (PC) is a 2-byte address that tells the 8052

where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. When the 8052

is initialized PC always starts at 0000h and is incremented each time an

instruction is executed. It is important to note that PC isn’t always

incremented by one. Since some instructions are 2 or 3 bytes in length the

PC will be incremented by 2 or 3 in these cases.

The Program Counter is special in that there is no way to directly modify

its value. That is to say, you can’t do something like PC=2430h. On the

other hand, if you execute LJMP 2430h you’ve effectively accomplished

the same thing.

36

It is also interesting to note that while you may change the value

of PC (by executing a jump instruction, etc.) there is no way to read the

value of PC. That is to say, there is no way to ask the 8052 "What address

are you about to execute?" As it turns out, this is not completely true:

There is one trick that may be used to determine the current value of PC.

THE DATA POINTER (DPTR)

The Data Pointer (DPTR) is the 8052ís only user-accessible 16-bit

(2-byte) register. The Accumulator, "R" registers, and "B" register are all

1-byte values. The PC just described is a 16-bit value but isn’t directly

user-accessible as a working register.

DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by

a number of commands that allow the 8052 to access external memory.

When the 8052 accesses external memory it accesses the memory at the

address indicated by DPTR. While DPTR is most often used to point to

data in external memory or code memory, many developers take advantage

of the fact that it’s the only true 16-bit register available. It is often used to

store 2-byte values that have nothing to do with memory locations.

THE STACK POINTER (SP)

The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR and PC, may hold

an 8-bit (1-byte) value. The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the

next value to be removed from the stack should be taken from. When you

push a value onto the stack, the 8052 first increments the value of SP and

then stores the value at the resulting memory location. When you pop a

value off the stack, the 8052 returns the value from the memory location

indicated by SP, and then decrements the value of SP.

This order of operation is important. When the 8052 is initialized

SP will be initialized to 07h. If you immediately push a value onto the

stack, the value will be stored in Internal RAM address 08h. This makes

sense taking into account what was mentioned two paragraphs above: First

37

the 8051 will increment the value of SP (from 07h to 08h) and then will

store the pushed value at that memory address (08h).

SP is modified directly by the 8052 by six instructions: PUSH,

POP, ACALL, LCALL, RET, and RETI. It is also used intrinsically

whenever an interrupt is triggered (more on interrupts later. Don’t worry

about them for now!).

INPUT / OUTPUT PORTS

The 8031’s I/O port structure is extremely versatile and flexible.

The device has 32 I/O pins configured as four eight bit parallel ports (P0,

P1, P2 and P3). Each pin can be used as an input or as an output under the

software control. These I/O pins can be accessed directly by memory

instructions during program execution to get required flexibility.

These port lines can be operated in different modes and all the pins

can be made to do many different tasks apart from their regular I/O

function executions. Instructions, which access external memory, use port

P0 as a multiplexed address/data bus. At the beginning of an external

memory cycle, low order 8 bits of the address bus are output on P0. The

same pins transfer data byte at the later stage of the instruction execution.

Also, any instruction that accesses external Program Memory will output

the higher order byte on P2 during read cycle. Remaining ports, P1 and P3

are available for standard I/O functions. But all the 8 lines of P3 support

special functions: Two external interrupt lines, two counter inputs, serial

port’s two data lines and two timing control strobe lines are designed to

use P3 port lines. When you don’t use these special functions, you can use

corresponding port lines as a standard I/O.

Even within a single port, I/O operations may be combined in

many ways. Different pins can be configured as input or outputs

independent of each other or the same pin can be used as an input or as

38

output at different times. You can comfortably combine I/O operations and

special operations for Port 3 lines.

TIMERS / COUNTERS

8031 has two 16 bit Timers/Counters capable of working in

different modes. Each consists of a ‘High’ byte and a ‘Low’ byte which

can be accessed under software. There is a mode control register and a

control register to configure these timers/counters in number of ways.

These timers can be used to measure time intervals, determine

pulse widths or initiate events with one microsecond resolution upto a

maximum of 65 millisecond (corresponding to 65, 536 counts). Use

software to get longer delays. Working as counter, they can accumulate

occurrences of external events (from DC to 500KHz) with 16 bit precision.

39

INTERRUPTS

The 8031 has five interrupt sources: one from the serial port when a

transmission or reception operation is executed; two from the timers when

overflow occurs and two come from the two input pins INT0, INT1. Each

interrupt may be independently enabled or disabled to allow polling on

same sources and each may be classified as high or low priority.

A high priority source can override a low priority service routine.

These options are selected by interrupt enable and priority control

registers, IE and IP.

When an interrupt is activated, then the program flow completes the

execution of the current instruction and jumps to a particular program

location where it finds the interrupt service routine. After finishing the

interrupt service routine, the program flows return to back to the original

place.

The Program Memory address, 0003H is allotted to the first interrupt

and next seven bytes can be used to do any task associated with that

interrupt.

Interrupt Source Service routine starting address

External 0 0003H

Timer/Counter 0 000BH

External 1 0013H

Timer/counter 1 001BH

Serial port 0023H

SERIAL PORT

Each 8031 microcomputer contains a high speed full duplex (means

you can simultaneously use the same port for both transmitting and

receiving purposes) serial port which is software configurable in 4 basic

40

modes: 8 bit UART; 9 bit UART; Interprocessor Communications link or

as shift register I/O expander.

For the standard serial communication facility, 8031 can be

programmed for UART operations and can be connected with regular

personal computers, teletype writers, modem at data rates between 122

bauds and 31 kilo bauds. Getting this facility is made very simple using

simple routines with option to select even or odd parity. You can also

establish a kind of Interprocessor communication facility among many

microcomputers in a distributed environment with automatic recognition of

address/data.

Apart from all above, you can also get super fast I/O lines using

low cost simple TTL or CMOS shift registers.

8051 PIN FUNCTIONS

I/O PORTS (P0, P1, P2, P3)

Of the 40 pins of the typical 8052, 32 of them are dedicated to I/O

lines that have a one-to-one relation with SFRs P0, P1, P2, and P3. The

developer may raise and lower these lines by writing 1s or 0s to the

corresponding bits in the SFRs. Likewise, the current state of these lines

may be read by reading the corresponding bits of the SFRs.

All of the ports have internal pull-up resistors except for port 0.

PORT 0

Port 0 is dual-function in that it in some designs port 0ís I/O lines

are available to the developer to access external devices while in other

designs it is used to access external memory. If the circuit requires external

RAM or ROM, the microcontroller will automatically use port 0 to clock

in/out the 8-bit data word as well as the low 8 bits of the address in

response to a MOVX instruction and port 0 I/O lines may be used for other

41

functions as long as external RAM isn’t being accessed at the same time. If

the circuit requires external code memory, the microcontroller will

automatically use the port 0 I/O lines to access each instruction that is to be

executed. In this case, port 0 cannot be utilized for other purposes since the

state of the I/O lines are constantly being modified to access external code

memory.

Note that there are no pull-up resistors on port 0, so it may be

necessary to include your own pull-up resistors depending on the

characteristics of the parts you will be driving via port 0.

PORT 1

Port 1 consists of 8 I/O lines that you may use exclusively to

interface to external parts. Unlike port 0, typical derivatives do not use port

1 for any functions themselves. Port 1 is commonly used to interface to

external hardware such as LCDs, keypads, and other devices. With 8052

derivatives, two bits of port 1 are optionally used as described for

extended timer 2 functions. These two lines are not assigned these special

functions on 8051ís since 8051ís don’t have a timer 2. Further, these lines

can still be used for your own purposes if you don’t need these features of

timer 2.

P1.0 (T2): If T2CON.1 is set (C/T2), then timer 2 will be

incremented whenever there is a 1-0 transition on this line. With C/T2 set,

P1.0 is the clock source for timer 2. P1.1 (T2EX): If timer 2 is in auto-

reload mode and T2CON.3 (EXEN2) is set, a 1-0 transition on this line

will cause timer 2 to be reloaded with the auto-reload value. This will also

cause the T2CON.6 (EXF2) external flag to be set, which may cause an

interrupt if so enabled.

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PORT 2

Like port 0, port 2 is dual-function. In some circuit designs it is

available for accessing devices while in others it is used to address external

RAM or external code memory. When the MOVX @DPTR instruction is

used, port 2 is used to output the high byte of the memory address that is to

be accessed. In these cases, port 2 may be used to access other devices as

long as the devices are not being accessed at the same time a MOVX

instruction is using port 2 to address external RAM. If the circuit requires

external code memory, the microcontroller will automatically use the port

2 I/O lines to access each instruction that is to be executed. In this case,

port 2 cannot be utilized for other purposes since the state of the I/O lines

are constantly being modified to access external code memory.

PORT 3

Port 3 consists entirely of dual-function I/O lines. While the

developer may access all these lines from their software by reading/writing

to the P3 SFR, each pin has a pre-defined function that the microcontroller

handles automatically when configured to do so and/or when necessary.

P3.0 (RXD): The UART/serial port uses P3.0 as the receive line. In circuit

designs that will be using the microcontroller’s internal serial port, this is

the line into which serial data will be clocked. Note that when interfacing

an 8052 to an RS-232 port that you may not connect this line directly to the

RS-232 pin; rather, you must pass it through a part such as the MAX232 to

obtain the correct voltage levels. This pin is available for any use the

developer may assign it if the circuit has no need to receive data via the

integrated serial port.

P3.1 (TXD): The UART/serial port uses P3.1 as the ‘transmit

line.’ In circuit designs that will be using the microcontroller’s internal

serial port, this is the line that the microcontroller will clock out all data

which is written to the SBUF SFR. Note that when interfacing an 8052 to

43

an RS-232 port that you may not connect this line directly to the RS-232

pin; rather, you must pass it through a part such as the MAX232 to obtain

the correct voltage levels. This pin is available for any use the developer

may assign it if the circuit has no need to transmit data via the integrated

serial port.

P3.2 (-INT0): When so configured, this line is used to trigger an

‘External 0 Interrupt.’ This may either be low-level triggered or may be

triggered on a 1-0 transition. Please see the chapter on interrupts for

details. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if the

circuit does not need to trigger an external 0 interrupt.

P3.3 (-INT1): When so configured, this line is used to trigger an

‘External 1 Interrupt.’ This may either be low-level triggered or may be

triggered on a 1-0 transition. Please see the chapter on interrupts for

details. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if the

circuit does not need to trigger an external 1 interrupt.

P3.4 (T0): When so configured, this line is used as the clock

source for timer 0. Timer 0 will be incremented either every instruction

cycle that T0 is high or every time there is a 1-0 transition on this line,

depending on how the timer is configured. Please see the chapter on timers

for details. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if

the circuit does not to control timer 0 externally.

P3.5 (T1): When so configured, this line is used as the clock

source for timer 1. Timer 1 will be incremented either every instruction

cycle that T1 is high or every time there is a 1-0 transition on this line,

depending on how the timer is configured. Please see the chapter on timers

for details. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if

the circuit does not to control timer 1 externally.

P3.6 (-WR): This is external memory write strobe line. This line

will be asserted low by the microcontroller whenever a MOVX instruction

44

writes to external RAM. This line should be connected to the RAM’s write

(-W) line. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if

the circuit does not write to external RAM using MOVX.

P3.7 (-RD): This is external memory write strobe line. This line will

be asserted low by the microcontroller whenever a MOVX instruction

writes to external RAM. This line should be connected to the RAM’s write

(-W) line. This pin is available for any use the developer may assign it if

the circuit does not read from external RAM using MOVX.

OSCILLATOR INPUTS (XTAL1, XTAL2)

The 8052 is typically driven by a crystal connected to pins 18

(XTAL2) and 19 (XTAL1). Common crystal frequencies are 11.0592Mhz

as well as 12Mhz, although many newer derivatives are capable of

accepting frequencies as high as 40Mhz.

While a crystal is the normal clock source, this isn’t necessarily

the case. A TTL clock source may also be attached to XTAL1 and XTAL2

to provide the microcontroller’s clock.

RESET LINE (RST)

Pin 9 is the master reset line for the microcontroller. When this

pin is brought high for two instruction cycles, the microcontroller is

effectively reset. SFRs, including the I/O ports, are restored to their default

conditions and the program counter will be reset to 0000h. Keep in mind

that Internal RAM is not affected by a reset. The microcontroller will begin

executing code at 0000h when pin 9 returns to a low state.

The reset line is often connected to a reset button/switch that the

user may press to reset the circuit. It is also common to connect the reset

line to a watchdog IC or a supervisor IC (such as MAX707). The latter is

highly recommended for commercial and professional designs since

45

traditional resistor-capacitor networks attached to the reset line, while

often sufficient for students or hobbyists, are not terribly reliable.

ADDRESS LATCH ENABLE (ALE)

The ALE at pin 30 is an output-only pin that is controlled entirely

by the microcontroller and allows the microcontroller to multiplex the low-

byte of a memory address and the 8-bit data itself on port 0. This is

because, while the high-byte of the memory address is sent

on port 2, port 0 is used both to send the low byte of the memory address

and the data itself. This is accomplished by placing the low-byte of the

address on port 0, exerting ALE high to latch the low-byte of the address

into a latch IC (such as the 74HC573), and then placing the 8 data-bits on

port 0. In this way the 8052 is able to output a 16-bit address and an 8-bit

data word with 16 I/O lines instead of 24.

The ALE line is used in this fashion both for accessing

external RAM with MOVX @DPTR as well as for accessing instructions

in external code memory. When your program is executed from external

code memory, ALE will pulse at a rate of 1/6th that of the oscillator

frequency. Thus if the oscillator is operating at 11.0592Mhz, ALE will

pulse at a rate of 1,843,200 times per second. The only exception is when

the MOVX instruction is executed one ALE pulse is missed in lieu of a

pulse on WR or RD.

PROGRAM STORE ENABLE (-PSEN)

The Program Store Enable (PSEN) line at pin 29 is exerted

low automatically by the microcontroller whenever it accesses external

code memory. This line should be attached to the Output Enable (-OE) pin

of the EPROM that contains your code memory.

46

PSEN will not be exerted by the microcontroller and will remain in a high

state if your program is being executed from internal code memory.

EXTERNAL ACCESS (-EA)

The External Access (-EA) line at pin 31 is used to determine

whether the 8052 will execute your program from external code memory

or from internal code memory. If EA is tied high (connected to +5V) then

the microcontroller will execute the program it finds in internal/on-chip

code memory. If EA is tied low (to ground) then it will attempt to execute

the program it finds in the attached external code memory EPROM. Of

course, your EPROM must be properly connected for the microcontroller

to be able to access your program in external code memory.

MEMORY ORGANIZATION

The 8051 architecture provides both on chip memory as well as

off chip memory expansion capabilities. It supports several distinctive

‘physical’ address spaces, functionally separated at the hardware level by

different addressing mechanisms, read and write controls signals or both:

On chip Program Memory

On chip Data Memory

Off chip Program Memory

Off chip Data Memory

On chip Special Function Registers

The Program Memory area (EPROM incase of external

memory or Flash/EPROM incase of internal one) is extremely large and

never lose information when the power is removed. Initialization values,

Calibration data, Keyboard lookup tables etc along with the program itself.

The Program Memory has a 16 bit address and any particular memory

47

location is addressed using the 16 bit Program Counter and instructions

which generate a 16 bit address.

On chip Data memory is smaller and therefore quicker than

Program Memory and it goes into a random state when power is removed.

On chip RAM is used for variables which are calculated when the program

is executed.

In contrast to the Program Memory, On chip Data Memory

accesses need a single 8 bit value (may be a constant or another variable)

to specify a unique location. Since 8 bits are more than sufficient to

address 128 RAM locations, the on chip RAM address generating register

is single byte wide. Different addressing mechanisms are used to access

these different memory spaces and this greatly contributes to

microcomputer’s operating efficiency.

The 64K byte Program Memory space consists of an internal and

an external memory portion. If the EA pin is held high, the 8051 executes

out of internal Program Memory unless the address exceeds 0FFFH and

locations 1000H through FFFFH are then fetched from external Program

Memory. If the EA pin is held low, the 8031 fetches all instructions from

the external Program Memory.

Figure5. 4 - Program Memory

48

The Data Memory address space consists of an internal and an external

memory space. External Data Memory is accessed when a MOVX

instruction is executed.

Apart from on chip Data Memory of size 128/256 bytes, total

size of Data Memory can be expanded upto 64K using external RAM

devices.

Total internal Data Memory is divided into three blocks:

Lower 128 bytes.

Higher 128 bytes

Special Function Register space.

Higher 128 bytes are available only in 8032/8052 devices.

Even though the upper RAM area and SFR area share same address

locations, they are accessed through different addressing modes. Direct

addresses higher than 7FH access SFR memory space and indirect

addressing above 7FH access higher 128 bytes (in 8032/8052).

49

Figure 5.5 - Internal Data Memory

The next figure indicates the layout of lower 128 bytes. The lowest 32

bytes (from address 00H to 1FH) are grouped into 4 banks of 8 registers.

Program instructions refer these registers as R0 through R7. Program

Status Word indicates which register bank is being used at any point of

time.

Figure 5.7 - Lower 128 Bytes of Internal RAM

The next 16 bytes above these register banks form a block of bit

addressable memory space. The instruction set of 8031 contains a wide

50

range of single bit processing instructions and these instructions can

directly access the 128 bits of this area.

The SFR space includes port latches, timer and peripheral

control registers. All the members of 8031 family have same SFR at the

same SFR locations. There are some 16 unique locations which can be

accessed as bytes and as bits.

COMMON MEMORY SPACE

The 8031’s Data Memory may not be used for program storage.

So it means you can’t execute instructions out of this Data Memory.

But, there is a way to have a single block of offchip memory acting as both

Program and Data Memory. By gating together both memory read controls

(RD and PSEN) using an AND gate, a common memory read control

signal can be generated.

In this arrangement, both memory spaces are tied together and

total accessible memory is reduced from 128 Kbytes to 64 Kbytes.

The 8031 can read and write into this common memory block and it can be

used as Program and Data Memory.

You can use this arrangement during program development and

debugging phase. Without taking Microcontroller off the socket to

program its internal ROM (EPROM/Flash ROM), you can use this

common memory for frequent program storage and code modifications.

51

ATMEL

FEATURES

• 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

– Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

• Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

• Watchdog Timer

• Dual Data Pointer

• Power-off Flag

• Fast Programming Time

• Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)

52

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the

oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98

oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO

bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the

default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG

53

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low

byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the

program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal

operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency

and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,

that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location

8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC

instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-

disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution

mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program

memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program

memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two

PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external

data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to

enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations

starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is

programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.

54

CHAPTER-6

RF MODULE

Theory of Operation

Short for Radio Frequency, RF refers to the frequencies that fall

within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave

propagation. When applied to an antenna, RF current creates

electromagnetic fields that propagate the applied signal through space. Any

RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency.

This means that the frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to

the wavelength of the field. The Parallax RF modules utilize a frequency of

433.92 MHz, this works out to be a wavelength of approximately 0.69

meters (2.26 feet, or 7.3e-17 lightyears). 433.92 MHz falls into the Ultra

High Frequency (UHF) designation, which is defined as the frequencies

from 300 MHz ~ 3 GHz. UHF has free-space wavelengths of 1 m ~ 100

mm (3.28 ~ 0.33 feet or1.05e-16 ~ 1.05e-17 light-years).

General Description

The Parallax 433.92 MHz RF Transmitter allows users to easily

send serial data, robot control, or other information wirelessly. When

paired with the matched RF Receiver, reliable wireless communication is

as effortless as sending serial data. The power-down (PDN) pin may be

used to place the module into a low power state (active low), or left

floating (it is tied high internally).

55

Features

• High-speed data transfer rates (1200 ~ 19.2k Baud depending on

controller used)

• SIP header allows for ease of use with breadboards

• Compatible with all BASIC Stamp® modules (including BS1 and Javelin

Stamp) and SX chips

• As easy to use as simple SEROUT/SERIN PBASIC instructions

• Power-down mode for conservative energy usage (longer battery life)

• Line-of-sight range of 500 feet (or greater depending on conditions)

Application Ideas

• Remote Controlled Boe-Bot® robot

• Wireless data acquisition

• Remote sensors and triggers

56

PDN

Pulling the power down (PDN) line low will place the

transmitter/receiver into a low-current state. The module will not be able to

transmit/receive a signal in this state.RSSI (receiver only).Received Signal

Strength Indicator. This line will supply an analog voltage that is

proportional to the strength of the received signal.

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

57

6.1 RF TRASMITTER

The 2^12 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system

applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of

N address bits and 12N data bits.

58

Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states.

The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header

bits via an RF transmission medium .

Transmission is enabled by applying a low signal to the TE pin

6.2 RF RECEIVER

59

2^12 decoders are a series of CMOS LSIs for remote control system

applications..

The decoders receive serial addresses and data from a programmed 2^12

series of encoders that are transmitted by a carrier using an RF

transmission medium.

They compare the serial input data three times continuously with their

local addresses.

If no error or unmatched codes are found, the input data codes are decoded

and then transferred to the output pins.

The VT pin also goes high to indicate a valid transmission.

The 2^12 series of decoders are capable of decoding information's that

consist of N bits of address and 12-N bits of data

60

CHAPTER-7

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

EMBEDDED GPS RECEIVERS

Trimble SK8/ACE GPS receiver ($60)

Garmin GPS35 ($160)

DeLorme Earthmate ($85)

Have seen some as cheap as $50

61

Interface

Single or dual serial port

Protocols: NMEA-0183, TSIP, TAIP, Garmin, Rockwell Binary, others…

Power

Typical requirements: 5V @ 200mA

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Antenna: The antenna receives extremely weak satellite signals on a

frequency of 1572.42MHz.Signal Output is around –163dBW. Some (passive)

antennae have a 3dB gain.

62

LNA 1: This low noise amplifier (LNA) amplifies the signal by approx. 15

... 20dB.

HF filter: The GPS signal bandwidth is approx. 2MHZ. The HF filter

reduces the affects of signal interference.

The HF stage and signal processor actually represent the special circuits in

a GPS receiver and are adjusted to

each other.

• HF stage: The amplified GPS signal is mixed with the frequency of the

local oscillator. The filtered IF signal is

maintained at a constant level in respect of its amplitude and digitalized via

Amplitude Gain Control (AGC)

• IF filter: The intermediate frequency is filtered out using a

bandwidth of 2MHz. The image frequencies

arising at the mixing stage are reduced to a permissible level.

• Signal processor: Up to 16 different satellite signals can be

correlated and decoded at the same time.

Correlation takes place by constant comparison with the C/A code. The HF

stage and signal processor are

simultaneously switched to synchronize with the signal. The signal

processor has its own time base (Real

Time Clock, RTC). All the data ascertained is broadcast (particularly

signal transit time to the relevant

satellites determined by the correlator), and this is referred to as source

data. The signal processor can be

63

offset by the controller via the control line to function in various operating

modes.

• Controller: Using the source data, the controller calculates position,

time, speed and course etc. It controls

the signal processor and relays the calculated values to the display.

Important information (such as

ephemeris, the most recent position etc.) are decoded and saved in RAM.

The program and the calculation

algorithms are saved in ROM.

• Keyboard: Using the keyboard, the user can select, which co-ordinate

system he wishes to use and which

parameters (e.g. number of visible satellites) should be displayed.

• Display: The position calculated (longitude, latitude and height) must be

made available to the user. This can either be displayed using a 7-

segment display or shown on a screen using a projected map. The

positions determined can be saved, whole routes being recorded.

• Current supply: The power supply delivers the necessary

operational voltage to all levels of electronic componentry.

64

CHAPTER-8

GSM MODEM

A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless

network. A wireless modem behaves like a dial-up modem. The main

difference between them is that a dial-up modem sends and receives data

through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives

data through radio waves.

FACTS OF GSM/GPRS MODEM

The GSM/GPRS Modem comes with a serial interface through

which the modem can be controlled using AT command interface. An

antenna and a power adapter are provided.

The basic segregation of working of the modem is as under

• Voice calls

• SMS

• GSM Data calls

• GPRS

Voice calls: Voice calls are not an application area to be targeted. In future

if interfaces like a microphone and speaker are provided for some

applications then this can be considered.

SMS: SMS is an area where the modem can be used to provide features

like:

• Pre-stored SMS transmission

• These SMS can be transmitted on certain trigger events in an automation

system

• SMS can also be used in areas where small text information has to be

sent. The transmitter can be an automation system or machines like

vending machines, collection machines like positioning systems where

navigator keeps on sending SMS at particular time intervals

65

• SMS can be a solution where GSM data call or GPRS services are not

available

GSM Data Calls: Data calls can be made using this modem. Data calls

can be made to a normal PSTN modem/phone line also (even received).

Data calls are basically made to send/receive data streams between two

units either PC’s or embedded devices. The advantage of Data calls over

SMS is that both parties are capable of sending/receiving data through their

terminals.

CHARACTERISTICS

Dual-band 900 / 1800 MHz or 900 / 1900 MHz GSM / GPRS Modem

Internet, Data, SMS, Voice (Optional Fax, TCP/IP Services

Remote Control by AT Commands (according to GSM 07.07 and

GSM 07.05)

Maximum output power 2 W for GSM 900 : 1W for GSM 1800 or GSM

1900

Input voltage 5.5 V to 12 V DC

Current 1.8A peak at 5.5 V, 330 mA average at 5.5

SIM Interface 3V / 5 V

Weight 125 gram

66

FEATURES

Call Waiting

Notification of an incoming call while on the handset

Call Hold

Put a caller on hold to take another call

Call Barring

All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls

Call Forwarding

Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user

Multi Party Call Conferencing

Link multiple calls together

ADVANCED FEATURE

Calling Line ID

incoming telephone number displayed

Alternate Line Service

one for personal calls

one for business calls

Closed User Group

call by dialing last for numbers

Advice of Charge

tally of actual costs of phone calls

Fax & Data

Virtual Office / Professional Office

Roaming

services and features can follow customer from market to market

NOTE:

You need activated SIM card from GSM Mobile Telephony

service provider in your city.You can also sue your existing Mobile phone

SIM card.

67

In case GSM Mobile service is not available in your place, you cannot use

GSM Modem.

General behaviors

SIM Insertion, SIM Removal:

SIM card Insertion and Removal procedures are

supported. There are software functions relying on positive reading of the

hardware SIM detect pin. This pin state (open/closed) is permanently

monitored.

When the SIM detect pin indicates that a card is present in the SIM

connector, the product tries to set up a logical SIM session. The logical

SIM session will be set up or not depending on whether the detected card

is a SIM Card or not. The AT+CPIN? Command delivers the following

responses: . If the SIM detect pin indicates “absent”, the response to

AT+CPIN? is “+CME ERROR 10” (SIM not inserted). If the SIM detect

pin indicates “present”, and the inserted Card is a SIM Card, the

response to AT+CPIN? is “+CPIN: xxx” depending on SIM PIN state.

If the SIM detect pin indicates “present”, and the inserted Card is not a

SIM Card, the response to AT+CPIN? is CME ERROR 10.

These last two states are not given immediately due to background

initialization. Between the hardware SIM detect pin indicating “present”

and the previous results the AT+CPIN? sends “+CME ERROR: 515”

(Please wait, init in progress). When the SIM detect pin indicates card

absence, and if a SIM Card was previously inserted, an IMSI detach

procedure is performed, all user data is removed from the product

(Phonebooks, SMS etc.). The product then switches to emergency mode.

68

Background initialization

After entering the PIN (Personal Identification Number),

some SIM user data files are loaded into the product (Phonebooks, SMS

status, etc.). Please be aware that it might take some time to read a large

phonebook. The AT+CPIN? command response comes just after the PIN is

checked. After this response user data is loaded (in background). This

means that some data may not be available just after PIN entry is

confirmed by ’OK’. The reading of phonebooks will then be refused by

“+CME ERROR: 515” or “+CMS ERROR: 515” meaning, “Please wait,

service is not available, init in progress”. This type of answer may be sent

by the product at several points: when trying to execute another AT

command before the previous one is completed (before response), when

switching from ADN to FDN (or FDN to ADN) and trying to read the

relevant phonebook immediately, when asking for +CPIN? status

immediately after SIM insertion and before the product has determined if

the inserted card is a valid SIM Card.

Advantages of GSM

Crisper, cleaner quieter calls

Security against fraud and eavesdropping

International roaming capability in over 100 countries

Improved battery life

Efficient network design for less expensive system expansion

Efficient use of spectrum

Advanced features such as short messaging and caller ID

A wide variety of handsets and accessories

High stability mobile fax and data at up to 9600 baud

69

Ease of use with over the air activation, and all account information is held

in a smart card which can be moved from handset to handset

Applications

Mobile telephony

GSM-R

Telemetry System

- Fleet management

- Automatic meter reading

- Toll Collection

- Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets

Value Added Services

What applications is suitable for GSM communication?

If your application needs one or more of the following features,

GSM will be more cost-effective then other communication systems.

Short Data Size: You data size per transaction should be small like 1-3

lines. These small but important transaction data can be sent through SMS

messaging which cost even less then a local telephone call or sometimes

free of cost worldwide. Hence with negligible cost you are able to send

critical information to your head office located anywhere in the world from

multiple points.

You can also transfer faxes, large data through GSM but this will be

as or more costly compared to landline networks. Multiple remote data

collection points: If you have multiple data collections points situated all

over your city, state, country or worldwide you will benefit the most. Many

a times some places like warehouses may be situated at remote location

may not have landline or internet but you will have GSM network still

available easily.

70

High uptime: If your business require high uptime and availability GSM

is best suitable for you as GSM mobile networks have high uptime

compared to landline, internet and other communication mediums. Also in

situations where you expect that someone may sabotage your

communication systems by cutting wires or taping landlines, you can

depend on GSM wireless communication.

Large transaction volumes: GSM SMS messaging can handle large

number of transaction in a very short time. You can receive large number

SMS messages on your server like e-mails without internet connectivity.

E-mails normally get delayed a lot but SMS messages are almost

instantaneous for instant transactions. consider situation like shop owners

doing credit card transaction with GSM technology instead of conventional

landlines. many a time you find local transaction servers busy as these

servers use multiple telephone lines to take care of multiple transactions,

whereas one GSM connection is enough to handle hundreds of transaction

per minute.

Mobility, Quick installation: GSM technology allow mobility, GSM

terminals, modems can be just picked and installed at other location unlike

telephone lines. Also you can be mobile with GSM terminals and can also

communicate with server using your mobile phone. You can just purchase

the GSM hardware like modems, terminals and mobile handsets, insert

SIM cards, configure software and your are ready for GSM

communication. GSM solutions can be implemented within few weeks

whereas it may take many months to implement the infrastructure for other

technologies.

71

CHAPTER-9

VIBRATION SENSOR

This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the transducer is

displaced from the mechanical neutral axis, bending creates strain within

the piezoelectric element and generates voltages. If the assembly is

supported by its mounting points and left to vibrate “in free space” the

device will behave as a form of vibration sensor. The sensing element

should not be treated as a flexible switch, and is not intended to be bent.

Sensor Value 500 roughly corresponds to 0g acceleration. Acceleration

will deflect the sensing element up or down, causing Sensor Value to

swing either way. This sensor is not meant to measure precise acceleration

and vibration - use it to detect an acceleration impulse, or the presence of

vibration.

72

FEATURES

Simple to install and operate

Easy to integrate in test rig applications and existing control systems

Advanced digital signal electronics for lowest noise combined with highest

sensitivity

0.5 Hz to 22 kHz frequency response

Velocity up to ± 500 mm/s (3 ranges)

Analog velocity output and digital S/P-DIF audio interface compatible

with VIBSOFT-SP and other acquisition systems supporting the S/P-DIF

standard

CRYSTAL BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used

in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven.

73

It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected

to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset

time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or

control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or

intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on

an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without

the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were

anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding

board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to

implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to

drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker.

Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder

like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were

hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed

the sound on and off.

In game shows it is also known as a "lockout system,"

because when one person signals ("buzzes in"), all others are locked out

from signaling. Several game shows have large buzzer buttons which are

identified as "plungers".

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that

buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated from

stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly

used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep. Some

systems, such as the one used on Jeopardy!, make no noise at all, instead

using light.

Nowadays some people use the word "buzzer" as to describe

a person who's able to create a big buzz around a brand, an event or a

company.[citation needed]

74

CRYSTAL 20.000 MHZ SER 49UA - ECS-200-S-1

Digi-Key Part

NumberX062-ND

Price

Break

1

10

100

500

1000

5000

Unit

Price

0.28

0.253

0.2253

0.20114

0.18304

0.176

Extended

Price

0.28

2.53

22.53

100.57

183.04

880.00

Manufacturer Part

NumberECS-200-S-1

Product

Description

CRYSTAL 20.000

MHZ SER 49UA

Quantity Available 969

All prices are in GBP

CRYSTAL 20.000 MHZ SER 49UA - ECS-200-S-1

Technical/Catalog Information ECS-200-S-1

Vendor ECS Inc

Category Crystals and Oscillators

Frequency 20MHz

Load Capacitance Series

Package / Case HC49/U

Packaging Bulk

Frequency Tolerance ±30ppm

Mounting Type Through Hole

Operating Mode Fundamental

Operating Temperature -10°C ~ 70°C

Series HC-49U

75

CHAPTER-10

CODING

CODING FOR VECHILE SECTION

#include<REG420.h>

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

sbit RS = P3^5;

sbit RW = P3^6;

sbit EN = P3^7;

sbit DEV = P1^0;

#define DATA P2

void lcdinit(void);

void lcdclr(void);

void lcdcomd(unsigned char);

void lcddata(unsigned char);

void lcd puts(const unsigned char *);

void SBUF1 puts(unsigned char *);

void Gets(unsigned char *, unsigned char);

unsigned char Get USART char 1(void);

unsigned char Get USART char 0(void);

//***************Variable declaration**************//

unsigned char temp=0, Count=0,Flag=0;

unsigned char Str Array[30],y[45];

unsigned char *ptr;

//***************Function declaration**************//

76

void init comms(void);

void Delay ms12M(unsigned int);

void Transmit 0(unsigned char);

void Transmit 1(unsigned char);

void Send SMS(void);

code unsigned char *Send msg = "AT+CMGS= 9884078964\r";

//Change the number here

//****************Main Function********************//

void main()

{

Delay ms12M(100);

init comms();

lcdinit(); lcdclr();

Delay ms12M(500);

P1 = 0xff; P2 = 0x00; RS = RW = EN =0;

lcdcomd(0x80);

lcd puts("Crash Notificatn");

while(1){

if(DEV==0) Send SMS();

}

}

//**************Interrupt Function*************//

void Receive(void)interrupt 4

{

if(RI 0)

{

temp = SBUF0;

//Receive the first character

if (temp == 'L')

77

{

ES0 = 0;

Gets(y,0);

while(!(strchr(y,'L'))) Gets(y,0);

ptr = strchr(y,'L')+ 2;

Flag = 1;

}

RI 0 = 0;

}

}

void init comms(void)

{

EA = 1;

ES0 = 0; ES1 = 0;

PCON |= 0x00;

SCON0 = 0x50; //SERIAL CONN MODE 1 - SERIAL 0 (1 START, 8-

DATA, 1 STOP BIT)

SCON1 = 0x50; //SERIAL CONN MODE 1 - SERIAL 1 (START, 8-

DATA, 1 STOP BIT)

TMOD |= 0x21; //TIMER 1 MODE 2, 8-BIT AUTO RELOAD MODE

TH1 = 0xFD; //11.0592 Mhz at serial0(19200), serial1(9600) baud

rate.

TCON = 0x50;

}

void Delay ms12M(unsigned int del)

78

{

int j;

while(del>0)

{

del--;

for(j=0;j<110;j++);

}

}

void SBUF1 puts(const unsigned char *string)

{

while(*string)

Transmit 1(*string++);

}

void Gets(unsigned char *string, unsigned char n)

{

unsigned char i=0,J=0;

do

{

if(n==1)

*(string+i)= Get USART char 1();

else

*(string+i)= Get USART char 0();

J = *(string+i); //Transmit 0(J);

i++;

}while((J!='\n') && (J!='\r') && (J!=EOF));

i++;

*(string+i) = NULL;

}

79

unsigned char Get USART char 1(void)

{

unsigned char c;

while(!RI 1);

c = SBUF1; RI 1 = 0;

return c;

}

unsigned char Get USART char 0(void)

{

unsigned char c;

while(!RI 0);

c = SBUF0; RI 0 = 0;

return c;

}

void Transmit 0(unsigned char dat)

{

SBUF0 = dat;

while(TI 0==0);

TI 0 = 0;

Delay ms12M(2);

}

void Transmit 1(unsigned char dat)

{

SBUF1 = dat;

while(TI 1==0);

TI 1 = 0;

Delay ms12M(2);

}

80

void Send SMS(void)

{

ES0 = 1;

while(Flag==0); Flag = 0;

SBUF1 puts(Send msg);

SBUF1 puts(ptr);

Transmit 1(0x1a);

lcdcomd(0xc0);

lcd puts("Vehicle Crashed ");

while((P0&0x01)==0x00);

lcdcomd(0xc0);

lcd puts(" ");

}

void lcdinit(void)

{

char command[]={0x38,0x0c,0x06},i;

for(i=0;i<3;i++)

{

lcdcomd(command[i]);

Delay ms12M(2);

}

}

void lcdclr(void)

{

lcdcomd(0x01);

81

Delay ms12M(5);

}

void lcd puts(const unsigned char *string)

{

while(*string)

lcddata(*string++);

}

void lcdcomd(unsigned char cmd)

{

RS=0;RW=0;

EN=1;

DATA=cmd; Delay ms12M(3);

EN=0;

}

void lcddata(unsigned char byte)

{

RS=1;RW=0;

EN=1;

DATA=byte; Delay ms12M(2);

EN=0;

}

82

CODING FOR RESCUE TEAM SECTION

#include<stdio.h>

#include<reg51.h>

#define DATA P1 //Define

DATA as Port 0 for LCD

#define IN P2

sbit RS = P3^5; //Register

Select

sbit RW = P3^6; //LCD

Read/Write

sbit lcd_e = P3^7; //LCD

Enable

sbit alarm = P0^7;

sbit D0 = P2^0;

sbit D1 = P2^1;

sbit D2 = P2^2;

sbit D3 = P2^3;

sbit E = P2^7;

//--------------------------------------- Declarations

-------------------------------------------

unsigned char title[] = " Monitoring ",title1[] = " System ";

unsigned char Menu[] = "Press ScanButton";

unsigned char Stat[] = "Scanning......";

//unsigned char Info[5]

[6]={"A00125","B00136","C00147","D00158","xxxxxx"};

83

//---------------------------------------Delay

Routine--------------------------------------------

void delay()

{

unsigned int s,t;

for(s=0;s<200;s++)

for(t=0;t<700;t++);

}

void DelayMs(unsigned int n)

{

unsigned int i,j;

j=n;

//for(j=0;j<n;j++)

for(i=0;i<1500;i++);

}

//--------------------------------Serial Comm

Initialization--------------------------------------

void serial()

{

TMOD = 0x20;

SCON = 0x50;

TH1= 0xFD;

TR1=1;

TI=1;

}

//---------------------------------- LCD command Function

--------------------------------------

84

void lcd_cmd(unsigned char cmnd)

{

DATA = cmnd;

RS = 0;

RW = 0;

lcd_e = 1;

DelayMs(35);

lcd_e = 0;

}

//----------------------------------- LCD Data Function

--------------------------------------

void lcd_display(unsigned char dat)

{

DATA = dat;

RS = 1;

RW = 0;

lcd_e = 1;

DelayMs(35);

lcd_e = 0;

}

//-----------------------------------LCD

Initialization--------------------------------------------

void lcd_init()

{

unsigned char i;

lcd_cmd(0x38);

//2x16 Character 5x7 dot

85

DelayMs(15);

//matrix LCD,8-bit format

lcd_cmd(0x0c); //Display On, cursor off

DelayMs(15);

lcd_cmd(0x06); //Shift Cursor to right

DelayMs(15);

lcd_cmd(0x01); //Clear display screen

DelayMs(15);

//First Line Display

i=0;

lcd_cmd(0x80);

DelayMs(25);

while(title[i]!='\0')

{

lcd_display(title[i++]);

}

lcd_cmd(0xC0);

DelayMs(15);

i=0;

while(title1[i]!='\0')

lcd_display(title1[i++]);

}

void Display(unsigned char *str)

{

//unsigned int x,y;

lcd_cmd(0x01);

86

lcd_cmd(0x84);

while(*str!='\0')

{

lcd_display(*str++);

DelayMs(25);

}

}

//----------------------------------- Main Program Starts

--------------------------------------------

void main()

{

unsigned char pos,k,p=4,q,ch;

serial();

lcd_init();

DelayMs(250);

P2=0xFF;

//Configure Port 1 as input Port

P0=0x00;

delay();

delay();

while(1)

{

P2=0xFF;

lcd_cmd(0x01);

DelayMs(15);

lcd_cmd(0x80);

while(Menu[k]!='\0')

{

ch=Menu[k++];

87

lcd_display(ch);

DelayMs(15);

//SBUF = ch;

DelayMs(15);

}

while(E!=0);

//while(E!=1);

while(E==0){

pos=0xC0;

lcd_cmd(0x80);

DelayMs(25);

k=0;

while(Stat[k]!='\0')

lcd_display(Stat[k++]);

DelayMs(25);

DelayMs(25);

lcd_cmd(pos);

for(k=0,pos=0xC0;k<16;k++)

{

lcd_cmd(pos++);

DelayMs(25);

lcd_display('>');

DelayMs(125);

}

DelayMs(50);

if(D0==0)

{

SBUF = 'A';

DelayMs(15);

88

alarm = 1;

DelayMs(40);

alarm = 0;

Display("A00111");

while(E==0);

}

else if(D1==0)

{

SBUF='B';

DelayMs(15);

alarm = 1;

DelayMs(40);

alarm = 0;

Display("B00255");

while(E==0);

}

else if(D2==0)

{

SBUF='C';

DelayMs(15);

alarm = 1;

DelayMs(40);

alarm = 0;

Display("C00666");

while(E==0);

}

else if(D3==0)

{

SBUF='D';

89

DelayMs(15);

alarm = 1;

DelayMs(40);

alarm = 0;

Display("D00888");

while(E==0);

}

q=0;

DelayMs(200);

P2=0xFF;

while(E!=0);

}

}

90

CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION

In the future, we can place verimid chip inside the human body,contains

the ID which can be scanned and all the medical details of the person can

be fetched with the help of the computer and it is universely connected

through the internet . If the person meets with accident, using GPS the

location of the spot where the accident took place is found.The message of

the accident spotted is sent to members of the family or the near by

hospital that we specify with the help of AT commands through GSM. The

patient can be treated without any medical error.

Hence with the help of this technique, we can treat the patient with

precision using the history of medical records

91

REFERENCE

Fatality Analysis Reporting System PARS). National Highway Traffic

Safety Administration, 1977-1996.

Implantable Microchips for Drug Delivery Norman Sheppard, PhD,

Director of Basic Research, Microchips, Inc

Peter Jones, Colin Clarke-Hill, Peter Shears, Daphne Comfort, and David

Hillier, "Radio Frequency Identification in the UK: opportunities and

challenges," International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,

vol.32, no.2/3, 2004, pp.164- 171.

92