Logical Reasoning Made Simple1
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Transcript of Logical Reasoning Made Simple1
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LOGICAL REASONING
SYLLOGISMSGATE ACADEMY
THALAYOLAPARAMBU
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INTRODUCTION
LOGIC IS A MATTER OF PROFOUND HUMAN
IMPORTANCE, PRECISELY BECAUSE IT ISEMPIRICALLY FOUNDED AND EXPERIMENTALLYAPPLIED - John Dewe
In !o"# o$ #he %o!&e#'#'(e e)*!'n*#'on" +'e PO",M*n*e!en# T.*'nee" *n/ A/!'n'"#.*#'(e O$$'%e.",* #e"# 'n +o'%*+ .e*"on'n h*" 0e%o!e *n 'n#e.*+&*.# o$ #he w.'##en #e"#1
A !*2o.'# o$ #he %*n/'/*#e" *&&e*.'n $o. "3%he)*!" *.e 0ew'+/e.e/ #o "ee #he &.o0+e!" o$
+o'%*+ .e*"on'n1 Be%*3"e #he *&&e*. #o #he! no# on+ "'++ 03#
#o#*++ *+'en #o #h'" wo.+/ *+"o1 Th'" '" !o.e %o!!on 'n %*"e o$ %*n/'/*#e" who
ne(e. h*/ *n o&&o.#3n'# #o "#3/ +o'% *# *n"#*e 'n #he'. *%*/e!'% %*.ee.1
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Contd. The 43e"#'on" 0*"e/ on +o'%*+ .e*"on'n h*(e
* /e$'n'#e &*##e.n1
Yo3 %*n "o+(e *++ o$ #he! *%%3.*#e+ '$ o3 h*(e'/en#'$'e/ e*%h #&e *n/ !*"#e.e/ #he #e%hn'43e#o "o+(e #he!1
Yo3 nee/ #o /e(e+o& %o..e%# 'n#e.&.e#*#'on o$
43e"#'on" *n/ #he *.# o$ .e*"on'n #o "o+(e *++#&e"1 Yo3 nee/ #o now En+'"h +*n3*e .e*"on*0+
we++ $o. #he %o..e%# 'n#e.&.e#*#'on o$ e wo./"
'n #he 43e"#'on"1 Un/e."#*n/'n #he +'#e.*+ !e*n'n *n/ #he%on#e)#3*+ !e*n'n '" (e. '!&o.#*n#1
The e)*!'ne." w*n# #o #e"# o3. *0'+'# #o /.*w%o..e%# 'n$e.en%e" *n/ %on%+3"'on" 0 !*'no3 "o+(e #he"e 43e"#'on"1
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DEFINITION Lo'% '" /e$'ne/ *" #he "%'en%e o$ (*+'/ .e*"on'n1
I# '" * "%'en%e wh'%h /e*+" w'#h #he %*non" *n/%.'#e.'* o$ (*+'/'# o$ 'n$e.en%e" *n//e!on"#.*#'on"1
Re*"on'n '" * "&e%'*+ 'n/ o$ /'.e%#e/, &.o0+e!
"o+('n #&e o$ #h'n'n1 The 43e"#'on" *.e "o+(e/ 0 .e+*#'n #h'" #oe#he.1
An *n/ e(e. 'n/ o$ #h'n'n '" no# .e*"on'n1
The wo./ +o'% %o!e" $.o! #he G.ee .oo# 5Lo3"6
wh'%h !e*n" e)&.e""'on o$ #ho3h# 'n +*n3*e1 So, #he +o'% '" #he "%'en%e o$ #ho3h#" e)&.e""e/
'n +*n3*e1
Pe.%e'on, %on%e'on *n/ 23/!en# *.e #he #h.ee"#*e" o$ ene.*+ .e*"on'n1
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IN LOGICAL REASONING PORTION OF TEST OF
REASONING THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
PROBLEMS
71 PROBLEMS ON COMMON SENSE 8MISCELLANEOUS REASONING SUCH AS9-
CODING:DECODING
ANALOGIES
CLASSIFICATION
SERIES ETC1
;1 P.o0*0'+'"#'% .e*"on'n
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SYLLOGISMS SYLLOGISMOR 5THE MEDIATE ARGUMENT6IS A
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT CONTAINING TWO PREMISESON THE BASIS OF WHICH THE INFERENCE:CONCLUSIONIS TO BE DRAWN.
The meanin o! the "o#d SYLLOGISM '" #o 5.e*"on61
S++o'"!, wh'%h '" 'n#.o/3%e/ 0 A.'"#o#+e, '" *$o.! o$ /e/3%#'(e +o'%*+ *.3!en# #h*# /e.'(e" *%on%+3"'on $.o! #wo &.o&o"'#'on" >&.e!'"e"?"h*.'n * %o!!on #e.!1
O.A SYLLOGISM '" %o!&o"e/ o$ &.o&o"'#'on" wh'%h 'n#3.n *.e %o!&o"e/ o$ #e.!"1
P.e!'"e'" * "#*#e!en# 3"e/ 'n *n *.3!en# #h*# &3.&o.##o &.o('/e e('/en%e1
O. '(e * .e*"on $o. #he *%%e*n%e o$ *no#he. "#*#e!en#
%*++e/ * %on%+3"'on.
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A SYLLOGISM HAS NUMERICALLY SIX
TERMS
BUT IN FACT, THERE ARE THREE TERMS, EACHOCCURING T@ICE1
The &.e!'"e" >o. "#*#e!en#"? *.e "e+e%#e/ $.o!$o3. 0*"'% #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#"9
'1 The 3n'(e."*+ *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 A++A*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5A6?
''1 The 3n'(e."*+ ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 NoA'" B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5E6?
'''1 The &*.#'%3+*. *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5I6?
'''1 The &*.#'%3+*. ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e no#B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5O6?
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SYLLOGISMS11
The #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#" #h*# o%%3. 'n *n &*.#'%3+*.
"++o'"! "&e%'$ '#6" !oo/
E1, So!eo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e &3n%#3*+1 Noneo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e .e3+*.1 The.e$o.e, "o!e o$ #he .e3+*." *.e no# &3n%#3*+. I# '" * "++o'"! 'n IEO !oo/1 S'n%e e*%h o$ #he #h.ee "++o'"!" %*n 0e A,E,I, o. O, #he.e
*.e = &o""'0+e !oo/"1 The %on%+3"'on '" ene.*++ *n*+e/ 'n #o S302e%# *n/
P.e/'%*#e >S- P? *n/ #he"e #e.!" !3"# 0e .e+*#e/ 0 *!'//+e #e.! 5M6 wh'%h o%%3." 'n 0o#h #he &.e!'"e"1
E1 M*n '" !o.#*+1 M*n '" "302e%#8 !o.#*+ '" &.e/'%*#e wh'%h *.e
2o'ne/ 0 is, * %o&3+*1 E1 Le# h'! *##*'n +o.1 She +oo" %hee.$3+1 +*%" %o&3+* *n/ hen%e,
no# &.o&o"'#'on"1 In &.o&o"'#'on" .e+*#'on"h'& o$ &.e/'%*#e w'#h "302e%# '" *$$'.!e/ o.
/en'e/1
The #.*/'#'on*+ *n*+"'" .e%on'e" #h*# #he o./e. o$ #he#wo &.e!'"e" '" +o'%*++ '!!*#e.'*+1
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SOME BASIC CONCEPTS In %o!&e#'#'(e e)*!'n*#'on", o3 *.e no# e)&e%#e/ #o h*(e
3n/e.one * "&e%'*+ "#3/ o$ #he "302e%# o$ +o'% 03# *"o3 *.e "ee'n en#. *# * h'he. +e(e+ 'n #he o.*n'*#'on,#he e!&+oe." e)&e%#o3 #o h*(e * we++-o./e.e/ *n/%ohe.en# !en#*+ $.*!e *n/ #he.e$o.e e(en w'#ho3# *"&e%'*+ "#3/ o$ #he "302e%# o$ +o'%, o3 "ho3+/ 0e 'n *&o"'#'on #o "*'+ #h.o3h1
@e *.e *+"o *##e!'n #o "'!&+'$ #he "302e%# "o #h*# *n.*/3*#e !*2o.'n 'n *n "302e%# w'++ 0e 'n * &o"'#'on #o.*&&+e w'#h #he &.o0+e!" 'n #he e)*!'n*#'on"1
A++ #he "*!e, '$ we *%43*'n# o3 w'#h * $ew $3n/*!en#*+%on%e" 'n +o'%, '# w'++ en*0+e o3 #o 3n/e."#*n/ *n//'e"# #he /'"%3""'on" #h*# $o++ow 'n #he ne)# "+'/e" on
*%#3*+ &.o0+e!" The $3n/*!en#*+ %on%e" o$ +o'% *.e #he (*.'o3" 5#e.!"6
Un+e"", #he.e$o.e, we 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# '" * 5#e.!6 *n/ wh*#'" #he /'"#.'03#'on o$ * 5#e.!6 '# w'++ 0e /'$$'%3+# #o $o++ow"o!e o$ #he e)&+*n*#'on" wh'%h *.e o$$e.e/ 'n #he +*#e. &*.#
o$ #he &.e"en#*#'on1
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Con%e" F'."#, +e# 3" 3n/e."#*n/ #he wo./ 5%on%e= The.e *.e #h.ee "#*e" o$ ene.*+ .e*"on'n '1e1 &e.%e'on, %on%e'on *n/
23/!en#1
@hen * %h'+/ "#*.#" on #he +e*.n'n &.o%e"", 'n #he 'n'#'*+ e*.", %on%e" *.e*%43'.e/ 0 $*!'+'*.'*#'on1
The %h'+/ "ee" * 0*.'n /o *n/ #he &*.en#" &o'n# o3# #he 5/o6 #o #he %h'+/(e. o$#en *n/ h*('n "een #he 5/o6 'n#e.!'##en#+ on * n3!0e. o$ o%%*"'on",!o('n 'n * n3!0e. o$ /'$$e.en# &o"'#'on", *$#e. * +*&"e o$ #'!e, #he %h'+/ "#*.#"'/en#'$'n #he 5/o61
A" !on#h" *n/ e*." .o++ 0, #he &.o%e"" o$ '/en#'$'%*#'on +e*/" #o * &.o%e"" o$5'!*e.61
Now #he %h'+/ '" "o $3++ $*!'+'*. *n/ "o !3%h h*0'#3*#e/ #o "ee'n *n/'/en#'$'n #he 5/o6 #h*# '$ 'n !e.e %on(e."*#'on, #he wo./ 5/o6 '" !en#'one/,#he %h'+/ "#*.#" %on23.'n 3& 0e$o.e '#" !'n/6" ee * &'%#3.e o. *n '!*e o$ *5/o61
Now #he %h'+/ h*" &*""e/ $.o! #he &.o%e"" o$ '/en#'$'%*#'on #o #he &.o%e"" o$
'!*e.1 The wo./ 5/o6 '" no +one. * &h"'%*+ &.e"en%e $o. #he %h'+/ 03# #h*# wo./5/o6 h*" now *%43'.e/ wh*# we %*n %*++ * 5!en#*+ %on#en#6 $o.!'n *n '!*eo$ #he 5/o61
Th3", when * wo./ *%43'.e" * !en#*+ %on#en#, '# e+e(*#e" '#"e+$ #o #he &o"'#'ono$ * 5%on%e= 5Con%e #hen '" * ene.*+ no#'on o. '/e* o. #ho3h#1
5T.'*n+e6, 5*n'!*+6, 5!o#'on6, 5"&*%e6, 5+*"e.6, 5S#*. @*."6, *n/ 5&e.e"#.o'*6 *.e
no# !e.e wo./" 03# *.e 5%on%e"6 on+ '$ o3 !en#*++ 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# #he!e*n1
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Te.!" Le# 3" now 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# %on"#'#3#e" * #e.!1 A %on%e e)&.e""e/ 'n +*n3*e %on"#'#3#e" * 5#e.!61
The wo./ 5#e.!6 '" /e.'(e/ $.o! #he L*#'n wo./ 5#e.!'n3"6 wh'%h !e*n"* 0o3n/*.1 A 5#e.!6 %*n 0e * "'n+e wo./ o. %*n 0e * .o3& o$ wo./"1 e11 !en e+e(en !en e+e(en #ho3"*n/ !en
e+e(en #ho3"*n/ .e/-"h'.#e/ !en e+e(en #ho3"*n/ .e/-"h'.#e/ 0.*(e-he*.#e/ !en *++ #he *0o(e *.e 5#e.!"61 A #e.! '" e'#he. #he 5"302e%#6 o. #he 5&.e/'%*#e6 o$ * +o'%*+ &.o&o"'#'on1 Howe(e., #ho3h *++ #e.!" *.e wo./", *++ wo./" %*nno# 0e #e.!"1
e11 (e.0", &.e&o"'#'on", *.#'%+e" 'n #he En+'"h +*n3*e %*nno# 0e%*++e/ #e.!"1
@e h*(e #o *+"o 0e*. 'n !'n/ #he 43*n#'# o$ #e.!"1 In +o'%, #he #e.!" %*n 0e /'"#'n3'"he/ on+ 'n /'$$e.en# 43*n#'#'e" - '1e1
#he 5&*.#'%3+*.6 *n/ #he 53n'(e."*+61 Th'" 43*n#'# %h*.*%#e.'"#'% '" &*""e/ on 0 #he"e #e.!" #o #he
"en#en%e" *n/ &.o&o"'#'on" o$ wh'%h #he *.e * &*.#1
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Un'(e."*+ #e.!" Men, wo!en, $*.!e.", e+e&h*n#", #e*%he.", "ho&ee&e.", #*0+e",
%h*'.", e#%1 e#%1 *.e *++ 3n'(e."*+ #e.!" 'n *" !3%h *" 0 #he #e.! 5!en6,we '!&+ *++ !en 0 #he #e.! 5wo!en6, we '!&+ *++ 5wo!en6 0 #e.!
5$*.!e."6, we '!&+ *++ 5$*.!e."6 0 #he #e.! 5e+e&h*n#"6, we '!&+ *++5e+e&h*n#"6 0 #he #e.! #e*%he."6, we '!&+ *++ 5#e*%he."6 0 #he #e.!5"ho&ee&e."6, we '!&+ *++ 5"ho&ee&e."6 0 #he #e.! 5#*0+e"6, we'!&+ *++ 5#*0+e"6 0 #he #e.! 5%h*'."6, we '!&+ *++ 5%h*'."6 e#%1
In o#he. wo./", when #he.e '" no */2e%#'(e, no %on%e o. no 43*n#'$'e.#o 43*+'$ * #e.!, "3%h * #e.! !*'n#*'n" '#" 3n'(e."*+ 43*n#'#*n/ 'n
#3.n, '# +en/" #h'" 43*n#'# #o #he &.o&o"'#'on o. "en#en%e 'n wh'%h '# '"3"e/1
P*.#'%3+*. #e.!" Te.!" wh'%h *.e no# 3n'(e."*+ *.e *++ &*.#'%3+*. #e.!"1 e11 "o!e !en1 1 wo!en, one +*h $*.!e.", n3!e.o3" e+e&h*n#", *++ 03# one
#e*%he.", ene.*++ e(e. "ho&ee&e., * $ew #*0+e", !*n %h*'." *++ #he *0o(e *.e &*.#'%3+*. #e.!"1 A "'!&+e w* #o .e%on'e * 3n'(e."*+ #e.! '" #o *&&+ #he #e"# whe#he.
#he #e.! /eno#e" *++ o$ #he '#e!", e*%h *n/ e(e.one o$ '#" %+*""w'#ho3# e)%e'on1
E(en '$ #h'" "!*++e"# $.*%#'on o$ #h*# %+*"" - !en, $*.!e.", e+e&h*n#",
e#%1, '" !'""'n, #he #e.! '" .en/e.e/ * &*.#'%3+*. #e.!1
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The te#m $%&''oi%m( )ome% !#om the G#ee* 'an+ae and mean% ,to %a& toethe#-hen)e i/in the %en%e o! 0+ttin t"o tho+ht% o# t"o 0#o0o%ition toethe# in o#de# tod#a" a 'oi)a' )on)'+%ion !#om them. He#e i% a /a'id %&''oi%m 12
71 A++ '!&o.#e/ %*." *.e "!*++1 ;1 A++ "&o.#" %*." *.e '!&o.#e/ %*."1
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S#.3%#3.e o$ * "++o'"! I# '" 'n#e.e"#'n #o "#3/ #he "#.3%#3.e o$ * "++o'"!1 Le# 3" #*e *n e)*!&+e M*n '" !o.#*+1
7 ;
G*ne"h '" * !*n1< 7
G*ne"h '" !o.#*+1!'//+e #e.!? !'no. #e.!? >!*2o. #e.!?
A" "hown *0o(e, #he !'//+e #e.! /oe" no# o%%3. 'n #he %on%+3"'on, wh'+e '# '"* #e.! +'n'n 0o#h #he &.e!'"e"1
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UESTIONS ON SYLLOGISMS CAN BE SOLED BY
ANY ONE OF THE FOLLO@ING THREE METHODS
7?1 enn D'*.*!"
;?1 R3+e" o$SYLLOGISMS
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enn D'*.*!" Mo"# o$ #he .e+*#'on"h'&" 0e#ween "e#" %*n 0e .e&.e"en#e/ 0 !e*n"
o$ en D'*.*!"1
en D'*.*! '" n*!e/ *$#e. #he En+'"h Lo'%'*n, John enn >7K
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I++3"#.*#'on - ;
=
;
7
K
7
*? 7 >0? ; >%? /? = >e? ''? How !*n "#3/en#" h*(e &*""e/ $o. on+ M*#h"Q
>*? ; >0? 7 >%? 7K >/? 7 >e? *? ; >0? %? 7 >/? ; >e? =
'(? '''? How !*n "#3/en#" h*(e &*""e/ $o. En+'"h *n/M*#h" *n/ $*'+e/ $o. H'n/'Q
>*? = >0? %? ; >/? 7 >e?
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@e %*n e*"'+ $'n/ o3# #he *n"we. w'#h
#he he+& o$ * en D'*.*!
To#*+ S#3/en#" 7
An"1 n1>'? / = n1>''? 0 7
n1>'''? * ;
n1>'(? / 7
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S#3/ #he $o++ow'n /'*.*! %*.e$3++ *n/ '/en#'$
#he &eo&+e who %*n "&e* on+ one +*n3*e1
>*? D,B,G >0? A,E,G >%? ABCDEFG >/? BCDF >e? BCDAn"1 >0? A,E,G
In * .o3& o$ 7 &eo&+e
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In * .o3& o$ 7 &eo&+e,
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An"we. e
n1;1 An"1>
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D'"#.'03#'on o$ #e.!" D'"#.'03#'on '" * #e%hn'%*+ wo./ he.e, 03# '# h*" *
(e. "'!&+e !e*n'n1 @he#he. * #e.! '" $3++ /'"#.'03#e/ o. no# w'++
/e&en/ 3&on #he 43*n#'# o$ #he #e.! *n/ #he w*'n wh'%h '# '" .e+*#e/ #o #he o#he. #e.!1 Le# 3" #*e * &.o&o"'#'on9 A++ !en *.e !o.#*+1 The *0o(e &.o&o"'#'on %on#*'n" #wo #e.!" 9 >'? !en
*n/ >''? !o.#*+1 The #e.! 5!en6 '" #he "302e%# *n/#he #e.! 5!o.#*+6 '" #he &.e/'%*#e1
Now, #he &.o&o"'#'on 5A++ !en *.e !o.#*+6 $3++/'"#.'03#e" #he "302e%# #e.! 5!en61 I# !e*n" #h*# #he.e '" no# * "'n+e !en who '" no#
!o.#*+1 B3# '# /oe" no# $3++ /'"#.'03#e #he &.e/'%*#e #e.!
5!o.#*+61
In o#he. wo./", *++ !en *.e !o.#*+ wo3+/ no# !e*n*++ !o.#*+ #h'n" *.e !en1 The.e *.e o#he. !o.#*+ #h'n" *+"o1 Th3", o$ #he #wo #e.!" 5!en6 *n/ 5!o.#*+6, !o.#*+ '"
* +*.e. #e.! *n/ !en '" * "!*++e. #e.!1 5A++ !en *.e !o.#*+6 w'++ #he.e$o.e 0e "hown 'n *
enn /'*.*! w'#h * "!*++e. %'.%+e o$ !en 'n *+*.e. %'.%+e o$ !o.#*+ #h'n" *" $o++ow"1
S- !en
P- !o.#*+
> The "302e%# #e.!
'" *00.e('*#e/ *"
5S6 *n/ #he
&.e/'%*#e #e.! '"*00.e('*#e/ *" 5P6?1
Le# 3" #*e *no#he. e)*!&+e
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Le# 3" #*e *no#he. e)*!&+e
So!e !en *.e !o.#*+1 He.e *+"o, #he.e *.e #wo #e.!", !en *n/ !o.#*+1
5Men6'" #he "302e%# #e.! *n/ 5!o.#*+6'" #he &.e/'%*#e1
B3# ne'#he. o$ #he! '" $3++ %on"3!e/, $3++ 3#'+'e/
o. $3++ /eno#e/1
The.e$o.e, 0o#h o$ #he! w'++ 0e w'#h #wo
o(e.+*&&'n %'.%+e" $o.!'n * "e# *" $o++ow"9
In #h'" e)*!&+e, '# '" #he "h*/e/ &*.# wh'%h'n/'%*#e" #he !en who *.e !o.#*+1 @e /o no# now
*0o3# #he .e"# o$ #he !en o. .e"# o$ #he !o.#*+
#h'n"1In #h'" e)*!&+e, ne'#he. o$ #he #wo #e.!" *.e
/'"#.'03#e/
The !e*n'n o$ e(e. #e.! h*" #wo *"&e%#", >'?wh*# '" %onno#e" *n/ >''? wh*# '# /eno#e"1 Fo. e11,
'n #he *0o(e e)*!&+e, #he #e.! 5!en6 /eno#e" *++
h3!*n 0e'n" *n/ '# %onno#e" *n'!*+'#1
I$ #he '#e!" 'n '#" %o!&+e#e /eno#*#'on, wh'%h
!e*n" '# .e$e." #o *++ o$ '#" %+*"" w'#ho3# e)%e'on#he #e.! '" /'"#.'03#e/1
S- !en
P- !o.#*+
> The "302e%# #e.!
'" *00.e('*#e/ *"
5S6 *n/ #he
&.e/'%*#e #e.! '"*00.e('*#e/ *" 5P6?1
In/3%#'(e Re*"on'n
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In/3%#'(e Re*"on'n S3&&o"e * $.'en/ o$ o3.", "* An23, #*e" * #.'& #o H/e.*0*/1 She "#*" #he.e
$o. one !on#h1 D3.'n he. "#*, on #he $'."# Mon/*, "he ('"'#" * ho#e+ *n/ $'n/"#h*# #he $oo/ "e.(e/ #he.e '" (e. "&'%1
On T3e"/*, "he ('"'#" *no#he. ho#e+ 'n * /'$$e.en# *.e* *n/ $'n/" #he $oo/ (e."&'%1 On @e/ne"/*, "he oe" #o * #h'./ ho#e+ 'n * /'$$e.en# +o%*+'# *n/ he.e#oo "he $'n/" #h*# #he $oo/ '" (e. "&'%1
@'#h #he"e e)&o"3.e" #o #he $oo/ 'n H/e.*0*/ $o. #h.ee /*" 'n #h.ee /'$$e.en#+o%*+'#'e", An23 %*n %on%+3/e #h*# *++ An/h.*'#e" +'e (e. "&'% $oo/1 An*.3!en# 'n #h'" $o.! '" %*++e/ *n 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en#1
It mo/e% !#om %0e)i!i) indi/id+a' !a)t% to a ene#a' )on)'+%ion. It i% not that An>+ ha%
/i%ited e/e#& hote' and home in Andh#a 7#ade%h. She doe% not %a& that a'' the hote'%%he ha% /i%ited %e#/e /e#& %0i)& !ood 3+t %he %a&% that a'' Andh#aite% 'i*e /e#& %0i)&!ood i.e. An>+ no" 3e'ie/e% that the ne4t hote' %he /i%it% and that e/e#& hote' %he "i''/i%it in Andh#a "i'' de!inite'& %e#/e on'& %0i)& !ood.
Ind+)ti/e a#+ment di!!e#% !#om the ded+)ti/e a#+ment? in that in the ind+)ti/ea#+ment the )on)'+%ion oe% 3e&ond "hat i% %tated in the 0#emi%e%.
Fo. #h'" .e*"on w'#h 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en#" we /o no# h*(e * 3*.*n#ee #h*# #he'.%on%+3"'on" *.e *0"o+3#e+ #.3e when #he'. &.e!'"e" *.e #.3e1
On #he o#he. h*n/, 'n /e/3%#'(e *.3!en#, '$ #he &.e!'"e" *.e #.3e, #he%on%+3"'on" 0*"e/ on #ho"e &.e!'"e" w'++ *+"o 0e #.3e1
Th'" '" how, wh'+e #he #.3#h o$ #he &.e!'"e" o$ *n 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en# &.o('/e""3&&o.# $o. *n/ oo/ .e*"on #o 0e+'e(e #he %on%+3"'on '# /oe" no# *%#3*++#e"#'$ #he #.3#h o$ #he %on%+3"'on.
A ma>o#it& o! the ene#a' 0#o0o%ition% e40#e%%in %)ienti!i) 'a"% and ene#a' t#+th%a3o+t the "o#'d and ind+)ti/e Gene#a'i@ation% a#e 3a%ed on e40e#ien)e.
De/3%#'(e Re*"on'n
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De/3%#'(e Re*"on'n S&e*'n "'!&+, * 5&.o&o"'#'on6 !e*n" 'n +o'%, one &3#" one6"
#ho3h#" 'n#o "en#en%e" 'n "o!e +*n3*e *n/ "o!e o$ #he"e"en#en%e" !*e &.o&o"'#'on"1
Con"'/e. #he e)*!&+e o$ o.*ne", %'#.3" $.3'# *n/ ('#*!'n C171 A++ o.*ne" *.e %'#.3" $.3'#
;1 A++ %'#.3" $.3'# %on#*'n" ('#*!'n C1
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P.o&o"'#'on" Peo&+e #h'n *0o3# #he"e o02e%#" *n/ %+*""'$'%*#'on"1
S#*#e!en#" o$ *n/ *.3!en#" *0o3# %+*""'$'%*#'on" *.e "*'/#o e)&.e"" 5&.o&o"'#'on"6 *0o3# "3%h %+*""'$'%*#'on"1 A %*#eo.'%*+ &.o&o"'#'on h*" #wo #e.!" *n/ e)&.e""e" *
.e+*#'on"h'& 0e#ween #he %+*""e" .e$e..e/ #o 0 #he"e #wo#e.!"1
Con"'/e. #he *0o(e #h.ee &.o&o"'#'on" **'n1 Le# 3" #*e *"e# o$ #h'n" %on#*'n'n ('#*!'n C61 The *0o(e "en#en%e"#e++ 3" #h*# %'#.3" $.3'# '" *!on #he #h'n" %on#*'n'n('#*!'n C1
O$ %o3."e, #he.e *.e o#he. #h'n" #h*# %on#*'n ('#*!'n C"3%h *" &o#*#oe"1
@e *.e *+"o #o+/ #h*# *++ o.*ne" 0e+on #o #he %+*"" o$%'#.3" $.3'#1
I# #he.e$o.e $o++ow" #h*# o.*ne" %on#*'n ('#*!'n C1 Yo3 %*n now "ee #he "#.3%#3.e o$ #h'" *.3!en# '$ o3
%on"'/e. *n *..*ne!en# o$ %'.%+e" 'n wh'%h e*%h %'.%+e.e&.e"en#" * %+*"" o$ #h'n" !en#'one/ 'n #he *.3!en#1
D / #' A #
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De/3%#'(e A.3!en# An *.3!en# +'e #he one we $o3n/ '" %*++e/ * /e/3%#'(e
*.3!en#1 @e /e/3%e "o!e#h'n, * %on%+3"'on, $.o! "o!e o#he. $*%# o. $*%#"1
Then, wh*# #h'" *.3!en# "*" '" 5"'n%e %'#.3" $.3'# %on#*'n('#*!'n C *n/ *++ o.*ne" *.e %'#.3" $.3'#, '# $o++ow" #h*# *++o.*ne" %on#*'n ('#*!'n C61
De/3%#'(e .e*"on'n o$ #h'" "o.# *.e %o!!on *" *.e #he%+*""'$'%*#'on 3&on wh'%h #he *.e 0*"e/1
E1, A /e"%.''on o$ e$$e%#'(e w.'#'n9 A++ oo/ w.'#'n *'!" *# %o!!3n'%*#'n e$$e%#'(e+1 S'n%e,
e$$e%#'(e %o!!3n'%*#'on .e43'.e" %+*.'#, oo/ w.'#'n '" %+e*.w.'#'n1
The %on%+3"'on '" "#*#e/ *# #he en/ o$ #he "e%on/ "en#en%e1
The wo./ 5"'n%e6 'n #he ;n/
"en#en%e %3e" * &.e!'"e *n/ #he $'."#"en#en%e "#*#e" *no#he. &.e!'"e1 The &*""*e #he.e$o.e, &.o('/e" #he $o++ow'n /e/3%#'on
*.3!en#1 71 A++ oo/ w.'#'n '" w.'#'n #h*# e$$e%#'(e+ %o!!3n'%*#e"1 ;1 A++ w.'#'n #h*# e$$e%#'(e+ %o!!3n'%*#e" '" %+e*. w.'#'n1
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Lo'%*+ enn D'*.*!" In #he"e #e"#" #he .e+*#'on"h'& '" #o 0e e"#*0+'"he/ 0e#ween #wo o.
!o.e '#e!" .e&.e"en#e/ 0 /'*.*!"1
The '#e!" .e&.e"en#e/ 0 /'*.*!" !* 0e 'n/'('/3*+", * &*.#'%3+*..o3& :%+*"" o$ &eo&+e >'#e!"? e#%1
I$ o3 *.e '(en * .o3& o$ #h.ee '#e!"9-
71 I$ #he '#e!" e('/en#+ 0e+on #o #h.ee /'$$e.en#
.o3&", #he en /'*.*! '" *" $o++ow"9-
E1, Do%#o., En'nee., A.%h'#e%#
A1 Do)to#%
B1 Eninee#%
C1 A#)hite)t%The"e #h.ee '#e!" 0e*. no
Re+*#'on"h'& #o e*%h o#he.
So #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0
/'"2o'n# $'3.e"
; I$ '# 0 + # #h + $ / / /
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;1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ *n/ "e%on/
0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ #h'./, #he .e&.e"en#*#'on 'n #he $o.! o$
#h.ee %on%en#.'% %'.%+e" '" *" $o++ow"
E. Da&% "ee*% month%
A2 Da&%
B2 Wee*%
C2 Month%
He.e /*" *.e &*.# o$ #he wee
*n/ wee" *.e &*.# o$ #he !on#h1
So #he %'.%+e" *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0
En%.o*%h'n #he $'3.e"
< I$ # # '# 0 + # #h + $ #h' / #h
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=1I$ #wo '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ #h'./ "3%h #h*# "o!e
'#e!" e*%h o$ #he"e .o3&" h*(e * %o!!on .e+*#'on"h'&, #hen
#he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0 #wo 'n#e."e%#'n %'.%+e" 'n"'/e *
0'e. %'.%+e *" $o++ow"
E. Men Fathe#% B#othe#%
A- F*#he.
B- B.o#he. C- Men
He.e F*#he. *n/ B.o#he. *.e#wo "e&*.*#e '#e!" 03# 0o#h
*.e '#e!" o$ Men1 Tho3h no#
*++, "o!e F*#he." !* 0e
0.o#he." *+"o1 So #he *.e
.e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n #he $'3.e"
"hown he.e1
Th ' # #' ' + # # '# #h #
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1 Th.ee 'n#e."e%#'n %'.%+e" .e&.e"en# #wo '#e!" #h*# *.e
&*.#+ .e+*#e/ #o #he #h'./ *n/ 'n/e&en/en# o$ e*%h o#he.
E1 Do, &e#", C*#"A- Do
B-C*#"
C- Pe#"He.e "o!e Do *n/ C*#" !*0e &e#" 03# *++ *.e no# &e#"1
So #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n
#he $'3.e" "hown he.e1
Th #+ + # / '#
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1Th.ee &*.#+ .e+*#e/ '#e!" *.e
.e&.e"en#e/ *" $o++ow"
E. Bo&% St+dent% Ath'ete%
A- Bo"
B-S#3/en#"
C-A#h+e#e"
He.e Bo" *n/ S#3/en#" *n/
A#h+e#e" *.e &*.#+ .e+*#e/1 So
#he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n #he
$'3.e" "hown he.e1
I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ h'+e #he '#e! '"
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1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/, wh'+e #he '#e! '"
en#'.e+ /'$$e.en# $.o! #he #wo, #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *"
$o++ow"
E. S0a##o"% Bi#d% Mi)e
A2 S0a##o"%
B2 Bi#d%
C2 Mi)e
He.e S&*..ow" *.e &*.# o$ #he B'./
B3# M'%e no# &*.# o$ 0o#h
S&*..ow" and B'./"1So #he%'.%+e" *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" "hown
he.e
K I$ '# 0 + # #h + $ / / #h
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K1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ *n/ #he
#h'./ '#e! '" &*.#+ .e+*#e/ #o #he"e #wo, #he *.e
.e&.e"en#e/ *" $o++ow"1
E. Men Ne0he"% Co+%in%
A2 Ne0he"%
B2 Men C2 Co+%in%
He#e Ne0he"% and Co+%in%a#e 0a#t'& #e'ated and 3e'on% to
Men
Sh # # #h / $ '#'
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Sho.# %3# !e#ho/ $o. &o"'#'(e
%on%+3"'on"
,Method o! minim+m )+ttin o# en)#oa)hment.- The method %a&% that "e t#& not to )+t o#
en)#oa)h %ome othe# )i#)'e a% !a# a% 0o%%i3'e.
C+ttin i% not on'& 0h&%i)a' )+ttin 3+ten)#oa)hin +0on the %0a)e a'%o.
E1, The /'*.*! 7 *0o(e '" * 0'e. %3##'n
#h*n ;1
EAM78E
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EAM78E I$ #he "#*#e!en#" *.e9-
71 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1 ;1 So!e /o" *.e e+e&h*n#"1
@e %*nno# *(o'/ %3##'n :en%.o*%h'n %*#" *n//o"%'.%+e"1 @e %*nno# *(o'/ %3##'n
:en%.o*%h'n /o" *n/ e+e&h*n#"%'.%+e" *+"o1 B3# we %*n *(o'/ %3##'n %*#" *n/ e+e&h*n#"o.
en%.o*%h'n #he "&*%e o$ %*#" 0 e+e&h*n#"1
Th3" #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he Me#ho/ o$!'n'!3! %3##'n'"
C D E
C %*#", D- /o", E- e+e&h*n#"
O#he. &o""'0+e /'*.*!" *.e '(en 0e+ow
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O#he. &o""'0+e /'*.*!" *.e '(en 0e+ow
C D
E
B3# 'n o./e. #o /e%'/e on &o"'#'(e %on%+3"'on", we nee/ no#
h*(e #o /.*w #he *0o(e /'*.*!"1 Th3" we %*n /.*w 23"# one /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he
Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n:en%.o*%h!en#
I$ #he %on%+3"'on $o++ow"'n #h*# &*.#'%3+*. /'*.*!, #hen '#$o++ow"'n *++ o#he. &.o0*0+e /'*.*!"1 J3"# "* Fo++ow"1@e nee/ no# %he% '# 3&1
I$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ #hen
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I$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/, #hen
o3. %on%+3"'on "ho3+/ 0e9 /oe" no# $o++ow1
E(en '$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n one, o3. %on%+3"'on
"ho3+/ 0e9 /oe" no# $o++ow1
ERY IMPORTANT NOTE
THIS METHOD IS TO BE APPLIED ONLY FOR POSITIE
CONCLUSIONS1 SINCE MAJORITY OF THE CONCLUSIONS
GIEN @ILL BE POSITIE CONCLUSIONS, MAJORITY OF THE
CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRA@N FROM DRA@ING ONLY ONEDIAGRAM
NEGATIE CONC USIONS
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NEGATIE CONCLUSIONS @HENEER @E COME ACROSS NEGATIE
CONCLUSIONS, SEE @HETHER THE CONCLUSIONSFOLLO@S IN THE DIAGRAM DRA@N.
IF IT DOES NOT FOLLO@, SAY IT/oe" no# $o++ow ANDPROCEED TO THE NEXT CONCLUSION1
IF IT FOLLO@S, DO NOT DECIDE THE ANS@ER AS 5FOLLO@S61
D.*w #he o#he. &.o0*0+e /'*.*!1 IF IT FOLLO@S D.*w #he ne)#&.o0*0+e /'*.*! #'++ *++ &.o0*0+e /'*.*!" *.e e)h*3"#e/1
IF IT FOLLO@S, 'n *++ #he /'*.*!" #hen on+ #he ANS@ER '"5FOLLO@S61
O#he.w'"e *# wh*#e(e. "#*e o3 e# * /'*.*!
whe.e '# /oe" no# $o++ow o3 "* /oe" no#$o++ow *n/ &.o%ee/ #o #he ne)# %on%+3"'on1
A..'(e *# * $oo+ &.oo$ *n"we. 'n %*"e o$ ne*#'(e%on%+3"'on"1
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An%"e# ,eithe#-
@hen we h*(e #o "* e'#he. 7 o. ;$o++ow", '# !e*n", when 7 $o++ow", ; /oe"no# $o++ow1
At the %ame time "hen !o''o"% : doe% not!o''o".
It i% #e0#e%ented a%12
:. 1V
: ). 1 ) V:
Thi% enti#e )om3ination i% )a''ed ,eithe# : o# !o''o"%-
@hen #o +oo $o. #he &o""'0'+'# o$
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@hen #o +oo $o. #he &o""'0'+'# o$
#he *n"we. e'#he. Q
The.e '" * &o""'0'+'# when #he.e *.e #wo%on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on"1
E1'? Con%+3"'on 7 9 P'n#3 '" %*#1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 P'n#3 '" no# %*#1
Anothe# e4am0'e
''? Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 No %*# '" /o1
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E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.
S#*#e!en# 7 9 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1
S#*#e!en# ; 9 P'n#3 '" %*#1
Con%+3"'on 7 9 P'n#3 '" /o1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 P'n#3 '" no# /o1
Cat%
S'n%e P'n#3 '" /o *n/ P'n#3 '" no# /o *.e %on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on" we
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S'n%e P'n#3 '" /o *n/ P'n#3 '" no# /o *.e %on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on", we
"ho3+/ +oo $o. &o""'0'+'# o$ *n"we. e'#he.1 A" "hown 'n #he /'*.*!
P'n#3 %*n 0e e'#he. *# &o"'#'on 7 o. *# Po"'#'on ;1
Con)'+%ion Con%ide#in7int+ at 0o%ition :
Con%ide#in7int+ at 0o%ition
P'n#3 '" /o Doe" no# $o++ow >)?O3#"'/e #he /o
%'.%+e
Fo''o"% 5 6
P'n#3 '" no# /o Fo''o"% 5 65O3#"'/e #he /o%'.%+e?
Doe" no# $o++ow >)?
Ano#he. E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.
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Ano#he. E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.
S#*#e!en# >*? 9 So!e &*&e." *.e &en"1
S#*#e!en# >0? 9 So!e &en%'+" *.e &en"1Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &en" *.e &en%'+"1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e &en" *.e &*&e."1
Con%+3"'on Con"'/e.'n Pen" *# &o"'#'on 7 Con"'/e.'n Pen" *# &o"'#'on ;
So!e &en" *.e &en%'+" Doe" no# $o++ow >)? O3#"'/e #he&en%'+ %'.%+e
Fo++ow" > V:?
So!e &en" *.e&*&e."1
Fo++ow" > V:? Doe" no# $o++ow >)?
Po'n#" #o .e!e!0e. $o. "o+('n
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Po'n#" #o .e!e!0e. $o. "o+('n
"++o'"! 43e"#'on"1'1 Che% %on%+3"'on" '..e"&e%#'(e o$ #he n*#3.e o$ "#*#e!en#"1
''1 I$ one o$ #he %on%+3"'on" '" ne*#'(e, /.*w one /'*.*! o$!'n'!3! %3##'n *n/ one /'*.*! o$ !*)'!3!en%.o*%h!en#1 So!e#'!e" we !* h*(e #o /.*w *++ &o""'0+e/'*.*!"1
'''1 Che% #he %on%+3"'on" $o. * &o""'0'+'# o$ e'#he. o. *n"we.
o'on"1'(1 So!e#'!e" e'#he. o. *n"we. o'on '" &o""'0+e 03# 'n *43e"#'on, #he .'h# *n"we. '" none o$ #he"e1
(1 A &o"'#'(e %on%+3"'on $o++ow" when '# $o++ow" 'n !'n'!3! *n/!*)'!3! en%.o*%h!en# /'*.*!"1
('1 I$ * ne*#'(e %on%+3"'on $o++ow" 'n !'n'!3! en%.o*%h!en#%he% '$ '# $o++ow" 'n o#he. /'*.*!" *+"o1 I$ '# $o++ow" 'n o#he./'*.*!" *+"o, /e%+*.e '# *" $o++ow"1
(''1 I$ * ne*#'(e %on%+3"'on /oe" no# $o++ow 'n one /'*.*! >e1,!'n'!3! en%.o*%h!en#? e(en '$ '# $o++ow" 'n !*)'!3!en%.o*%h!en# we %*n "*$e+ /e%+*.e '# /oe" no# $o++ow1
I88USTRATIVE UESTION :
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I88USTRATIVE UESTION2: DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee
"#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?,>III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en%on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#",/'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ "3nn" *.e #.*'n"1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 A++ #.*'n" *.e &o+e"1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No &o+e '" 0'e1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o+e" *.e %*."1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 No 0'e '" "3nn1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e #.*'n" *.e "3nn"1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e 0'e" *.e &o+e"1 >7? On+ >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow >;? On+ >I? $o++ow"
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en /'*.*! D.*wn w'++ 0e*"$o++ow"
Statement%
5I6 1 A'' S+nn&% a#e T#ain%.
5ii6 1 A'' T#ain% a#e 7o'e%.
5iii6 1 No 7o'e i% Bi*e.
S S3nn"
T - T.*'n"
P Po+e"B - B'e"
Now %o!&*.e #he Con%+3"'on" w'#h #he
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&
/'*.*!
7 9 So!e &o+e" *.e %*." /oe" no# $o++ow
; 9 No 0'e '" "3nn11 $o++ow"
< 9 So!e #.*'n" *.e "3nn"11$o++ow"
= 9 So!e 0'e" *.e &o+e"1/oe" no# $o++ow An"we. %ho'%e" *.e9 >7? On+ >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow >;? On+ >'(? $o++ow"
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ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-;
DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#",
$o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o#*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *#
(*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he
'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-
.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1
S#*#e!en# >''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1
S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No %'# '" "#*#e1
Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e1
Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1
Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1
M*. An"we.9 >7? On+ >'?, >'''? *n/ >I? $o++ow >;? On+ >''? $o++ow"
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Statement%
>'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1
>''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1
>'''?9 No %'# '" "#*#e1
Th3" #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he
Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n'"
o#
T Town" - '++*e"
C C'#'e"
S - S#*#e"
TVC
Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"1,,,,,Doe"nW# $o++ow1
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e Doe"nW# $o++ow1
Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1 1 Fo++ow"
Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1 Fo++ow"
S3%h *n *n"we. '" no# #he.e 'n #he o'on" So #. o#he. *+#e.n*#'(e"
*+"o 0e$o.e %on%+3/'n1
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o.
Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"111e'#he. >'? o. >'''? $o++ow"
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e1Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1 1 E'#he. >'''? o. >'? $o++ow"Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1Doe" no# $o++ow
Th3" *n"we. '" e'#he. >'? o. >'''? $o++ow" 03# '# '" *+"o no#
'(en 'n #he o'on"1 The.e$o.e, we %on%+3/e #h*# #he *n"we.
'" >? None o$ #he"e
Statement%
>'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1
>''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1
>'''?9 No %'# '" "#*#e1
ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-
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ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-< DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee
"#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?,
>III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e,e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown$*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on"+o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n%o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 "o!e &o"# %*./" *.e 'n+*n/"1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No 'n+*n/ '" "#*!&1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e "#*!&"1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e "#*!&" *.e en(e+o&"1
Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e en(e+o&" *.e 'n+*n/"1 >7? On+ >'''? *n/ >I? $o++ow >;? On+ >'''? $o++ow" >
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>'? 9 A++ &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1>''? 9 "o!e &o"# %*./" *.e 'n+*n/"1
>'''? 9 No 'n+*n/ '" "#*!&1
E en(e+o&"
P - &o"# %*./"I - In+*n/"
S - S#*!&"
Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e "#*!&"11 Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e "#*!&" *.e en(e+o&"1 Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 11$o++ow"Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e en(e+o&" *.e 'n+*n/"1 1$o++ow"
Th*# '", #he *n"we. on+ >'''? *n/ >'(? $o++ow"
I88USTRATIVE UESTION
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I88USTRATIVE UESTION2 DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#",
$o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o#*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *#(*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
S#*#e!en# >'? 9 "o!e B+*/e" *.e n'(e"1
S#*#e!en# >''? 9 No 0+*/e '" %3##e.1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No "%'""o. '" %3##e.1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e "%'""o." *.e 0+*/e"1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e n'(e" *.e %3##e."1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e %3##e." *.e "%'""o."1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e n'(e" *.e 0+*/e"1 >7? On+ >''? $o++ow" >;? e'#he. >''? o. >'''? w'#h >'(? $o++ow >
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B B+*/e"
- n'(e"C - C3##e."
S - S%'""o."
Th*# '" on+ >'(? $o++ow"
Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e "%'""o." *.e 0+*/e" Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e n'(e" *.e %3##e."1 11Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e %3##e." *.e "%'""o."Doe" no# $o++ow
Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e n'(e" *.e 0+*/e"1$o++ow"
Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n:en%.o*%h!en#
I88USTRATIVE UESTION2
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I88USTRATIVE UESTION DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0
$o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en"#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+
nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 A++ (ee#*0+e" *.e "wee#1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e $.3'#"1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e "wee#1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e 23'%1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e "wee#" *.e 23'%1 >7? On+ >7? *n/ >''? $o++ow >;? On+ >I? $o++ow
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Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e "wee#1 11$o++ow
Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e 23'%111 $o++ow
Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 1$o++ow
Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e "wee#" *.e 23'%11 $o++ow
F- F.3'#"
- ee#*0+e"S - Swee#
J - J3'%
Th*# '" >'(? A++ $o++ow
I88USTRATIVE UESTION2
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I88USTRATIVE UESTION S#3/ #he $o++ow'n enn D'*.*! *n/ *n"we. 43e"#'on" 7 #o
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo
%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en
"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en
"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en
"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >7? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en
"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en
"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3.%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#"#o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/#hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ *++ $o++ow >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'?, >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow>
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1
G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$#he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+nown $*%#"1
G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >
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D'.e%#'on">n"17-?1 In e*%h 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en "o!e "#*#e!en#" *n/
%on%+3"'on"1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e e(en '$ #he
"ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ now $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$
#he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow"1
>7? On+ I >;? On+ II >
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n171 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" $o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" 03# %on%+3"'on
I *n/ II *.e %o!&+e!en#*. >I - E? &*'., #he.e$o.e e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II $o++ow"1
Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1
n1;1 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" $o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" 03# %on%+3"'on"I *n/ II *.e %o!&+e!en#*. &*'. >I - E?&*'.1 The.e$o.e, e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II
$o++ow"1 Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1
1A - E?, #he.e$o.e e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II $o++ow"1
Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1
n1=1 So!e "%oo#e." *.e #.3%"1 >I - #&e? A++ #.3%" *.e #.*'n"1 >A - #&e?
So!e "%oo#e." *.e #.*'n"1 >11 IA I? $o++ow"1 II1 No #.3% '" * "%oo#e.1Doe"nW#1
The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on >7? '" #.3e1
n11 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on"$o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" #he.e$o.e none
%on%+3"'on '" #.3e1n11 A++ e" *.e +o%"1 >A-#&e? >7? A++ +o%" *.e "%.ew"1 >A-#&e? >;?
Con%+3"'on"9 I1 A++ "%.ew" *.e e" no# $o++ow"1
F.o! "#*#e!en# >7? So!e +o%" *.e e"1 >Con(e."'on o$ A?
The.e$o.e, %on%+3"'on II $o++ow"1
SYLLOGISM PRACTICE UESTIONS--7
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07-10. In each question below is given some statements andconclusions. You have to take the given statements to be true evenif they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and
then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows.
n11 S#*#e!en#"9 So!e *+&h* *.e 0e#*1 A++ 0e#* *.e *!!*1
Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e *+&h* *.e *!!*1 II1 No *+&h* '" *
*!!*1 I++1 So!e *!!* *.e 0e#*1 I1 No *!!* '" * 0e#*1 >7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ I++ $o++ow" >
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n11 S#*#e!en#"9 So!e "#*#e" *.e %*&'#*+"1 No #own '" *
%*&'#*+1
Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e "#*#e" *.e no# #own"1 II1 A++ "#*#e"*.e #own"1 III1 So!e #own" *.e no# "#*#e"1 I1 A++ #own" *.e
"#*#e1
>7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ III $o++ow" >
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1 So!e *+&h* *.e 0e#*1 >I-#&e? A++ 0e#* *.e *!!*1 >A - #&e?
So!e *+&h* *.e *!!*1 >IA+?1 The.e$o.e, %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1 Con%+3"'on" III
*n/ I *.e %o!&+e!en#*. &*'. >I - E?1 So >=?e'#he. %on%+3"'on I++ o. I $o++ow"
K1 A++ 0*." *.e %o'n"1 >A-#&e?11 >7? So!e 0*." *.e 0oo"1 >I - #&e? 1>;? F.o! "#*#e!en# >;?, So!e 0oo" *.e 0*."1>
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D'.e%#'on"9 >n1No"177-7?1 In the following questions two statements are given followed by four conclusions.
Read the statements carefully and then decide which of the conclusions follow as a result of the given statements. (You
have to take the given statements as wholly true, even if they appear to be at variance with commonly known facts).
771S#*#e!en#9 A++ 0oo" *.e hoo"1 So!e 0oo" *.e /3%"1
Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e 0oo" *.e hoo"1
II1 So!e /3%" *.e hoo" III1 So!e /3%" *.e no# hoo"1 I1 A++ hoo" *.e 0oo"1>7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ I *n/ II $o++ow >
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771 A++ 0oo" *.e hoo"1 >A -#&e 111>7? So!e 0oo" *.e /3%", >I-#&e?1 >;?
F.o! "#*#e!en# >7?,So!e 0oo" *.e hoo", %on(e."'on o$ >A?1The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1
F.o! "#*#e!en# >;? , So!e /3%" *.e 0oo" >
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16-20. In each question below there are three statements followed byfour conclusions numbered I, II, Ill and IV You have to tae the!iven statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance
with commonly nown facts and then decide which of the !ivenconclusions lo!ically follow"s# from the !iven statements.
71 S#*#e!en#9 A++ w*#%he" *.e &.'e"1 A++ &.'e" *.e "%ho+*."h'&"1 So!e
/*#e *.e &.'e"1 -
Con%+3"'on9 I1 A++ "%ho+*."h'& *.e /*#e II1 So!e "%ho+*."h'&" *.e &.'e"1
III1 So!e "%ho+*."h'&" *.e w*#%he"1 I1 A++ "%ho+*."h'&" *.e w*#%he"1>7? A++ $o++ow >;? II *n/ III $*++ow >
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! "ll watches are pri#es (" type) () "ll pri#es are scholarship (" type) (&)
An"we. e9SYLLOGISM PRACTICE UESTIONS97-;
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!. "ll watches are pri#es. ("$type) %() "ll pri#es are scholarship. (" $ type)%. (&)
'ome date are pri#es. (I $ type) () rom statement (&) 'ome scholarship are pri#es,>%on(e."'on o$ A?
rom statements () and (&), "ll watches are scholarship (" * " + ") or 'ome scholarship
are watches, (conversion of "). The.e $o.e %on%+3"'on II *n/ I++ $o++ow"1. 'ome fuel are dangerous. (I $ type)% () 'ome watches are not fuel. (-$type) %(&)
'ome dangerous are not machines. (-$type) ()
rom statement (), 'ome dangerous are fuel. The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1
. "ll services are elements. ("$type)% () 'ome elements are trader. (I $ type)% (&)
/o trader is a blind. (0$type) () rom statements (&) and () 'ome elements are not blind.
(.l*0+-). 1herefore conclusion Ill follows. 2onclusions I and I3 are complementary pair (I$-), therefore either conclusion I or I3 follows.
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SYLLOGISM >MEDIATE INFERENCE?BYLOGICAL EULER DIAGRAMS
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LOGICAL EULER DIAGRAMS
SYLLOGISMOR 5THE MEDIATE ARGUMENT6IS A DEDUCTIVEARGUMENT CONTAINING TWO PREMISESON THE BASIS OF WHICHTHE INFERENCE:CONCLUSIONIS TO BE DRAWN.
The meanin o! the "o#d SYLLOGISM '" #o 5.e*"on61 A SYLLOGISMHAS NUMERICALLY SIX TERMS BUT IN FACT, THERE ARE THREE TERMS, EACH OCCURING T@ICE1 The &.e!'"e" >o. "#*#e!en#"? *.e "e+e%#e/ $.o! $o3. 0*"'% #&e" o$
"#*#e!en#"9 '1 The 3n'(e."*+ *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 A++A*.e B >S!0o+'e/ 0 5A6? ''1 The 3n'(e."*+ ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 NoA'" B >S!0o+'e/ 0 5E6? '''1 The &*.#'%3+*. *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5I6? '''1 The &*.#'%3+*. ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e no#B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5O6?
The #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#" #h*# o%%3. 'n *n &*.#'%3+*."++o'"! "&e%'$ '#6" !oo/ E1, So!eo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e &3n%#3*+1 Noneo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e .e3+*.1 The.e$o.e "o!e o$ #he .e3+*." *.e no# &3n%#3*+