1.Argument from IgnorancePragmatic FallacySlippery Slope FallacyApophenia & SuperstitionIrrelevant ComparisonsFalse AnalogiesPhysical & Emotional Defined: Erroneous perception ofHindrancesConfirmation Bias & the connections between Selective Thinkingunrelated eventsTestimonial EvidencePersonal Biases & PrejudicesFalse Memories & ConfabulationDoublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsIrrationally believingAssuring Expressionsthat how one wearsFalse Implicationstheir hat while watchingEmotive Content a sporting event canEvading the Issue, Red Herringinfluence the score.Poisoning the WellAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon FallacyEmotional AppealsAmbiguity

2. Argument from IgnorancePragmatic FallacySlippery Slope FallacyIrrelevant ComparisonsFalse AnalogiesPhysical & EmotionalHindrancesConfirmation Bias & Selective ThinkingTestimonial EvidencePersonal Biases & Prejudices Defined: A logical fallacyFalse Memories & claiming something is true Confabulation because it has not beenDoublespeak Jargon proven false.Meaningless Comparisons Believing that thereAssuring ExpressionsFalse Implicationsmust be life onEmotive ContentMars because noEvading the Issue, Red HerringPoisoning the Wellone has provenAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma,that there is not life Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagonon Mars. FallacyEmotional AppealsAmbiguity 3. Pragmatic FallacySlippery Slope FallacyIrrelevant ComparisonsFalse AnalogiesPhysical & EmotionalHindrances Defined: Making aConfirmation Bias &comparison that is Selective ThinkingTestimonial Evidence irrelevant or inappropriate.Personal Biases & PrejudicesFalse Memories & ConfabulationDoublespeak JargonMaking a claim thatMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsPrinter A is better thanFalse ImplicationsPrinter B because printerEmotive ContentEvading the Issue, RedA makes better copies Herringthan Printer B, whilePoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacyignoring the importantFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyfact that only Printer BAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacycan also fax, copy, andEmotional Appealsscan.Ambiguity 4. Pragmatic FallacySlippery Slope FallacyFalse AnalogiesPhysical & Emotional Defined: An argumentHindrancesConfirmation Bias & that assumes an Selective Thinkingadverse chain of eventsTestimonial EvidencePersonal Biases &will occur, but offers no Prejudicesproof.False Memories & ConfabulationDoublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsBecause regulatorsFalse Implicationshave controlledEmotive ContentEvading the Issue, Redsmoking in public Herringplaces, their ultimatePoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacygoal is to controlFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyeverything else in ourAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacylives.Emotional AppealsAmbiguity 5. Pragmatic FallacyFalse AnalogiesPhysical & EmotionalDefined: MakingHindrancesConfirmation Bias & illogical analogies Selective ThinkingTestimonial Evidenceto support thePersonal Biases & validity of a PrejudicesFalse Memories &particular claim. ConfabulationDoublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsArguing that two childrenEmotive Contentsharing the sameEvading the Issue, Red Herringbedroom is wrongPoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacybecause double-cellingFallacy of False Dilemma, of criminals in a Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon penitentiary can lead to FallacyEmotional Appealsbad behavior.Ambiguity 6. Pragmatic FallacyPhysical & EmotionalHindrances Define: Arguing something isConfirmation Bias & Selective Thinkingtrue because it works, evenTestimonial Evidence though the causality betweenPersonal Biases & Prejudicesthis something and theFalse Memories & outcome is not demonstrated. ConfabulationDoublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsAfter using a magneticEmotive Content belt for awhile, a womanEvading the Issue, Red Herringnotices her back pain isPoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacyless, even though thereFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacymay be a dozen otherAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacyreasons for the reducedEmotional Appeals back pain.Ambiguity 7. Physical & Emotional Defined: The processHindrancesConfirmation Bias &whereby one tends to notice Selective Thinkingand look for what confirmsTestimonial EvidencePersonal Biases & ones beliefs, and to ignore, Prejudicesnot look for, or undervalue theFalse Memories & relevance of what contradicts ConfabulationDoublespeak Jargon ones beliefs.Meaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsIf one believes that moreEmotive Content murders occur during a fullEvading the Issue, Red Herringmoon, then one will tend toPoisoning the Welltake notice of murders thatAd hominem Fallacyoccur during a full moon andFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacytend not to take notice ofAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacymurders that occur at otherEmotional Appeals times.Ambiguity 8. Physical & Emotional Defined: Being unaware thatHindrances our memories are often manufactured to fill in theTestimonial Evidence gaps in our recollection, orPersonal Biases & Prejudicesthat some memories of facts,False Memories & over time, can be Confabulation unconsciously replaced withDoublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsPolice officers should not fantasy.Assuring Expressionsshow a photo of aFalse ImplicationsEmotive Contentpossible assailant to aEvading the Issue, Red Herringwitness prior to a policePoisoning the Welllineup, or the actualAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacymemory of the witnessAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacymay be unconsciouslyEmotional Appeals replaced.Ambiguity 9. Physical & EmotionalDefined: We each haveHindrancespersonal biases andprejudices, resulting fromTestimonial Evidenceour own unique lifePersonal Biases & Prejudices experiences and worldview,which make it difficult toremain objective and thinkDoublespeak JargonMeaningless Comparisonscritically.Assuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsSome people areEmotive Content biased against claimsEvading the Issue, Red Herringmade by scientistsPoisoning the Wellbecause theirAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, worldview appears too Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon cold and impersonal. FallacyEmotional AppealsAmbiguity 10. Physical & EmotionalDefined: Stress, fatigue,Hindrancesdrugs, and relatedhindrances can severelyTestimonial Evidenceaffect our ability to thinkclearly and critically.Doublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsEmotive ContentEvading the Issue, RedAir traffic controllers HerringPoisoning the Welloften have difficultyAd hominem Fallacymaking good judgmentsFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyafter long hours onAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacyduty.Emotional AppealsAmbiguity 11. Defined: Relying on the testimonies and vivid anecdotes of others to substantiate onesTestimonial Evidence own beliefs, even though testimonies are inherently subjective, inaccurate, unreliable, biased, and occasionallyDoublespeak JargonMeaningless Comparisonsfraudulent.Assuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsEmotive ContentDramatic stories ofEvading the Issue, Red HerringBigfoot sightings doPoisoning the Wellnot prove theAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyexistence ofAd populum, Bandwagon FallacyBigfoot.Emotional AppealsAmbiguity 12. Defined: A word or expression that can be understood in more than one way.Doublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsFrom the statementEmotive Content Lying expert testified atEvading the Issue, Red Herringtrial, is the expert a liarPoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacyor is the person anFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyexpert on telling whenAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacysomeone is lying?Emotional AppealsAmbiguity 13. Defined: Usingexpressions that disarmyou from questioningthe validity of anargument.Doublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAssuring ExpressionsFalse ImplicationsExpressions such as AsEmotive Content everyone knows, andEvading the Issue, Red HerringCommon sense tells usPoisoning the WellthatAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon FallacyEmotional Appeals 14. Defined: Intentionallyusing words to arousefeelings about a subject tobias others positively ornegatively, in order to gaininfluence or power.Doublespeak JargonMeaningless Comparisons Naming detergents Joyand Cheer (positive), notFalse ImplicationsEmotive ContentDreary and TediousEvading the Issue, Red(negative). The military Herringusing the phrasePoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacyneutralizing the oppositionFallacy of False Dilemma, (less negative) rather than Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon killing (negative). FallacyEmotional Appeals 15. Defined: Language that implies that something is superior but retreats from that view.Doublespeak JargonMeaningless ComparisonsAn ad that claims aFalse Implicationsbattery lasts up toEvading the Issue, Red Herring30% longer, but doesPoisoning the Wellnot say it will last 30%Ad hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma,longer, and if it did, Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagonlonger than what? FallacyEmotional Appeals 16. Defined: The use of technical language to make the simple seem complex, the trivial seem profound, or the insignificant seem important, all done intentionally to impress others.Doublespeak JargonReferring to a family asFalse Implicationsa bounded plurality ofEvading the Issue, Redrole-playing individuals Herringor a homeless person asPoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacya non-goal orientedFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacymember of society.Ad populum, Bandwagon FallacyEmotional Appeals 17. Defined: Language that is clear and accurate but misleading because it suggests something false.The dairy industrycleverly expresses fatcontent as apercentage of weight,False Implicationsnot of calories. ThusEvading the Issue, Red Herring2% low fat milk reallyPoisoning the Wellhas 31% fat when fatAd hominem FallacyFallacy of False Dilemma, is measured as a Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon percentage of calories. FallacyEmotional Appeals 18. Defined: Criticizing theperson making anargument, not the argumentitself.You should notbelieve a word myEvading the Issue, Redopponent says. He Herringis just bitterPoisoning the WellAd hominem Fallacybecause I amFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyahead in theAd populum, Bandwagon Fallacypolls.Emotional Appeals 19. Defined: An appeal to the popularity of the claim as a reason for accepting the claim.Thousands of yearsago the averageEvading the Issue, Redperson believed that HerringPoisoning the Wellthe world was flatFallacy of False Dilemma,simply because Either/Or FallacyAd populum, Bandwagon most other people FallacyEmotional Appeals believed so. 20. Defined: Making irrelevantemotional appeals to accept aclaim, since emotion ofteninfluences people more effectivelythan logical reasoning.Advertisements thatappeal to ones vanity,Evading the Issue, Redpity, guilt, fear, or desire HerringPoisoning the Wellfor pleasure, whileproviding no logicalFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacyreasons to support theirproduct being better thanEmotional Appeals a competitor. 21. Defined: If one has been accused ofwrongdoing, diverting attention to anissue irrelevant to the one at hand.Making jokes aboutones own character inEvading the Issue, Red Herringorder to disarm criticsPoisoning the Well& evade having toFallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacydefend policy. 22. Defined: Intentionally restricting the number of alternatives, thereby omitting relevant alternatives from consideration.You are eitherPoisoning the Wellwith us, or withthe terrorists!Fallacy of False Dilemma, Either/Or Fallacy 23. Defined: Creating a prejudicial atmosphere against the opposition, making it difficult for the opponent to be received fairly. Anyone who supportsPoisoning the Well removing troops from Afghanistan is a traitor! 24. Dont fall for a logical fallacy!