Logical expressivism as a defense for the necessity of ...

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Contemporary Wisdom, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS) Biannual Journal, Vol.12, No.1, Spring and Summer 2021, 211-233 Logical Expressivism as a Defense for the Necessity of Entailment of Logical Arguments Hooman Mohammad Ghorbanian * Abstract Introduction In his famous 1985 article “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles”, Lewis Carroll offers a regress that suggests we could never reach the conclusion of a deductive argument. In that story, logical rules are conditional propositions that adding them to an argument never provides enough reason to infer the conclusion. For example, when we are to use modus ponens, “if (if P then Q) and (P) then (Q)”, the rule itself does not justify us in a way that we could follow (Q) from (if P then Q) and (P) as the premises. Here, we follow a path that in Ethics is called non-cognitive moral expressivism. According to logical expressivism, logical inferences are not just mental states without any consequences, but we should consider logical facts and rules of logic as some dispositions that create capabilities for making inferences from premises. Methods and Material The method of research here is based on content analysis and logical inference. First, the main problem is established, and then I tried to apply the solution introduced in Ethics for the same problem in Logic. In the end, I concluded that disposition could serve as a good reason to reach the conclusion in arguments. Results and Discussion It seems as if we should have a principle that makes whoever faces an argument draw the conclusion. In the philosophy of Ethics, these principles are usually expressed by “ought”, so in logic, we should express inferential rules, such as MP, as follow: * Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, [email protected] Date received: 06/04/2021, Date of acceptance: 23/06/2021 Copyright © 2018, This is an Open Access article. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Transcript of Logical expressivism as a defense for the necessity of ...

Contemporary Wisdom, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS)

Biannual Journal, Vol.12, No.1, Spring and Summer 2021, 211-233

Logical Expressivism as a Defense for the Necessity of

Entailment of Logical Arguments

Hooman Mohammad Ghorbanian*

Abstract

Introduction

In his famous 1985 article “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles”, Lewis Carroll offers a

regress that suggests we could never reach the conclusion of a deductive argument. In that

story, logical rules are conditional propositions that adding them to an argument never

provides enough reason to infer the conclusion. For example, when we are to use modus

ponens, “if (if P then Q) and (P) then (Q)”, the rule itself does not justify us in a way that

we could follow (Q) from (if P then Q) and (P) as the premises.

Here, we follow a path that in Ethics is called non-cognitive moral expressivism.

According to logical expressivism, logical inferences are not just mental states without any

consequences, but we should consider logical facts and rules of logic as some dispositions

that create capabilities for making inferences from premises.

Methods and Material

The method of research here is based on content analysis and logical inference. First, the

main problem is established, and then I tried to apply the solution introduced in Ethics for

the same problem in Logic. In the end, I concluded that disposition could serve as a good

reason to reach the conclusion in arguments.

Results and Discussion

It seems as if we should have a principle that makes whoever faces an argument draw the

conclusion. In the philosophy of Ethics, these principles are usually expressed by “ought”,

so in logic, we should express inferential rules, such as MP, as follow:

* Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran, [email protected]

Date received: 06/04/2021, Date of acceptance: 23/06/2021

Copyright © 2018, This is an Open Access article. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain

View, CA 94042, USA.

212 ����� �� ���12 ���� 1 ������� � ���� 1400

- Everyone that believes P and if P then Q ought to believes Q too.

The normativity of logical rules is defended by some famous philosophers such as

Wittgenstein and Ryle. Wittgenstein believes rules of inference cannot be true or false, since

they are just like instructions or commands that we must follow like instructions in a

handbook. What I added here is that these instructions themselves could make the mind

move in a certain direction without any need for other reasons. Ryle believes that logical

rules are not some sort of knowledge of facts, but actually, are “how-to-act” or knowledge of

performance; in other words, we should explore the issue at hand in practical wisdom rather

than theoretical wisdom. When we know a logical rule, we know how to act in a certain

way, not that this knowledge is an extra premise that should be added to the argument.

Boghossian suggests this idea that passing through one piece of information to another

one does not need further belief to justify this move. Logical dispositions, when we try to

have a valid inference, make the logical move from premises to the conclusion possible. As

Wittgenstein put forward in his Philosophical Investigations, acting according to logic is

like following some rules, and our knowledge about these rules is dispositional: “When I

obey a rule, I do not choose. I obey the rule blindly”. In this way, logic is internally

sufficient and justified. Logical internalism explains this idea as follow:

- Beliefs, in their propositional form, do not motivate to act.

- Logical rules motivate to act according to them.

- Therefore, logical rules are not beliefs in propositional form.

The conclusion introduces a simple form of logical non-cognitivism that suggests

knowledge of logic is not knowledge about facts, but rather logic contains norms that lead

agents to infer properly.

Conclusion

As the result, the solution for Carroll`s puzzle suggested here is that we should consider

logical principles as dispositions that guide us in our mental movements; logical principles,

in this way, are not some sort of beliefs that represents facts. In articulating this solution,

we use a theory in the philosophy of ethics that considers moral judgments as non-

cognitive mental states. In logical non-cognitivism, logic is a handbook for deducing. Also,

according to logical internalism, non-propositional rules of logic are enough to entail the

conclusion and there is no need to add other premises to the argument. Logical

expressivism is an approach in the epistemology of logic that regards logic as a self-

sufficient knowledge and as a prerequisite for any rational activity.

Basic principles and rules of logic should not be presented as descriptive propositions.

The justification of inferential rules is based on their normativity. All our knowledge is not

objective and descriptive, but some part of it is normative and how-to-do norms. It is clear

that this picture of logic is not realistic and logical expressivism should be considered an

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antirealist theory and must be interpreted in this way: logic is not trying to paint a picture of

the word, rather it is the precondition for any objective knowledge about the world.

Keywords: Lewis Carroll, cognitive states, logical non-cognitivism, logical internalism,

logical expressivism.

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