Logbook Week 6 Knowledge map:

E-learning content: Roofs can be considered as two different types, flat roofs and steep roofs. Flat roofs normally have a pitch within 1 degree to 3 degrees; it is usually made up of concrete slabs, flat trusses, beams and decking, joists and roof sheet. Pitched and sloping roof have a pitch which is greater than 3 degrees. The slope can be measured by the angle of pitches: • High slope (pitch within 30 to 45) • Medium slope (pitch within 15 to

30) • Low slope (pitch within 15)

Concrete roofs: Concrete roofs are generally made of flat plates of reinforced concrete (or precast slabs with a topping of concrete.) it could be illustrated as below: CONCRETE ROOFS

The top surface is sloped towards drainage point and entire roof surface is finished with waterproof membrane.

Structural steel framed roof: Flat roofs: It is normally made of combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishers such as metal deck or concrete or purlins for lighter sheet metal proofing. (FLAT ROOF)

Sloping roof:

Sloping roof is consisted of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal proofing. (SLOPING ROOF)

Portal Frames: Portal frames are consisted of series of braced rigid frames (two columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls.

(PORTAL FRAMES)

Truss roofs: Truss roofs are framed roof constructed from a series of OPEN WEB type steel or timber elements. It is manufactured from steel and timber, fixed together to form efficient elements able to span long distance. (FIGURE 1)

The shape and materials often determined by roofing materials and functional requirement of the roof. Space Frames: It is a 3D plate type structures that are long spanning in 2 directions. Light framed roofs: Gable roof is characterized by a vertical,

triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. 1. Common rafters 2. Ridge beams 3. Ceiling joists (FIGURE 3)

The materials are normally timber, cold-formed steel sections. Hip roofs: They are also characterized by a

vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof. 1. Valley rafter 2. Hip rafter 3. Common rafter 4. Jack rafter (FIGURE 4)

Materials are timbers, cold-formed steel sections. Metals: Metals are malleable, ductile and not

brittle. Ferrous metal is the metal that has greater iron content; this kind of metal is relatively cheap. Non-ferrous metals are all other metals; they are less likely to react with oxygen, superior working qualities. Alloys are the combination of two or more metals.

Metal properties: • Hardness (varied, depending on

different physical properties of different metals)

• Fragility (low) • Ductility (High) • Flexibility/plasticity (Medium; it

will be high when heated) • Porosity/permeability (generally

impermeable) • Density (High) • Conductivity (Good conductors of

heat and electricity) • Durability (normally very durable,

but depends on type and treatment)

• Recyclability (High) • Sustainability & carbon footprints

(High embodied energy and it is cost-effective)

Metal considerations: Water related damage such as oxidation and corrosion: It may react with oxygen forming oxide that can sometimes protect metal but it can result in the corrosion of the metal. Aluminum oxides form a protective layer to avoid the metal to be corroded. Treatment of metals from corrosion: • Avoid prolonged exposure to

moisture. (e.g crevices) • Seal against moisture

• Chemical treatment such as galvanized steel

Ferrous metals and alloys: Iron has many distinctive properties: • Significant and important

magnetic properties • Very reactive chemically and it is

easily corrodes through rusting. • Good compressive strength Wrought iron & cast iron

Iron alloys----steel Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon

being the primary additional alloy element. Other alloying elements include manganese, chromium, boron and titanium among others. Different proportions result in different steels, and they have slightly different properties. Steel has the following properties: 1. Strong and resistant to fracture 2. Transfer heat and electricity 3. Can be formed into many different

shapes and products such as wires & beams & columns and so on.

4. Long lasting

Structural steel has different kinds of

framing: • Hot rolled • Cold formed • Reinforced bars • Steel sheeting • Stainless steel alloys

1. Chromium content reaches 12%

2. Can be milled into coils, sheets, plates and bars.

3. Rarely in primary structure because they are not cost-effective and hashing environment.

• Cladding and roofing Non-ferrous metals: Aluminum: • Used in window frames • Door handles • Cladding panels • Power coating and anodisation.

Aluminum can be used in window and doorframes; the above picture shows one of its applications. Copper: • Roof materials • Electrical cabling • Heating pipework

Zinc: • Present use in construction such

as galvanizing • Distinctive properties

(bluish-white). Brittle at ambient temperatures, and it is malleable at 100 to 150 degrees

Lead: • Used in construction---roofs,

cornices, tank linings, flashing strip for waterproofing

• Can be toxic in body • Soft, highly malleable, ductile

and a relatively poor conductor of

electricity • Resistant to corrosion but

tarnishes upon exposure to air.

Tin: • Used in construction---lining

lead pipe • Properties: malleable, somewhat

ductile, highly crystalline structure.

Titanium: • Used in construction---used in

strong lightweight alloys, cladding materials, but expensive.

• Excellent corrosion resistance, high strength to weight ratio.

Bronze: • Used in construction---bearing,

clips, electrical connectors and springs

• Alloy of copper and tin • Corrosion resistant • Hard

Brass: • Used in construction. Friction in

locks and in fittings • Malleable, low melting point and

it is easy to cast • Not ferromagnetic

Lecture content: Properties and principles of construction: Primary commercial sector such as shopping center, we are supposed to consider the following aspects: property development, development feasibility, and development objects.

For property development, builders and investor must consider how much space that they can create in order to maximize their profit, otherwise it may be regarded as a failed construction plan of the process. Development feasibility is another important point; land use potential is a critical part, since the builders and architects are trying to maximize interior space with limited land area. In the meantime, they should also have aesthetic views of the buildings. Planning system should also be taken into account because builders have to make everybody clear what is the building designed into by considering the potential use of the buildings. After that, workers and builders could undergo constructing process. Development objects

1. Site analysis 2. Market analysis

3. Market feasibility 3 case studies include: • 171 Collins street • 35 spring street • New royal children hospital

Glossary: 1. Flat roofs:

The roof which normally has a pitch within 1 degree to 3 degrees;

2. Pitched and sloping roof have a pitch which is greater than 3 degrees.

3. Concrete roofs are generally made of flat plates of reinforced concrete (or precast slabs with a topping of concrete.)

4. Structural steel framed roof (Flat roofs): It is normally made of combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishers such as metal deck or concrete or purlins for lighter sheet metal proofing.

5. Sloping roof is consisted of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal proofing.

6. Portal frames are consisted of series of braced rigid frames (two columns and a beam) with purlins

for the roof and girts for the walls. 7. Truss roofs are framed roof

constructed from a series of OPEN WEB type steel or timber elements.

8. Space Frames: It is a 3D plate type structures that are long spanning in 2 directions.

9. Gable roof is characterized by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.

10. Hip roofs are also characterized by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof.

11. Ferrous metal is the metal that has greater iron content.

12. Non-ferrous metals are all other metals; they are less likely to react with oxygen, superior working qualities.

13. Alloys are the combination of two or more metals.

Referencing lists: 1. Ching, Francis D.K. Building

Construction Illustrated, page 6.04, 4th Edition. John Wiley& Sons, 2008.

2. Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated, page 6.06, 4th Edition. John Wiley& Sons, 2008.

3. Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated, page 6.09, 4th Edition. John Wiley& Sons, 2008.

4. Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated, page 6.17-6.18, 4th Edition. John Wiley& Sons, 2008.

5. Copper futures lower on Fed jitters, China data in focus, American Hard Assets, viewed 23.4.2014  http://www.ahametals.com/copper-futures-lower-fed-jitters/

6. Ferrous Metal Scrap, Scrap Buy

and Sell, viewed 29.4.2014 http://www.scrapbuyandsell.com

7. Gorgeous 2D CAD, DraftSight, viewed 29.4.2014  http://www.3ds.com/blog/draftsight/jewelry-design/

8. Hot Sell B62 Bronze Elbow, Hongli, viewed by 25.4.2014  http://tzbada.en.made-in-china.com/product/eKYxREpUjJcr/China-Hot-Sell-B62-Bronze-Elbows-Bronze-Pipe-Fittings.html

9. Lead Images (2007)  http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Ref/082/index.html

10. Le Zinc, Tripadvisor, viewed 23.4.2014  http://www.tripadvisor.com/Restaurant_Review-g187130-d1326027-Reviews-Le_Zinc-Tours_Loire_Valley_Centre.html

11. Metal Floor, viewed 29.4.2014  http://goeshadow13.deviantart.com/art/Metal-Floor-362703823

12. Kusen Aluminum, King’s

decoration, viewed 28.4.2014  http://kingdecorationcibubur.com/?page_id=242

13. Stainless Steel, Micah & Co, viewed 29.4.2014  http://www.micahandco.com.au

14. Tin can caddy for earth day and mother’s day, Made, (Dana 12.4.2013), viewed 23.4 2014  http://www.danamadeit.com/2013/04/tutorial-tin-can-caddy-for-earth-day-and-mothers-day.html

15. Titanium Tube Classification, Sanhui, (submitted by admin 12.6.2013), viewed by 23.4.2014)  http://www.sanhuimetal.com/News/titanium-tube-classifications.html

Studio session: (Construction site presentation) Knowledge map of two other sites: