Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon .... IGES Presentation.pdf · MSWM in...
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Transcript of Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon .... IGES Presentation.pdf · MSWM in...
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues
Local Initiatives in Achieving Sustainable and Low Carbon Cities in Asia:
Lessons Learned and Future Potential
D.G.J. Premakumara, Programme Manager Shom Teoh, Programme Manager
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), International Village Center, 2F, 1-1-1,
Hirano, Yahata Higashiku, Kitakyushu, Japan 805-0062 Tel: 81-93-681-1563, Fax: 81-93-681-1564
E-mail: [email protected]
Over half of the world’s population resides in
cities, and up to 80% is projected for 2050
Cities produce 80% of
global GDP Over 90% of all urban
areas are coastal, putting most cities at risk of
flooding from rising sea levels and powerful
storms.
Cities produce 50% -80%
of global waste Cities account for
60- 80% of global GHG
emissions
Cities consume 75%
of natural resources
Why cities are matter of achieving sustainable and low carbon development?
Data Source: Un-Habitat, 2008, UNEP,<[email protected]>
Resource efficient cities are engine to sustainable and low carbon development
There are genuine opportunities for city leaders to contribute to sustainability and enhance the quality of life in urban areas by improving resource efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, minimizing environmental risks and enhancing ecosystems.
Figure Source: UNEP,<[email protected]>
Organic waste management in Asian cities
Generation of MSW
MSW is collected by municipalities
MSW is disposed in unmanaged dumpsite
Over 50% of MSW is organic matters Use 20%-50% of annual budget for waste management, however, 30%-60% of waste remain uncollected
Results for serious local, regional and global public and environmental health nuisances , including climate change
A local government commitment and citizen participation in MSWM in Surabaya City
• Surabaya, a second largest city in Indonesia faced a tremendous challenge in managing its MSW.
• With the current leadership of the city, the local government encourage community participation through Surabaya Green and Clean Programme.
Source: Surabaya City, 2012
Community-based waste management is the heart of the Surabaya Model
Educated residents to separate waste at source and use of compost bin
Collected H/H waste separately
Organic waste treated at composting center
Educated residents to start organic farming at H/H and community
Educated women to start H/H business from recycling materials
Rest sell in Market
Surabaya Clean and Green Programme award s the model communities
National and local policies motivate public/private partnership and encourage them to become actively involve in MSWM in Cebu
• Cebu, a capital city in the Visaya Region of the Philippines faced tremendous challenge in managing its MSW.
• With the current leadership of the city, it strictly enforce the implementation of the national policy on Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA9003)
Public/private partnership is the heart of Cebu Model
Educate and enforce the law on waste separation at source
Organic waste for composting
Recyclables for material recovery
Separated waste is collected by bio-man and brings to material recovery facility (MRF)
Barangay MRF
Residual waste transport to Central MRF in the landfills
RDF for waste to energy, and organic for composting Central composting plant
Private sector involvement
Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources (SEVANATHA compost plant in Matale treat 2 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets)
Transportation Segregation Pilling (box method)
Heat measure Screening
Packaging
Photo courtesy: Sevanatha
Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources
(Waste Concern’s composting plant in Bulta, near Dhaka treat 80-100 tonnes/day waste from vegetable markets)
Transportation Sorting Making aerated piles
Packing Screening Heat measure
Photo courtesy: Waste Concern
Partnership with the private sector and NGOs can mobilized additional resources
(IL&FS composting plant in Okhla, New Delhi treat 200 tonnes/day waste from households and vegetable markets)
Windrow formation Monsoon shed Coarse segregation
Packing End product Refinement
Photo courtesy: IL&FS company
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues
Balangoda Compost Plant Badulla Compost Plant Kuliyapitiya Compost Plant Nonthaburi Compost Plant Pobsuk Compost Plant Bangkok Compost Plant Nangong Compost Plant
Matale Compost Plant Surabaya Compost Plant BASA Compost Plant GRAMUS Compost Plant Temsi Compost Plant WasteConcern Compost Plant Penang Compost Plant
Broad-based support need to be available for private sector/ NGO
ASEAN ESC Model Cities Programme (Year 1)
Funder
Japan-ASEAN
Integration Fund
(JAIF)
Regional
Secretariat
An initiative by the
ASEAN Working Group on
Environmentally Sustainable Cities
(AWGESC)
•Objective: Promoting ESC development
by supporting capacity building for
bottom-up initiatives of ASEAN cities
and supporting formulation of national
ESC frameworks.
•Year 1: Apr. 2011 - Mar. 2012
•Year 2: Extension in progress
•Assistance to: 14 cities in 8 countries
(Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR,
Myanmar, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand
and Viet Nam)
ASEAN Secretariat
2
Selected Model Cities (Year 1)
Country Model Cities Main Activities
Cambodia Phnom Penh Reducing plastic bag usage in shops
Siem Reap Piloting a community-based waste separation scheme
Indonesia Palembang
Replicating a successful waste bank in Yogyakarta as part of a nationwide rollout Surabaya
Lao PDR Xamneua Strengthening project management skills and mini demo-projects in waste management,
wastewater treatment and urban greenery
Myanmar Yangon Training on sustainable water supply and treatment
Malaysia Kuching North Developing a local formula of Bokashi composting and piloting a compost centre
Philippines
Puerto
Princesa Training for composting, water management and piloting a new system of wastewater
treatment
Palo, Leyte Training for composting and water management
Thailand
Maehongson Promoting waste segregation and recycling through education and training
Muangklang Promoting and training for low carbon city plan implementation and organic farming
Phitsanulok Supporting the scale-up and dissemination of the “Phitsanulok Model” of waste management
Viet Nam Cao Lanh
Establishing a local-level multi-stakeholder ‘self-protection’ committee for the environment
and formulation of its strategy
Da Nang Creation of a ‘Model Environmentally-friendly Residential Area’ with pilot projects
More than half of proposals by local government are related to SWM 6
Replication of a model ‘Waste Bank’ in Indonesia
A financially sustainable
system of
Community-based Solid
Waste Management
Combining concepts of
banking with waste
management to reform
negative perceptions
Highlights – Replication of a model ‘Waste Bank’ in Indonesia
Waste segregation
at source is
performed by
households.
Customer
brings
separated
waste to
Waste Bank to
be ‘deposited’
and is served
by a ‘teller’.
The ‘teller’ records the weighs,
records and stores the deposit.
Customer receives a receipt.
Deposited
wastes are sold
to recyclers and
craftspeople.
Revenue is used to fund the Bank’s
operations (15%) and the balance is
distributed to customers (85%). Craftspeople refashion waste into useful
products (left pictures), which are sold at the
‘distro’ (distribution outlet operated by the
Waste Bank, thus creating further income
opportunities apart from sales of waste.
Achievements of Waste Bank in Bantul, Yogyakarta
Environmental
• About 500kg of inorganic waste is diverted from
the landfill each month.
• The village environment has become cleaner
with less littering
• Customers are primarily women and their
children, who are educated on proper waste
separation as well as the benefits of reuse and
recycling.
Socio-economic
• Due to increased availability of separated
recyclables, the number of recyclers has
increased and the number of scavengers in the
village has decreased.
• The highest-earning customer earns up to IDR
350,000 per month (basic monthly cost of living
per month in Yogyakarta is about IDR 500,000).
• Bank staff receive an incentive based salary
ranging from IDR 100,000 to 400,000 per
month.
IDR
80,000
per year
IDR 200,000 –
450,000 per month
IDR
100,000
per month
Replicated from 1 to 9
villages in Yogjakarta
‘Small’ customer
Cleaner of the
waste bank
Lead plastic
craftmaker of
waste bank
50 to be replicated in
Surabaya!
Replication of waste banks under Indonesia’s Model Cities programme
1st waste bank training workshop in
Surabaya (1 – 3 Nov 2011)
1st waste bank training workshop in
Palembang (22 – 23 Oct 2011)
• Indonesia’s national goal is to set up waste banks in 16 cities by 2012, and
40 cities by 2014
• Setting up of waste banks was incorporated as one of the assessment
indicators of the national sustainable cities awards programme (Adipura)
• National and pilot local governments, as well as other stakeholders all
contributed their own resources for scale up and replication
Small City – Muangklang Municipality, Rayong, Thailand
Somchai Chariyacharoen
Mayor of Muangklang Municipality
By 2020, Muangklang aims to be a green, sustainable and low-
carbon city with low levels of waste, high energy efficiency and
sustainable levels of consumption.
Appointed by national government and others as Thailand’s
Eastern Learning centre for Low Carbon Cities for other local
governments within Thailand as well as the Greater Mekong region.
Green spaces
Energy Efficiency
Waste
Minimisation
Urban Agriculture
Photo credts: All photos of Muangklang are used with permission from Muangklang Municipality
Good practice - water quality and energy efficiency
Collected grease made
into fuel blocks
A law was introduced to
mandate installation of
grease trap in new
houses and
establishments
Grease is collected
from grease traps
Fuel blocks powers
municipal
slaughterhouse
Good practice - waste minimisation
Simple, local and cheap
Generates
income of
THB 100,000
(USD3K) per
month from
sales of
recyclables
Designed a
conveyor belt
system for
sorting waste
Construction
cost:
THB 40,000
(USD1.5k)
Diverts 10t of
21t of waste
collected per
day
Schoolchildren are paid 1THB per kg
of recyclable waste brought
Buying milk boxes from 100 schools for
THB 3 / kg, sold to recyclers for THB 5/kg
Point system for recyclables (2 THB = 1 point),
exchange for daily goods and products
Milk boxes are processed into furniture,
which is an industry in the municipality
Good practice – Financially sustainable organic waste management
Biogas
facility
Aerobic composting
Vermi-composting
EM Bokashi
Clean Organic
Waste
Mixed Organic
Waste Fed to animals (cows, pigs, goats, chickens,
rabbits, ducks)
Manure is sold and as well as used for
biogas and composting
City-to-city Cooperation on SWM
Enhancing Composting Operations
• Replicated composting approaches and knowledge
from Nonthaburi, Thailand and Japan (Kitakyushu
City and Sasebo, an environmental NGO based in
Nagasaki Prefecture)
• Formulated local EM Bokashi and EM liquid
Study visit to Nonthaburi,
Thailand
Study visit to Kitakyushu,
Japan
Expert audit and training by
Sasebo Japan and Nonthaburi
in North Kuching
Reporting & Networking Platform – High Level Seminar on ESC
4th High Level Seminar on ESC
under the EAS EMM framework (back-to-
back with the Regional 3R Forum)
Co-organisers: Viet Nam, Japan, Australia,
Indonesia, ASEAN Sec. and AWGESC
Participants (over 200):
-Nat. governments (100 from 15 countries)
-Local governments (31 from 21 cities)
-NGOs, Development Agencies, Academia
Private Sector (60 from 29 organisations)
Observations
• Climate change mitigation/adaptation is not yet perceived as a priority by local
governments; framing in terms of local priorities (waste management, water,
sanitation) and emphasis on ‘co-benefits’ is important.
• Excellence and innovation in SWM is generally a good indicator of local
government’s readiness for progress in other sectors/themes, including climate
change.
• Supporting organisations can add value by:
• Providing technical assistance and capacity building, including towards
quantitative data useful for decision making
• Triggering linkages that would not occur under conventional circumstances
• National and regional frameworks (city networks, city awards, ASEAN) help by
offering a periodical platform for knowledge exchange and reporting
achievements that enable them to chart their progress in a meaningful,
inspirational manner (against global trends and peer performance).
Lessons learned • The presentation emphasizes that several principles are fundamental to an
integrated, multi-partner approach towards climate change action at the local level: – No single approach or policy is equally well-suited to all cities. Thus, cities should develop a local
vision/strategies, using an inclusive and participatory process. – A strong leadership and commitment of the local government (both political and administration)
is helpful in facilitating this innovative process. – It would be beneficial to take an opportunity/risk management approach in a sustainable
development perspective, considering not only emissions, but also possible socioeconomic development.
– Policies should emphasize, encourage, and reward ‘synergies’ and ‘co-benefits’ (i.e. what policies can do to achieve both developmental and climate change response goals);
– Encourage community participation and action by representatives of the private sector, neighbourhoods (especially the poor) and grassroots groups, as well as opinion leaders of all kinds, in order to ensure a broad-based collection of perspectives;
– Establish new institutional-setup (citizen committee, advisory committee etc.) and planning tools (community planning/ participatory planning etc.) to facilitate continuous communication and coordination among different stakeholders.
– Local resources should be promoted and made available through public and private partnership, while part of capital financing is received from national and international assistance programmes.
– To achieve more accountability, local governments need to keep record to measure and verification.
– International institutions can provide capacity building opportunities, information sharing, building networks, and providing technical know-how and development assistance.
Lessons learned
Thank you
Thank you for your attention