LOCAL AND REGIONAL INITIATIVES TO REDUCE

CARBON EMISSIONS:A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

Professor Paul Fleming

Institute of Energy and Sustainable DevelopmentDe Montfort UniversityLeicester

POLICY• International Targets, Kyoto• National Targets

–Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution–Energy White Paper

• Regional Targets–East Midlands Strategy

• Local Targets–50% reduction of CO2 at 1990 levels, by 2025

LOCAL AND REGIONAL• Local Government Association - Energy Hierarchy

–Reduce the need for energy–Use energy more efficiently–Use renewable energy supply–Fossil fuels to be used efficiently (combined heat and power)

–Community Leadership and Climate Change•Guidelines for chief executives

–Leading the Way

•Sustainable Development Commission–Low carbon Spaces–dCARB-uk

INTERNATIONAL

• Local Authorities are achieving deep cuts– Municipal leaders summits

• Toronto• Johannesburg

• International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI.org)

• Energy Cities (Energy-cites.org)

CLIMATE CHANGE

• AdaptationManage the more severe winters, erraticrainfall and higher summer temperatures.

• MitigationReduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving energy efficiency and using more renewable energy resources.

ADAPTATION

• Buildings, infrastructure etc– Higher summer temperature– Lower winter temperature– More floods– More high winds

• Standards for new developments?

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, based on Kyoto Basket of Greenhouse Gases– Carbon Dioxide– Methane– Nitrous Oxide– Hydrofluorocarbons– Perfluorocarbons– Sulphur hexafluoride

EAST MIDLANDS EMISSIONS BY GAS

tonnes of gas kt CO2 equivalent

Carbon dioxide 13,868 kt carbon 50,848

Methane 210 kt CH4 4,414Nitrous oxide 9,324 t N2O 2,890Hydrofluorocarbons 120.9 t HFC 727Perfluorocarbons 4.2 t PFC 29Sulphur hexafluoride 6.2 t SF6 148Total emissions 59,058

GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS

28,577

8,304

4,137

1,716

2,012

8,493

854

1,625

3,341

Power stations, refineries, and other combustion in energyproduction and transformation

Domestic, commercial, public and agricultural combustion

Industrial combustion including iron and steel

Industry production processes, including HFC, PFC, and SF6sources

Coal mines, gas leakage, and offshore oil and gas

Road transport combustion

Other transport and mobile machinery (off-road sources,military, railways, shipping, civil aircraft)

Landfill, and other waste treatment and disposal

Agriculture, forestry and land use change, including entericfermentation, animal wastes and non-livestock agriculture

GREENHOUSE GASES

86.10%

1.23%

4.89%

7.47%

0.05%0.25%

Carbon DioxideMethaneNitrous OxideHFCsPFCsSF6

ENERGY RELATED EMISSIONS

89%

11%

Energy Related green housegas emissions (kt CO2emissions)

Other Greenhouse gasemissions

DATA SOURCES• National Data• Regional and Local Data

– Utilities– Environment Agency– Local Authority– Other

• Limited Local Data Available– Post code database?

ACTION TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES

• Carbon Dioxide is most significant gas– Use less energy– Use more renewable energy

• Wind to generate electricity• Solar to generate electricity, heat water, heat air• Biomass (wood) for heat and electricity• Wave and tidal for electricity• Purchase renewable generated electricity

ENERGY SUPPLY

Combined Heat and PowerSt Andrew’s CHP Station

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Cossington Street Swimming Pool Solar Thermal withevacuated tubes 1995

DOMESTIC - RURAL

Hockerton Housing Project

DOMESTIC - URBAN

BEDZED

NON DOMESTIC

Beacon Energy

NON DOMESTIC

Brockshill Environment Centre

LEICESTER CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY

Three key recommendations, 1. Establish company to deliver large

scale energy reductions2. Establish standards for new buildings3. Engage with the public

– Changing behaviour– Information– Engagement

HOW

• Strong political support and commitment• Strong technical knowledge • Strong environmental knowledge

TECHNOLOGY EXISTS

• Energy Efficiency is “boring”• Standards?• Vested interests on the “supply side”• Disparate voices on the “demand side”• Voluntary – non statutory• No shortage of information

NON TECHNICAL BARRIERS

• How do you overcome non-technical barriers?• How do you implement energy efficiency

improvements?• How do you implement renewable energy

systems?– Attitudes and behaviour– Decision Makers– Public Dialogue

BENEFITS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

• Multiple benefits- energy- CO2 emissions- comfort- businesses more competitive- quality of life

LOCAL AUTHORITIES

Local Authority type

Typical, annual tonnes CO2

Corporate Community

County Councils

30,000 10,000,000

Metropolitan boroughs, Unitaries

30,000 1,000,000

District councils 3,000 300,000

DEEP CUTS

• Difficult to measure LA progress– Most measures are small scale

• Need major resources– Where are the resources?

• Utilities? Combined heat and power? Government?

– Innovative finance• The ~5% successful authorities have found the

resources to implement measures on a large scale

CITY-WIDE MONITORING

• Energy, waste, transport• Emissions factors• Growth in homes and businesses• Models and evaluation

– Which model– How good is the data?

BUILDINGSHalf-hourly electricity, gas and water

meters • Feedback to building users• Training courses• Used in school curriculum

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

WATER half hourlyDaily water consumption

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

28/08/20

0311/0

9/2003

25/09/20

0309/1

0/2003

23/10/20

0306/1

1/2003

20/11/20

0304/1

2/2003

18/12/20

0301/0

1/2004

15/01/20

0429/0

1/2004

12/02/20

0426/0

2/2004

11/03/20

0425/0

3/2004

08/04/20

0422/0

4/2004

06/05/20

0420/0

5/2004

03/06/20

0417/0

6/2004

01/07/20

0415/0

7/2004

29/07/20

0412/0

8/2004

26/08/20

0409/0

9/2004

23/09/20

0407/1

0/2004

21/10/20

0404/1

1/2004

18/11/20

0402/1

2/2004

16/12/20

04

• Resources– Support– Innovative Finance

• Framework (non statutory)– Complex– Multi disciplinary

• Partnership– Businesses– Community

CAN TARGETS BE MET?

PARTNERSHIP

• Can’t do it alone– Regional, national, European and international

networks– Local Strategic Partnerships– Key local stakeholders

• Training– Data and models to evaluate success– Best practice guidance– Inter disciplinary

WHY REDUCE EMSSIONS?

• Climate Change• Creating Jobs• Reducing fuel poverty• Quality of life

MDG 7 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

• Working with young people• Engage in science engineering of

environmental sustainability– Renewable energy supply– Low energy buildings

• Design, build and use – have fun!

GLOBAL VILLAGE 2006

• International Falcon Movement– Woodcraft Folk in the UK

• Millennium Development Goals• www.globalvillage2006.org/

THE CHALLENGE• Deep cuts in greenhouse gases• Deep cuts in carbon dioxide• Deep cuts in energy use

– Insulation– Heating system– Heating control– Travel – Waste– Purchasing

• Renewable energy

WAY FORWARD

• Comprehensive– Across all

departments, plan wider community

– Wide ownership, chief officer, members, local stakeholders

• Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions– Best estimate

• Public Engagement– Young people

• Action to reduce key emissions– renewables– energy efficiency– transport– waste– advice/information/education– ongoing monitoring– need for government action– regulations, data

• Promote successes– examples of best practice