Local actors and gender perspectives in dealing with Water...
Transcript of Local actors and gender perspectives in dealing with Water...
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Local actors and gender perspectives
in dealing with Water, Food and
Energy Trade-offs:
a case from Jambi, Indonesia
Grace B. Villamor Senior Researcher
Center for Development Research (ZEF)
University of Bonn, Germany
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Outline
Introduction:
• Rapid land transformation
• Biofuel vs. Ecosystem Services
Methodology:
• Agent-based modeling / role-playing games
Preliminary results
• Ecosystem services trade-offs
Take home messages
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Why Indonesia?
… is the world’s largest producer and exporter of crude oil palm
Between 1967 – 2010:
• 8.4 M ha = oil palm
• 1,900+ km2 per year
Source: Indonesian Ministry of
Agriculture, 2011
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Why Indonesia?
… is the 2nd largest producer and exporter
of natural rubber
Top five natural
rubber producers
(2011)
Tonnes
1. Thailand 3.34 M
2. Indonesia 3.10M
3. Malaysia 0.99 M
4. India 0.89 M
5. Viet Nam 0.81 M
Rubber producing provinces:
1. South Sumatra
2. North Sumatra
3. Riau
4. Jambi
5. West Kalimantan
Source: FAO 2011
Sources: Association of Natural Rubber
Producing Countries, Indonesian Rubber
Association (Gapkindo), and Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations
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What these transitions mean?
© Tom Newman
www.mubi.com
www.rhino-ifr.org
Source: mongabay.com
Sumatra accounts for 67%
of the Indonesia’s total planted oil palm
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Land-use change analysis & carbon emissions
1973-1993
1993-2005
Source: Villamor et al. 2013
… Ranks 2nd in carbon emissions from deforestation &
degradation in the world
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What about the local actors?
Landscape/
ecosystem
services
tradeoffs
Local (female)
interactionLocal (male)
interaction
Land-use change
(& ES provision )
Land-use change
(& ES provision)
Multi-method
approach:
6. Focus-group
discussion
5. Agent-based
modeling
4. Role-playing
games
3. Participatory
mapping
2. Survey
1. Land use
intensity analysis
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Case study site
Indonesia
Jambi
province
Cross-section of Sumatra
• characterizes the
individual
households
• identifies factors
affecting land-use
decisions
• N = 726 of which
30% are females
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Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Ele
va
tio
n,
m a
bo
ve
se
a l
ev
el
Lubuk Beringin,
Laman Panjang,
Desa Buat
Koto Jayo,
Muara Kuamang,
Padang Pelangeh
Jambi city
Padang
Coastal
zone
Moun-
tain
Foot-
hill
Lowland peneplain Coastal
swamp
Cross section of Sumatra
Lowland
villages
a) Females
b) Males
Upland Lowland
Upland villages
• land use types valuable for livelihood: rice field & rubber agroforest (Upland);
rubber agroforest (lowland)
• pattern of land use change (e.g., fragmentation, clustering)
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Land use and perceived ES/functionality
Water
supply
Water
supply
Food
production
Food
production
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Gender perception: spatial land-use arrangement
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Ele
va
tio
n,
m a
bo
ve
se
a l
ev
el
Lubuk Beringin,
Laman Panjang,
Desa Buat
Koto Jayo,
Muara Kuamang,
Padang Pelangeh
Jambi city
Padang
Coastal
zone
Moun-
tain
Foot-
hill
Lowland peneplain Coastal
swamp
Cross section of Sumatra
Lowland
villages
a) Females
b) Males
Upland Lowland
Upland villages
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Gender and elevation interactions
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
le Female Male
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.
0.
0.
0.
ale Female Male
Gender of respondents
-0.2
0
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0.4
0.6
0.8
-0
0
0
0
0
Female Male
Pre
dic
ted
pro
ba
bil
ity
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Villamor et al. 2013, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
Women from both the upland and lowland villages who played the RPG
approached land use change in a more dynamic way than men from the same
villages, reacting more positively to external investors proposing logging or oil
palm conversion.
Who is more dynamic and explorative?
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Ecosystem goods & services
5/22/2014 14
2005 land use map
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Female dominated Male dominated
Mg
/ha
/yr
Carbon emissions
BAU
PES
A. male-
dominated
landscape
B. Female-
dominated landscape
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Ecosystem goods & services
5/22/2014 15
Business-as-usual scenario
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
Agroforest Rice Rubber Mono
kg
/yr
Females Males
Take home message:
• Gender matters in land-use decision making
• Gender differentiated roles may affect the ecosystem service
delivery
• Gender differentiation should be considered in policies addressing
tradeoffs.
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5/22/2014 16
Villamor, G.B., M. van Noordwijk, U. Djanibekov, M.E. Chiong-Javier and D. Catacutan. 2014.
Gender differences in land-use decisions: shaping multifunctional landscapes?. Current Opinion
in Environmental Sustainability, 6: 128-133.
Villamor, G.B., Desianti, F., Akiefnawati, R., Amaruzaman, S. and M. van Noordwijk. 2013.
Gender influences decisions to change land use practices in the tropical forest margins of Jambi,
Indonesia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, DOI: 10.1007/s11027-013-
9478-7
Villamor, G.B., Leimona, B., and M. van Noordwijk. 2013. RUPES role-playing game (RPG). In:
van Noordwijk, M., Lusiana, B., Leimona, B., Dewi, S., and D. Wulandari (eds.): Negotiation-
support toolkit for learning landscapes. World Agroforestry Centre, 245-248.
Thank you for your attention