LOAPUSH 22 custom
Transcript of LOAPUSH 22 custom
The Ordeal of Reconstruction
Chapter 22
The Problems Of Peace
Major questions facing the country How would the south be rebuilt How would the liberated Blacks be converted
to free citizens How would southern states be reintegrated
into the Union Who would direct reconstruction, the southern
states, the President or Congress What to do with confederate leaders?
Major Problems InThe South
Social and economic system had collapsed. Key Southern cities were devastated. Banking system had collapsed under run-away
inflation. Factories were destroyed Transportation system completely broken down Agriculture, major economic force of the south,
totally collapsed. Southern rich were suddenly much poorer. Many Southerners were beaten but still defiant
and were not yet emotionally prepared to reintegrate with the north.
Freedmen Define Freedom Immediately after war, freedom for Blacks depended on where the
army was Many in South rejected validity of Emancipation Proclamation Reaction of Blacks Blacks hit the road
Exodusters Black schools Black churches
The Freedmen’s Bureau Congress creates the Freedmen’s
Bureau March, 1865. Purpose? Greatest success? Failed to provide land, as authorized Blacks and labor contracts
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Southern View of Freedmen’s Bureau
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Southern View of Freedmen’s Bur.
Southerners resented the Bureau as northern intrusion.
Pres. Johnson didn’t support it. Why?
It died in 1872. One of many failures
of reconstruction.
Johnson: The Tailor President
He had started from very humble beginnings.
Never attended school. Enters politics in Tenn. Champion of poor whites and
mountain whites. As Tenn. Congressman he
refused to secede with Tenn. Forced to flee Tenn.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Appointed War Governor after Tenn. partially redeemed by Union Army.
Appointed VP when Lincoln needs to cement the Union Party and keep the vote of border states and Union democrats.
Dogmatic believer in State’s Right and the Constitution.
See John Tyler
Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln plan proposed before war over. What is Lincoln’s basic theory What is the basic condition for states to be
redeemed? Who does Lincoln think should be in
charge or reconstruction? Why? How does Congress feel about his plan?
Why? Lincoln’s 10% Plan. Details
Congress Reacts Congress disagreed with Lincoln’s
approach. Congressional Republican theory?
Who in charge of readmission?. Radical Republican Goals.
Congress passes the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 What does it say? What happened to this bill?
Johnson’s Pan for Reconstruction Johnson agreed with Lincoln’s 10% plan.
Recognized several 10% governments. Introduced his plan 8/1865.
Disenfranchised southerners with property over $20,000.
They could petition him for a pardon called for special state conventions
to repeal declarations of secession, repudiating confederate debts and ratifying 13th Amendment prohibiting slavery
Who deals with former slaves? How does Congress React? Why?
Black Codes
New states passed Black Codes
Harsh Purpose? Southern concerns and
motives? Consequences
For blacks politically
Congressional Reconstruction 1865. States readmitted by Johnson start
sending Congressmen to Washington. Many are former Confederate politicians
and Generals. Republicans outraged
Why? Congress’ reaction? This sets up a monumental show-down
with Johnson
Johnson Clashes With Congress Johnson reacts strongly to Congress
What is his concern? Johnson announces that South had
satisfied his conditions and Union was restored.
Vetoed extension of Freedman’s Bureau.
Civil Rights Act. What does the Act do?
What does Johnson do to the bill. What does Congress do in response?
Fourteenth Amendment Why does Congress propose? What does it say?
Conferred Civil Rights except the vote on Freedmen. Reduced representation in Congress of states that did
not give the freedmen the vote. Disqualified from federal and state office former
confederates who had previously sworn oath to Const. of the US and, thus, had violated it.
Repudiated the confederate debt. Extended Due Process to all citizens.
Ratified in 1868
Johnson’s Back-firing Campaign 1866 Johnson and Congress battle over whether
reconstruction would continue with or without the 14th Amendment.
The battle-ground became the Congressional elections. Johnson hoped for a majority in favor of his soft
approach. Republicans sought a congress that was veto-proof.
Johnson goes on a “give-‘em-hell” campaign swing to try to marshal votes.
Johnson’s efforts backfire. Why? Result?
SWINGING AROUND THE CIRCLE WITH JOHNSON
Republican’s In Charge Republicans now in the driver’s
seat, but split between the radicals and the moderates.
Radicals led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the house.
Aims of Radicals? Aims of Moderates? Moderates had the upper hand Eventual policies showed influences
of both Both recognize that federal power
necessary to ensure enfranchisement of blacks.
Military Reconstruction Reconstruction Act (March 1867) What did it do?
Temporarily disenfranchised many southerners—10,000
Stringent conditions for the readmission of the seceded states
States required to ratify Fourteenth Amendment to come back in
State constitutions must guarantee vote for slaves Stopped short of giving blacks land or requiring
education. Johnson vehemently opposes. What does he
do in response?
Military Reconstruction Act
Military Reconstruction 15th Amendment passed 1869 (ratified in
1870). Why necessary after Reconstruction Act? Military reconstruction questionable
constitutionally. Why? By 1870 all states readmitted under terms
of Reconstruction Act. Last federal troops leave in 1877.
Radical Reconstruction In The South Evolution of attitude toward black
enfranchisement. Blacks voting, but many whites weren’t. Union Leagues 14 Black Congressmen; 2 Black
Senators. Height of black political power until mid 20th Century.
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags. Assessment of reconstruction
governments in the South
Ku Klux Klan KKK (Invisible Empire of the South) Used intimidation, fear and force to get
upstart Blacks and carpetbaggers to get back in their place.
Founded by Nathan Bedford Forrest. Undermined the civil rights given to blacks. Force Act
Effective?
Johnson Impeachment Radical Republicans frustrated with
Johnson and out for his hide. Tenure in Office Act (1867). Provisions? How does Johnson violate the act? Constitutionality of act? House vote for impeachment Factors impacting the Senate vote
The Purchase Of Alaska One of Johnson’s few
successes was the purchase of Alaska.
Why were Russians looking to unload Alaska?
Sec. of State Seward agrees to purchase for 7.2 Mil in 1867. Dubbed Seward’s Folly.
Why was US willing to purchase?